EXOTHERMIC/ENDOTHERMIC -Comparison - Enthalpy diagram

CALORIMETER -Heat absorb/release concept -Bomb calorimeter/coffee-cup

HESS LAW -Diagram method -Algebraic method

STOICHIOMETRY

BORN-HABER CYCLE -Lattice energy - enthalpy solution

DEFINITION ENTHALPY
Standard enthalpy of combustion (i) Heat released when 1 mole of substances completely combusted in O2 gas at standard states (25oC, 1 atm) 1) Heat release/absorb 2) 1 mole .. 3) Method 4) At standard state (25oC, 1 atm)

CALORIMETER

Heat energy release

Heat energy absorb

Question 1
A mass 50.0 g mass of a metal was heated to 100oC and the plunged into 100 g of water at 24oC. The temperature of the resulting mixture became 28oC. (A) How many joules did the water absorb? (B) How many joules did the metal lose? (C) What is the specific heat capacity of the metal?

Question 1 (A)

Question 1 (b)

Question 1 (C)

Question 2
When 2.28 g octane, C8H18 was burnt in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of 1000 cm3 water increased by 24.2oC. What is the enthalpy of combustion of octane? [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.20 Jg-1oC-1: density of solution = 1.0 g cm-3]. (Mr octane=114) [Ans: - 5082 kJ mol-1]

STEP 1 : CALCULATE HEAT RELEASE, q

q heat = - (q cal + q water) = - (C T + mc T) (unit C & c Joule, J) = - ( 1000 g x 4.20 x 24.2) = -101640 J

STEP 2: EQUATION AND MOL SUBSTANCE C8H18(g) + 25/2 O2 (g) 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l)

Mol substance = mass/ molar mass = 2.28 / 114 = 0.02 mol

STEP 3: ENTHALPY COMBUSTION, H 0.02 mol C8H18 needed 1 mol C8H18 needed -101640 kJ

-101640 x 1 mol 0.02 mol = - 5082000 J Heat of combustion = - 5082 kJ/mol

Question 3
100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 KOH and 100 cm3 of CH3COOH of the same concentration were mixed at 20oC in a polystyrene beaker. The final temperature of the experiment was 23.25oC. Calculate the standard enthalpy of neutralization. [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.20 Jg-1K-1: heat capacity of the polystyrene beaker can be ignored].

STEP 1 : CALCULATE HEAT RELEASE, q

q heat = - (q cal + q soln) = - (C T + mc T) (unit C & c Joule, J) = - ( 200 g x 4.20 x (23.5-20oC)) = - 2940 J

STEP 2: EQUATION AND MOL SUBSTANCE Mol = MV 0.1 X 0.5 = 0.05 mol CH3COOH(g) + KOH(g) CH3COOK(g) + H2O(l) 0.05 mol 0.05 mol 0.05 mol

STEP 3: ENTHALPY COMBUSTION, H 0.05 mol H20 needed 1 mol C8H18 needed -2940 J

-2940 x 1 mol 0.05 mol = - 58800 J Heat of combustion = - 58.8 kJ/mol

STOICHIOMETRY

Question 4
2Al2O3 (s) 4Al (s) + 3O2 (g) Hrxn = 3351 kJ Based on the Hrxn value of the reaction above, determine: (a) the enthalpy of formation Al2O3 [Ans: -1675.5 kJ mol-1] (b) the heat release when 81.0 g of aluminium is combusted in pure oxygen [Ans: - 2513.25 kJ] (c) how is the mass of aluminium must be combusted in pure oxygen to produce heat 26808 kJ. [Ans: 864 g]

HESSS LAW ALGEBRAIC METHOD

Use the following reactions and their respective enthalpy changes to calculate the enthalpy change for the oxidation of ethyne. Target Equation C2H2 (g) + 5/2 O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l) : Hof = -394 kJmol-1 : Hof = +227 kJmol-1 : Hof = -286 kJmol-1

C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) 2C (s) + H2 (g) C2H2 (g) H2 (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) H2O (l)

