ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE AND THE COMBINED ARTS

OBJECTIVES OF A WRITER: 1. To strive in a raising the level of the readers humanity and, 2. To accomplish the purpose of making a man a better person, giving him a high sense of value. IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE 1. Emotional appeal-attained when the reader is emotionally moved or touched by any literary work.

2. Intellectual appeal- both add knowledge or information and remind the reader of what he has forgotten.
3. Humanistic value- it can be attained when a literary work makes the reader an improved person with a better outlook in life and with a clear understanding of his inner self.

CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE
Perrine stated that literature can be classified as escape and interpretative literature. ESCAPE LITERATURE is written for entertainment purposes, that is, to help us pass the time in an agreeable manner.

INTERPRETATIVE LITERATURE is written to broaden and sharpen our awareness of life. Escape literature takes us away from the real world and enables us to temporarily forget our troubles. Interpretative literature takes us through imagination, deeper into the real world and enables us to understand our troubles. Escape literature has for its object only pleasure. Interpretative literature has for its objet- pleasure plus understanding.

USES OF LITERATURE
MORALIZING LITERATURE-the purpose of literature is to present moral

lessons for the reader to understand and appreciate and it may be directly stated.
PROPAGANDA LITERATURE- this kind of literature is found not only in

history books and advertising and marketing books but also in some books describing ones personal success and achievements in life.
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTINUUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL- THERAPEUTIC

VALUE. it could be looked on as a sophisticated modern elaboration of the idea of the catharsis- an emotional relief experienced by the reader thereby helping him recover from a previous pent-up emotion.

ELEMENTSOF THE SHORT STORY

PLOT-it is the sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed. It

might consist merely of a sequence of related actions. The Life of Cardo by Amador T. Daguio is an example of a short story with related incidents or events. Plot in a short story means arrangement of action. The action refers to an imagined event or happening or to a series of such events. CHARACTER- reading for character is more difficult than reading for a plot, for character is much more complex, varied, and ambiguous. Most short stories are focused on or evolved in just one character. THEME- it is the controlling idea or the central insight in a literary work. It is the unifying generalization about life stated or implied by the story. SYMBOL AND IRONY- a literary symbol is something that means more than what it is. It is an object, a person, a situation, an action or some other item that has a literal meaning in the story but suggests or represents other meanings as well. Irony is a term with a range of meanings, all of them involving some sort of discrepancy or incongruity. It is a contrast in which one term of the contrast in some way mocks the other term. According to Perrine, there are 3 kinds of irony.

 Verbal irony- is a figure of speech in which the opposite is said and

from what is intended. The discrepancy is between what is said and what is meant.
Dramatic irony- is the contrast between what a character says and

what the reader knows to be true.

Irony of situation- is the discrepancy between appearance and reality,

between expectation and fulfillment, or between what is said and what would seem appropriate.
Language and Style- Language refers to the idiom used and how it is

used. Style, on the other hand, is a term which may refer to the precise use of language, both literary and figuratively; it may refer to the total working out of the short story, taking all the other elements (character, plot, theme, setting) into consideration

Elements of Poetry
Poetry is as universal as language and almost as ancient. The most primitive peoples have used it, and the most civilized have cultivated it. Among the types of literature, poetry writing is the most challenging for the following reasons: first, the choice of proper words or grammar; second, the denotative and symbolical meaning of the chosen grammar and third, the limitation imposed by the structure and rhythm of sounds. It is last reason, however, that makes a poem beautiful and appreciated by the reader.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Denotation/Connotation Imagery Figurative Language Rhythm and Meter Meaning and Idea

Denotation/Connotation
Denotation is the actual meaning of a word derived from the dictionary. The word home for instance, by denotation means a place where one lives. Connotation is the related or allied meanings of a word. The same word home suggests warmth, comfort, security, love, and other meanings that are associated with its denotative meaning. Unless a young tries Unless an old one tries

Therell always be a wall

Thoughts Czarina Roldan The above stanza is taken from Czarina Roldan Thoughts. The word wall is clearly associated with hindrance or obstruction that will lead to the communication gap between two generations: the old and the young.

Imagery
This maybe defined as the representation of sense experience through language. Images are formed as we see, hear, taste, smell, and touch; or we may say that an image is the mental duplication of a sense impression. The most common imagery is visual, as we are made to see what the author is talking about.

G. Burce Bunaos Change is filled with the poets own personal imagery.
Things change: No longer do I, Recovering from the shock

Of a huge branch falling

At my feet No longer do I Cower in fear

No longer run to my altar

In the woods, The fire of prayer in my mouth The poet imagines his previous fear of falling, his recovery from the shock, and realization that the fall is a part of childs growth and development.

