Aditi Saini (M. Tech.

) Fpem

It is a common observation that whenever there is imbalance of a commodity in a medium, nature tends to distribute it until a balance or equality is achieved . This tendency is often called as driving force which a mechanism behind naturally occurring transport phenomenon

 Five

assumptions..

No reaction to generate heat/mass No radiation No viscous dissipation Low mass-transfer rate Constant physical properties

 Heat

transfer can be defined as energy transfer essentially due to temperature difference. It can take place due to 3 distinct modes 1) Heat conduction 2) Convection 3) Radiation

 Mass

transfer can be defined as molecular diffusion due to concentration difference It can take place due to 2 modes 1) Diffusion Mass Transfer 2) Convective Mass Transfer. Mass transfer occurs only in mixtures

 In

this mass is transferred by random molecular motion in quiescent or laminar flowing fluids. Mechanism of molecular Diffusion and conduction Heat Transfer are analogous. Ficks Law is used for diffusion mass transfer similar to Fourier Law for heat conduction.

 Mass

transfer by convection occurs in cases where the bulk velocity is appreciable or when both the species in a binary mixture are moving with significant velocities. Free: The buoyancy force causing circulation in free convection mass transfer difference in density of the vapor mixtures of varying compositions. Ex Evaporation of alcohol. Forced: Evaporation of water under fan from clothes.

 Convective

mass transfer is similar to convective heat transfer.

Where:

 Reynolds

Number: Inertial force viscous force At low velocities, viscous force dominate and flow is laminar. At high velocities inertia force dominates and flow is turbulent, Velocity in the given field will be similar in pattern , magnitude and turbulence pattern when Re is same.

 Nusselt

number: It is a convenient measure of heat transfer coefficient.

 Prandtl

Number: It is indicative of the relative ability of the fluid to diffuse momentum and internal energy by molecular momentum. Pr = kinematic viscosity thermal diffusivity

 Grashoffs

Number:

Buoyant force inertia force (viscous force)2 Free convection is suppressed at small values of Gr, begins at critical value of Gr and becomes more effective at Gr increases.

 Stanton

Number: It is the ratio of heat transfer coefficient to flow of heat per unit temperature rise.

It

is only used for forced convection data.

 Peclet

Number: It is ratio of heat flow rate by convection to flow rate by conduction under a unit temperature gradient and thickness l.

 Lewis

Number:

Temperature

profiles will be similar when lewis number is 1.