Reference Equation

QUESTION 5
Calculate the standard enthalpy of combustion of methanol, CH3OH if the standard enthalpies of formations. Given: Hof CH3OH(l) : -238.5 kJ/mol, Hof CO2 (g) : -393.5 kJ/mol Hof H2O (l) : -285.6 kJ/mol

 Target: CH3OH(l) + 3/2 O2 (g) CO2(g) + 2H2O (l) Enthalpy formation C (s) + 2H2(g) + O2(g) CH3OH(l) [-238.5] C (s) + O2(g) CO2(g) [-393.5] H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) [-285.6] Enthalpy= (238.5) + (-393.5) + (2 x -285.6) Ans: -726.2 kJ/mol

BORN HABER CYCLE

Na (s) H2 = +108 Na (g) H3 = +496 Na+ (g)

Cl2 (g)

H1 = - 411

NaCl (s)

H4 = +121 Cl (g) H5 = -349 + Cl-(g)

H6 = ?

H formation = sum all enthapies + Lattice energy

Question 6
(a) Calculate enthalpy solution MgF2 if, enthalpy of hydration Mg 2+ ion = 1903 kJ/mol and enthalpy of hydration F- ion = - 461 kJ/mol. Lattice energy of MgF2 is -3121 kJ/mol (b) What would you expect regarding the lattice energy? Explain your answer. (i) CaCl2 and CaF2 (ii) MgO and NaCl

Question 6(a)
MgF2(g)
- Lattice energy
+3121 kJ
H soln

Mg2+ (aq)
Hydration Mg 2+ -1903 kJ

2F- (aq)
Hydration F -461 x 2 kJ

Mg2+ (g)

2F- (g)

Hsoln = (-L.E) + Hhyd Hsoln = +296 kJ

Question 6 (b) (i) & (ii)

(i) Lattice energy CaF2 > CaCl2 Because ionic size of F- is smaller than ClSo, the attraction of Ca2+ and F- is stronger than Ca2+ and Cl-. . (ii) Lattice energy MgO > NaCl Because ionic charge of Mg2+ and O2- is bigger than Na+ and ClSo, the attraction of Mg2+ and O2- is stronger than Na+ and Cl-. .

GALVANIC CELL -Galvanic cell diagram - SHE diagram - calculate standard electrode potential - Nernst equation

AGENTS - oxidizing/reducing agents

ELECTROLYTIC CELL -Selective charge (molten, dilute and concentrated) - calculate Faradays constant

GALVANIC CELL

Question 1
A galvanic cell consists of a Mg electrode in 1.0 M Mg(NO3)2, a Sn electrode in 1.0 M Sn(NO3)2 and a KCl salt bridge. Draw and label the cell diagram

e>
Mg (s) electrode Anode (-) ClK+ Sn (s) electrode Cathode (+)

1.0 M Mg(NO3)2
1.0 M Mg2+

1.0 M Sn(NO3)2 @ 1.0 M Sn2+ Sn 2+ (aq)

Question 2
Draw and label a schematic figure of a standard hydrogen electrode to measure standard reduction potential of a silver electrode

E ocell H2/H+ = 0.00 v Eo cell Ag+ /Ag = + 0.80

Reduction - cathode

@ Ag+ (aq)

QUESTION 3
The cell notation of an electrochemical cell is given as below:
Zn (s)/Zn2+(aq, 1 M) // H+(aq, x M) /H2 (g, 1 atm)/Pt (s) Eo Zn 2+/Zn = 0.76 V , Eo H+/H2 = 0.00 V , (I) Write an equation at anode and cathode (II) If cell voltage for this cell is 0.67 V, determine the concentration of H+ (hydrochloric acid) (III) What is the pH of the acid? (IV) Suggest two method to increase cell voltage, E cell

QUESTION 3(i) and (ii)

Anode: Cathode: Overall: E0cell Zn (s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2e2H+ (aq) + 2eH2 (g) 2H+ (aq) + Zn (s) H2 (g) + Zn2+ (aq)

= E0cathode E0 anode =(0.00 V)- ( -0.76 v) Ans = 0.76 V

E cell = Eo cell 0.0592 log [Zn2+ ] . P2H2 2 [H+ ]2 0.67 = ( 0.76 V) 0.0592 log [1.0 M] . (1.0 atm) 2 [H+ ]2 = 0.03 M