Figurative Language The most commonly used and the most important of the figurative language are the simile and the metaphor. Both simile and metaphor are used as a means of comparing things that are essentially unlike. The only distinction between them is that in a simile, the comparison is expressed by the use of some word or phase, such as like, as than, similar to, resemble or seem; in a metaphor, the comparison is implied, that is, the figurative term is substituted for or identified with a literal term Our man-child is wildAs tempest, as northwind, As jungle, as rapids As tiger, as broncho As all these are wild!

Our Children
Lucia Zabarte Parcero We can clearly notice above that the author compares the child of the man to the wildest in nature and the wildest of animals.

I gave myself to him. And took him self for pay. The solemn contract of a life. Was ratified this way.
I Gave Myself to Him Emily Dickinson This stanza is taken from the poem of Emily Dickinson. The poem is imaginatively unified by an extended metaphor, in which a marriage contract is compared to a sales contract or the entering into a love relationships compared to a commercial transaction). The woman is both the seller and the merchandise, the man both the purchaser and the payment.

Rhythm and Meter

Our appreciation of rhythm and meter is rooted even deeper in us than our love for musical repetition. It is related to the beats of our hearts and the outflow of air from our lungs. Rhythm is a part of our lives as there is rhythm in the way we walk, the way we talk, the way we swim and other similar activities. Meter, in language, is the accents that are so arranged as to occur at apparently equal intervals of time. Metrical language is called verse. Out of the night that covers me. Black as the Pit from pole to pole. I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul.

Invictus William Ernest Henley

At present , there poets who are not so particular on rhyme ang meter, and they call such a style as free verse. what I am at any given moments in process of my becoming a person will be determined by my relation with those twho love me with those whom I love or refuse to love. on being a person lory jao. 1981

Love is mans pulse. Filipinos, therefore, consider love no less significant. They value love, as much as life, wich is precisely why they have this particular sense of humor, these sense of balance like life, they do not take love too seriously. they presfer out of it alive and admirable ! Why? they have that sense of humor which bishop fulton sheen describes as as sieng this through. if a beloved dies. then theres another chance at love, Or if one gets jilted, this heartpain is only a prelude to a forthcoming happiness in love. The paragraph above is taken from visitacion de la torres essay entitled The Filipino as Lover. This is very good example of an informal essay, for the issue is trated lightly and humorously, and the style is entertaining. The purpose of the author to give us a clear picture of Pilipino as lover; they are serious in love bbut when frustrated , they are brave enough to take the pains lightheartedly. such attitude is base on its desire to harmonize with nature to equilibrium-maintenance (pagkakapantay, di nagtatalo) accordint to Leonardo Mercado.

Meaning and Idea The meaning of a poem is the experience it expresses. Here, we can distinguish between total meaning of a poem and its prose meaning. The total meaning is the idea in a poem which is only part of the total experience it communicates. The value and worth of the poem are determined by the value of the total experience, not by the truth or the nobility of the idea itself. The prose meaning does not necessarily have to be an idea itself. It may be a story, a description, a statement of emotion, a presentation of human character or a combination of these. Elements of Essay An essay is simply defined as a literary composition on a particular subject. It is usually short and it expresses the authors personal thoughts, feelings, experiences, or observations on a phase of life that has interested him (Irene Mabel Rich 1965). Biography, history, travel, art, nature, personal life, and criticism are among the innumerable subjects in the field of choice of an essayist. Essay writers are usually people who have plenty of time for reflection. The essay can be roughly grouped as formal and informal. It is considered informal when the essay is light, humorous, and entertaining; and formal when the essay is heavy, informative, and intellectually stimulating.

When reading an essay, the following elements should be considered:

The issue introduced. This reflects the actual purpose of the writer. The writers viewpoint and thought. The final stand of the author, whether he is for or against the issue he has discussed. The relevance of the issue to the life of the reader. This refers to the readers perception, responsiveness, and enjoyment of the theme.

Elements of Novel The novel is particularly applicable to a long work of prose fiction dealing with characters, situations, and scenes that represent those of real life and setting and action in the form of a plot. The purpose of fiction whether long <the novel> or short <the short story> , is to recount a narrative which give us lessons and brings us pleasure <Van De Bogart , 1973>

 Setting

Covers the time, the place, and the background. It involves not only geography but also the entire climate of beliefs, habits, and values of a particular region and historical period <Van De Bogart, 1973>.
Elements of Drama

Like prose fiction , utilizes plot and character , develop a theme , arouses emotion or appeals to humor , and may be either escapist or interpretative in its dealing with life.it normally presents in action through actors , on a stage , and before an audience. Plot It is the term sometimes used to mean a summary of a plays story. It is concerned with what happen in the story. More properly it seems the overall structure of a play. In this sense , it is the most important element of drama . Most plots follow the same general pattern. Characters The characters must be shaped to fit the needs of the plot, and all parts of the characterization must fit together.

