WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

Water used for industrial purposes sufficiently pure. The process of removing hardness producing substances from water is called softening of water. 1. Lime-Soda process: In this method soluble Ca & Mg salts in water are converted in to insoluble compounds, by adding calculated amount of Lime and soda. CaCO3 and Mg(OH)2, so precipitated, are filtered off.

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

Cold lime soda process: In this process calculated amount of chemicals (lime and soda) are mixed with water at RT At RT the precipitates formed are finely divided, will not be settle down easily. So, it is essential to add small amount of coagulants (Alum, Sodium aluminate, Aluminium sulphate). These coagulants help in the fine precipitation. Sodium aluminate also helps the removal of silica and oil. This cold L-S process provides water-containing 50-60ppm.

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

NaAlO2 + H2O NaOH + Al(OH)3 Al2(SO4)3+Ca(HCO3)2 Al(OH)3+ CaSO4+ CO2 HOT LIME SODA PROSESS: It involves treating water with softening chemicals at a temperature of 80-150oC The reactions proceed faster Softening capacity increased Precipitates and sludge formed settle down rapidly No coagulants are needed Much of the dissolved gases driven out of the water Filtration of softened water is fast

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

Advantages of Lime Soda process: Very economical. Lesser amount of coagulants is needed. This process increases the pH of water and protects from corrosion. Mineral quantity is reduced. Disadvantages of Lime Soda process: Careful operation and skilled supervision is required. Disposal of large amount of sludge is difficult. Removes hardness up to 15ppm.

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EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

2.ZEOLITE (PERMUTIT) PROCESS: Zeolite is hydrated sodium alumino silicate. It is also called as Permutits. It capable of exchanging its sodium ions Structure of sodium Zeolite is Na2O.Al2O3.xSiO2.yH2O. Where x = 2-10, y = 2-6

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

Zeolites are two types

1.Natural Zeolites: These are non-porous.

Ex.: Na2O.Al2O3.4SiO2.2H2O Synthetic Zeolites: These are porous and possess gel structure. These have higher exchange capacity Prepared by heating together china clay, faldspar and soda.

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

Process:
Na2Ze + Ca(HCO3)2 NaHCO3 + CaZe Regeneration: After some time the zeolite is converted in to Ca and Mg Zeolites and it gets exhausted. At this stage the supply of this hard water is stopped and the exhausted Zeolite is reclaimed by treating with 10% NaCl CaZe + NaCl CaCl2 + Na2Ze Limitations: If the water is turbid, the suspended matter is to be removed. Large quantity of iron and manganese should be removed; otherwise they form Mn and Fe Zeolites. if mineral acids are present, they may destroy the Zeolite bed.

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

Advantages: It removes the hardness up to 10ppm. The equipment used is very compact. No impurities are precipitated, so there is no formation of sludge or scale. It requires less time. It requires less skill. Disadvantages: Treated water contains more sodium. It removes only positive ions. High turbidity water cannot be treated.

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

Ion Exchange Process: It is also called de-ionization or demineralisation. Ion exchange resins are in soluble, long chain, cross-linked polymers with a micro porous structure. Resins containing acid groups (COOH, SO3H) are capable of exchanging their H+ ions with other cations. Resins containing acid groups (OH-, NH2-) are capable of exchanging their OH- ions with other anions. Cation exchange resin Anion exchange resin

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EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

Demineralization of Brackish Water The process of removing common salt from the water is known as desalination or demineralization. The water containing dissolved salts with a peculiar salty taste is called Brackish Water. Brackish water is demineralized by two methods:

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

Electro dialysis: In this method ions are pulled out of the salt water by passing direct current In this process electrodes and plastic membrane pair are used. When direct current is passed through saline water, Sodium ions start moving towards negative pole The chloride ions start moving towards the positive pole through the membrane. During this process the conc. of NaCl decreases in the central component while it increases in two side components Desalinated water is removed from the central component from time to time

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

For efficient separation ions-selective membranes are employed. Ex. RCOO-, RSO3- and R4N+ClElectro dialysis cell consists of a large number of paired sets of plastic membranes. Advantages: Most compact unit Most economical If electricity is easily available, it is best suited

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

Reverse Osmosis: When two solutions of unequal concentrations are separated by a *SPM, flow of solvent takes place from dilute to concentrated sides, due to osmosis. If a hydrostatic pressure in excess of osmotic pressure is applied on the concentrated side the solvent flow reverses. The membrane filtration is also called as Superfiltration or Hyper-filtration. In this method 15-40 Kg/Cm2 is applied.

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

WATER

EXTERNAL TREATMENT (SOFTENING METHODS)

Advantages: It removes ionic, non-ionic, colloidal substances etc. Cost is on the replacement of SPM (life time 2years) Converts sea water into drinking water and obtaining water for very high pressure boilers.