QUESTION 3(iii)
pH = - log [H+] = - log (0.03 M) = 1.52

QUESTION 3(v)
E cell = Eo cell 0.0592 log [Zn2+ ] . P2H2 2 [H+ ]2 if the Eo cell (+ value) Example: E cell = (+0.76 V) 0.0592 log [Zn2+ ] . P2H2 2 [H+ ]2 So, (i) lowering temperature (ii) Increasing concentration [H+ ] (iii) decrease concentration [Zn2+ ]

QUESTION 4
Calculate equilibrium constant, K for this reaction 2H+ (aq) + Zn (s) H2 (g) + Zn2+ (aq)

Eo Zn 2+/Zn = 0.76 V , Eo H+/H2 = 0.00 V ,

Anode: Cathode:

Zn (s) Zn2+ (aq) + 2e2H+ (aq) + 2eH2 (g)

E0cell

= E0cathode E0 anode =(0.00 V)- ( -0.76 v) Ans = 0.76 V

E cell = Eo cell 0.0592 log K 2 E cell = 0 0 = (0.76 V) -0.0592 log K 2 K = 4.7389 x 1025

OXIDIZING AND REDUCING AGENT

QUESTION 5
The standard reduction electrode potential for several half-reactions at 298 K are shown below: Electrode reaction Eo (V) Ag+ + eAg + 0.80 Co3+ + eCo2+ + 1.92 Zn2+ + eZn - 0.76 (a) Can Zn oxides Ag in the reaction? (b) Write cell notation between Ag and Co in above standard reduction electrode.

Question 5 (a)
Arrange the substances according strength of reducing agent (arrange based on SRP table)

Co3+ + eAg+ + eZn2+ + e-

Co2+ Ag Zn

+ 1.92 Reduction + 0.80 oxidation - 0.76

Ans: No, because Zn more negative Eocell than Ag .

Question 5 (b)
Co3+ + eAg+ + eCo2+ Ag + 1.92 + 0.80
Reduction (cathode) Oxidation (anode)

Anode: Ag(s) Ag + (aq) + eCathode: Co3+ (aq) + eCo2+ (aq) Overall: Co3+ (aq) + Ag (s) Co2+ (aq) + Ag+ (aq)
Ans:
Ag(s) / Ag + (aq,1 M) // Co3+ (aq, 1M) ,Co2+ (aq, 1M) /Pt (s)

QUESTION 6
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) 2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g) Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Zn(s)
OXIDIZING AGENT ?

E = 0.34 V E = 0.00 V E = 0.76 V

o o

REDUCING AGENT ?

Strength of oxidizing agent: Cu2+ > H+ > Zn2+ Strength of reducing agent:

Zn > H2 > Cu

ELECTROLYTIC CELL

QUESTION 7
A concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride is electrolysed for an electrolytic cell. (i) Write the possible oxidation/reduction at anode and cathod. (ii) Predict the products of the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride in a cell using platinum electrodes. Give reasons.

QUESTION 7 (i)
(i) NaCl (aq) -----concentrated Na+ , Cl- ,H2O Possible Equation Anode(Oxidation): 2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + e2H2O(aq) O2(g) + 4H+ + 4eCathode(Reduction): Na+(aq) + e2H2O(aq) + 2e-

Na(s) H2(g)

+ 2OH-

QUESTION 7 (ii)
Anode (oxidation) 2Cl-(aq) Cl2(g) + e Because Cl- can be oxidized due to the high concentration. Product Cl2(g) Cathode (reduction) 2H2O(aq) + 2eH2(g) + 2OH Because Na is active metal. Metal cannot be reduced because E0cell > negative. product- H2(g)

QUESTION 8
If 3.00 A of current is used for 20 minutes during electrolysis concentrated ZnCl2, calculate the quantity of substances that are formed at both electrodes at room temperature. [Mr Zn = 65 g/mol]

[Ans: 1.22 g and 0.448 dm3]

Step 1: ANode Calculate: Quantity charge, Q Q = It = (3 A)(20 x 60s) = 3600 C

Step 2: Equation (depend on question) Anode (oxidation) 2Cl-(aq) + 2eCl2(g)

Step 3: Stochiometry 1 mol Cl2 produced 2 F (2 x 96500) = 193000C

1 mol Cl2 deposited 193000C (equation) mol Cl2 deposited 3600 C (Q=It)

193000 C ------------- 1 mol 3600 C -------------, 3600 C x 1 mol

193000C

Volume STP/ room temperature

= 0.0187 mol Step 4: 1 mol---------24 dm3 (room temp) 0.0187 mol. 0.0187 x 24/ 1mol = 0.448 dm3

Step 1: Cathode Calculate: Quantity charge, Q Q = It = (3 A)(20 x 60s) = 3600 C

Step 2: Equation (depend on question)

Cathode: Zn2+ + 2e Zn (s)

Step 3: Stochiometry 1 mol Cr produced 2 F (2 x 96500) = 193000C

1 mol Cr deposited 193000C (equation) mol Cr deposited 3600 C (Q=It)

289000 C ------------- 1 mol 18000 C -------------, 3600 C x 1 mol

193000C

= 0.0187 mol Step 4: Mass = mol x mr = 0.0187 mol x 65 g/mol = 1.22 g

RATE OF REACTION -Differential rate - Order of reaction (table) - rate constants

FACTOR AFFECT RATE OF REACTION -Surface areas - concentration/pressure - catalyst -temperature

CONCENTRATION & HALF-LIFE -Graph - Formula

ACTIVATION ENERGY -Graph - Formula

MAXWELLBOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION

RATE OF REACTION

QUESTION 1
Hydrogen sulfide burns in oxygen to form sulfur dioxide and water. 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g) (i) Write the differential rate equation (ii) If sulfur dioxide (SO2) is being formed at a rate of 0.30 molL1s1, what are the rates of disappearance of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and oxygen (O2)? (iii)If rate=k[H2S], what is the order of reaction with respect to O2.

2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g) 1 d[H2S] 1 d[O2] = 1 d[SO2] rate = = 2 dt 3 dt 2 dt

d[H2S] = dt

d[SO2] dt

= 0.30 molL1s1 So, rate of disappearance of H2S = 0.30 molL1s1

2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) 2SO2(g) + 2H2O(g) 1 d[H2S] 1 d[O2] = 1 d[SO2] rate = = 2 dt 3 dt 2 dt d[O2] = dt = 3 d[SO2] 2 dt 3 (0.30 molL1s) 2

= 0.45 molL1s1 So, rate of disappearance of O2 = 0.45 molL1s1

 If rate=k[H2S], what is the order of reaction with respect to O2. zero order for O2

Question 2
Consider the decomposition of N2O5(g) 2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g) Make a graph that shows concentrations of N2O5(g), NO2(g), and O2(g) as a function of time, all on the same set of axes and roughly to scale.

2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g) Concentration

[NO2] [O2]

[N2O5]

Time

QUESTION 3
Determine the rate law and calculate the rate constant for the following reaction from the following data: F2 (g) + 2ClO2 (g) 2FClO2 (g)
Experiment 1 2 3 [F2] 0.10 0.10 0.20 [ClO2] 0.010 0.040 0.010

Initial Rate (M/s)

1.2 x 10-3 4.8 x 10-3 2.4 x 10-3

Experiment 1 2 3

[F2] 0.10 0.10 0.20

[ClO2] 0.010 0.040 0.010

Initial Rate (M/s)

1.2 x 10-3 4.8 x 10-3 2.4 x 10-3

Rate = k[F2]x[ClO2]y

Find order in F2 with [ClO2] constant:

Rate 3

Rate 1

k[F2]x[ClO2]y

k[F2]x[ClO2]y

2.4 x 10-3 = -3 1.2 x 10

(0.2)x (0.1)x

(2.0)1 = (2.0)x

x = 1 first order in F2

Experiment 1 2 3

[F2] 0.10 0.10 0.20

[ClO2] 0.010 0.040 0.010

Initial Rate (M/s) 1.2 x 10-3 4.8 x 10-3 2.4 x 10-3

Rate = k[F2]x[ClO2]y Find order in ClO2 with [F2] constant: Rate 2 Rate 1

k[F2]x[ClO2]y k[F2]x[ClO2]y (4.0)1 = (4.0)y

4.8 x 10-3 = -3 1.2 x 10

(0.04)y (0.01)y

y = 1 first order in ClO2

Rate = k[F2]x[ClO2]y
x = 1, y = 1

overall order

=x+y = 1 + 1 = 2 (second order)

(rate law)

rate = k[F2][ClO2]

Use any experiment data (example Exp. 1) to find k rate = k[F2][ClO2] 1.2 x 10-3 M s1 = k(0.1 M)(0.01 M)

k = 1.2 M1s1

(rate constant)

CONCENTRATION AND HALF-LIFE

QUESTION 4
The reaction 2NO (g) N2 (g) + O2 (g) is a second order reaction. If it has a rate constant of 3.6 x 10-2 M-1s-1 at room temperature, calculate (i) The concentration of NO after 15 minutes if the initial concentration is 1.20 M (ii) The half-life of this reaction * Let try question about percentages

If question involves: concentration and half-life

Order 0

Rate Law rate = k rate = k [A] rate = k [A]2

Concentration-Time Equation (Integrated Rate Law)

[A] = [A]o kt ln [A]o [A] = kt

Half-Life [A]o t = 2k t = ln2 k 1 t = k[A]o

1
2

1 1 = + kt [A] [A]o

(a)

k = 3.6 x 10-2 M-1s-1

The reaction is secondorder overall. 1 1 = + kt [A] [A]o [A]o = 1.2 M [A] = ? M 1 1.2 M

t = 15 minute x 60 = 900 s

1 [A]

+ (3.6 x 10-2 M-1s-1 ) x 900

[A] = 0.030 M

(b)

k = 3.6 x 10-2 M-1s-1

The reaction is secondorder overall. 1 t = k[A]o = 1 3.6 x 10-2 M-1s-1 x 1.2 M

[A]o = 1.2 M

= 23.1 s

QUESTION 5
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a second order reaction. H2O2 (aq) H2O (l) + O2 (g) The following table lists the changes in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide with time.
t (time) 0 1 5
0.110

10
0.068

15
0.045

20
0.039

[H2O2] (M) 0.300 0.215

(i) Write the rate law for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. (ii) Plot a graph using the appropriate axes to determine the rate constant for this reaction.

(i) Rate = k [H2O2 ]2

(ii) The reaction is secondorder overall. 1/ [H2O2]

slope = k = 6.18 x 104 min1

k = 6.18 x 104 min1 time (min) 1 t = k[A]o =

[A]o = 0.3 M 1

6.18 x 104 min1 x 0.3 M

= 23.1 min

Plot ln[reactant] vs. time: linear graph first order

Plot 1/[reactant] vs. time: linear graph second order

Plot [reactant] vs. time: linear graph zero order

ACTIVATION ENERGY

QUESTION 6
The decomposition of HI has rate constants k = 0.079 Lmol1 s1 at 508oC k = 0.24 Lmol1 s1 at 540oC. What is the activation energy of this reaction in kJmol1?

ln

k2
k1

Ea R

1 1 T1 T2

k1 = 0.079 Lmol1 s1
k2 = 0.24 Lmol1 s1

T1 = 508oC = (508 + 273)K = 781 K

T2 = 540oC = (540 + 273)K = 813 K

Ea = ? SIL, 3 ed, p.671

ln

k2 k1

Ea

1 1 T1 T2

ln

0.24 Lmol1 s1 0.079 Lmol1 s1

Ea 1 1 = 1K1 813 K 781 K 8.314 Jmol

Ea = 183311 Jmol1 = 183.3 kJmol1

QUESTION 7
Consider the decomposition of NO2 into NO and O2: 2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g) The following data were collected for the reaction.
Rate constant, k (Lmol1 s1 ) 7.8 10 Temperature (oC) 400 410

14 18 24

420 430 440

Determine graphically the Ea for the reaction.

*MAKE SURE GRAPH MUST BE: ln K vs 1/T

k (Lmol1 s1 ) 7.8 10 14 18 24

ln k
2.05 2.30 2.64 2.89 3.18

T (oC) 400 410 420 430 440

T (K) 673 683 693 703 713

1/T (K1) 1.49 x 103 1.46 x 103 1.44 x 103 1.42 x 103 1.40 x 103

Plot graph: ln k versus 1/T

ln k ln A

ln k = ln A Slope = Ea/R

Ea R

1 T

= 1.44 x 104 K

Ea = ( 8.314 J/Kmol )( 1.44 x 104 K) = 1.19 x 105 J/mol Ea = 1.2 x 102 kJ/mol

slope =

1/T (K1)

MAXWELL-BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION

MAXWELLBOLTMANNS DISTRIBUTION

STRUCTURE -Expanded structure - Condensed structure - Skeletal structure

FUNCTIONAL GROUP

ISOMERISM - chain isomers - positional isomers - functional group isomers

NUCLEOPHILE/ELECTROPHILE -Homolytic/heterolylitic cleavage - Nucleophilic/Electrophilic - Type of reactions

CARBON CHIRALITY ENANTIOMER DIASTERIOMER RACEMIX MIXTURE

FUNCTIONAL GROUP

QUESTION 1
Identify (circle) the functional groups in the following molecule:
H N
CH3O H N O

AMINO AROMATIC RING

H N
CH3O
ALKOXY CARBON-CARBON DOUBLE BOND

H N O

AMIDE

ISOMERISM

QUESTION 2
How many structural isomers does pentane, C5H12, have?. Draw all the isomers. Compare their boiling point [8 Marks]

Molecular formula = C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

pentane CH3
CH3CHCH2CH3 CH3 2methylbutane CH3CCH3

CH3 2,2dimethylpropane
pentane

2,2dimethylpropane , 2methylbutane ,

Increase boiling point

QUESTION 3
Write the structural formula for functional group isomers with molecular formula: (a) (b) C3H6 C3H8O

(a) C3H6
CH2CHCH3 propene cyclopropane

(b) C3H8O CH3CH2CH2OH 1propanol CH3OCH2CH3 ethyl methyl ether

ELECTROPHILE AND NUCLEOPHILE

QUESTION 4
Identify the species I and II as electrophile or nucleophile in the reactions:
SPECIES I
(a) CN + + + + Cl2 SPECIES II CH3Br CH3CN + Br HCC + NH3 [C2H5]+ [AlBr4] Cl + HCl

(b)
(c) (D)

HCCH
C2H5Br

NH2
AlBr3 FeCl3

(a)

CN

CH3Br electrophile

CH3CN + Br

nucleophile (b) HCCH

electrophile +

NH2
nucleophile

HCC + NH3

(C)

C2H5Br nucleophile

AlBr3
electrophile FeCl3

[C2H5]+ [AlBr4]

(D) + Cl2

Cl + HCl

nucleophile

electrophile

QUESTION 5
Show the cleavage and name the type of reaction
(a)

CH3CH2Br +

OCH 3

CH3CH2OCH3 + Br

(b) (c)

HCl

Cl

+ (CH3)3CCl

AlCl3

C(CH3)3 + HCl

(a)

CH3CH2Br + electrophile

OCH 3

CH3CH2OCH3 + Br

nucleophile

nucleophilic substitution (b) nucleophile

H-Cl

Cl

electrophile

electrophilic addition (c) AlCl3 C(CH3)3 + HCl

+ (CH3)3CCl
nucleophile electrophile

electrophilic substitution

QUESTION 6
Show the homolytic cleavage and heterolytic cleavage.
CH3 CH3 C CH3

x is halogen group

(i) Homolytic cleavage

CH3 CH3 C X

CH3

(ii) Homolytic cleavage

CH3 CH3
C CH3 X

CARBON CHIRALITY ENANTIOMER DIASTERIOMER RACEMIX MIXTURE

QUESTION 7
Draw enantiomer of the following molecules (a) (b) (c) CH3CHOHCOOH lactic acid CH3CH(NH2)COOH alanine (amino acid) CH3CHOHCHOHCH2CH3

Optical active?

(a) CH3CHOHCOOH
3

COOH

CH CH
Enantiomers: OH COOH CH3

COOH
C OH

CH3

H OH

(b) CH3CH(NH2)COOH
COOH

CH3CH
NH2 Enantiomers: COOH C NH2 CH3 COOH CH3 C H

NH2

(c) CH3CHOHCHOHCH2CH3

CH3CCCH2CH3
OH OH

QUESTION 7
Consider the molecule CH3CHOHCHOHCH2CH3

(I) Identify the chiral carbon or stereogenic centre with an asterisk (*) (II) Draw a pair of enantiomers and diastereomers. Give your answers

H CH3CHOHCHOHCH2CH3 Enantiomers:

CH3CCCH2CH3
OH OH

Diastereomers:

QUESTION 8
Draw the geometrical isomers
(a) ClCHCHCl

Cl C

Cl C H

Cl

C
H

C Cl

H
cis isomer

trans isomer

(b) Draw the structure of cistrans isomer of 1,2cyclobutanediol.

HO

OH 1,2cyclobutanediol

OH

OH

OH

OH

cis1,2cyclobutanediol

trans1,2cyclobutanediol

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ALKANE -React with oxygen (limited/excess) - solubility in water - boiling point

NOMENCLATURE

ALKANE

CHEMICAL REACTION ALKANE -*Halogenation (Mechanism Free Radical)

PREPARATION ALKENE -*Dehydration - Dehydrohalogenation

ALKENE
NOMENCLATURE

CHEMICAL REACTION ALKENE -Hydrogenation -*Hydrohalogenation - *Hydration - Halogenation (H2O/inert solvent) - Oxidative cleavage (Ozonolysis/KMnO4) - *Add H2SO4

ALKANE

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ALKANE

ALKANE
CH3CH2CH3

Insoluble in water

Example: propane

a) non-polar molecules b) cant form hydrogen bond

Boiling point

combustion
Excess oxygen

CH3CH2CH3 + 5O2
limited oxygen

3CO2 + 4H2O + heat

CH3CH2CH3 + 7/2 O2

3CO + 4H2O + heat

Boiling point
List the following hydrocarbons in order of decreasing Boiling points: 3,3dimethylpentane heptane 2methylheptane

C 3,3dimethylpentane CCCCC C CCCCCCC C heptane 3,3dimethylpentane , CCCCCCC Heptane , 7C 8C

2methylheptane

7C

2methylheptane

Increasing boiling point

MOR: 6 ed., p.123*

2methylheptane highest boiling point - more carbon so highest molecular weight - Van der Waals strongest - Highest boiling point
Heptane higher boiling point than 3,3dimethylpentane - Bigger surface area - So, Van der Waals strongest - Higher boiling point

CHEMICAL REACTION OF ALKANE

HALOGENATION (MONOSUBTITUTION) *MECHANISM

QUESTION 1
Draw all structural isomers formed by monochlorination of 2methylbutane?

CH3CHCH2CH3
CH3 2methylbutane hn CH3CHCH2CH2Cl CH3 1chloro3methylbutane Cl + CH3CCH2CH3 CH3 2chloro2methylbutane +

Cl2

CH3CHCHClCH3
CH3 2chloro3methylbutane CH3CHCH2CH3 CH2Cl 1chloro2methylbutane

QUESTION 2
(a) Draw the products
CH3CH2CH3 propane Cl2 light CH3CH2CH2Cl 1chloropropane +

CH3CHCH3
Cl 2chloropropane Two types H atoms (1o and 2o) Two monochloro products formed

(b) C5H12

CH3 CH3CCH3 Cl2 light

CH3 CH3CCH2Cl CH3 1chloro2,2dimethylpropane

CH3
2,2dimethylpropane

MECHANISM OF HALOGENATION
Overall reaction:
CH4 + Cl2 light CH3Cl + HCl

Steps:

Initiation
Propagation Termination

The most important step is propagation!