 Thought

Every play even the most lighthearted comedy, involves thoughts in its broadest sense. In dramatic structure, thoughts include the ideas and emotions implied by the overall meaning of the play, sometimes the theme. Language Means of expressing the character and the thoughts dramatically. Language in the theater refers to the dramatic dialogue, which may be in prose in verse. Prose dialogue may be naturalistic or rhetorical. Theme It is was the story means. It is a conviction about the real world we live in, and it may be stated in several ways.

 Climax/Denouement

Climax is the scene or incident that is the fruition of the accumulated suspense, and the stirs the most intense feelings or emotions. It can also be describe as the turning point of the story. Denouement is the working out of the plot, following the climax. In this final part of the play, usually brief but sometimes a full act, the playwright brings the conflict to an end explains how and why everything turned out the way it did.
Music and Spectacle

Spectacle intensifies emotions, whatever these emotions are. Music and Spectacle were an integral part of the performance of Greek dramas.
Costumes and Make-up

Costumes should be comfortable and securely put together so the performer doesnt have to worry about it once it is on. Make-up crew should allow plenty of time to do their work after each actor is dressed. Everything in the make-up box should have its own place and be covered when not in used.

Scenery and Lighting

The furniture-painted backdrops, or large props , should be real. The scenery may be simple, for it is supposed only to suggest the scene. The imagination of the audience will complete the picture. Proper lighting can add a great deal to the realism of the play. Consider brightness, color , and direction in lightning the play.

List of some Filipino Novels:

Faustino S. Aguilar Pinaglahuan Servando de los Angeles Ang Huling Timawa Jose E.C. Aozo Project Pawai, An Adventure In The Far East (1995) Gina Apostol Bibliolepsy (1997) Abi Aquino Drama Queen (2003) Liwayway A. Arceo Canal de la Reina Maling Pook, Maling Panahon: Dito... Ngayon Mga Bathalang Putik

Zafrullah M. Alonto and Edna G. Magdaong-Manginsay Ang Hanging Di-Namamatay

Stacy S. Alcantara The Secret of the Amulet (2003) Dean Francis Alfar Salamanca (2005, Palanca Grand Prize; 2006) Noel Alumit Letters to Montgomery Clift (2002) Talking to the Moon (2006)

Philippine Architecture & Influences

Pre-Historic Vernacular

Islamic

Spanish

American

Modern

ARCHITECTURE OF THE PHILIPPINES

The architecture of the Philippines is a reflection of the history and heritage of the country. The most prominent historic constructions in the archipelago are from the Spanish, Japanese, Malay,Hindu, Chinese, and American cultures. The pre-colonial architecture of the Philippines consisted of the Nipa hut made from natural materials but there are some traces of large-scale construction before the Spanish colonizers came but not well documented. An example of this is the pre-colonial walled city of Manila although later after the Spanish colonization, dismantled by the Spaniards and rebuilt as Intramuros. There are also other minor precolonial walled cities like Betis and Macabebe. During three hundred years of Spanish colonialization, the Philippine architecture was dominated by the Spanish influences. During this period, Intramuros, the walled city of Manila, was built with its walls, houses, churches and fortress. The Augustinian friars built a large number of grand churches all over the Philippine Islands. During this period the traditional Filipino "Bahay na bato" style for the large houses emerged. These were large houses built of stone and wood combining Filipino, Spanish and Chinese style elements. After the Spanish-American war, the architecture of the Philippines was dominated by the American style. In this period the plan for the modern city of Manila was designed, with a large number of neoclassical architecture and art deco buildings by famous American and Filipino architects. During the liberation of Manila by the Americans in 1945, large portions of Intramuros and Manila were destroyed. In the period after the second world war many of the destroyed buildings were rebuilt. At the end of the 20th century modern architecture with straight lines and functional aspects was introduced. During this period many of the older structures fell into decay. Early in the 21st Century a revival of the respect for the traditional Filipino elements in the architecture returned.

- A style and method of design and construction of buildings and other physical structures; the practice of an architect, where architecture means to offer or render professional services in connection with the design and construction of a building, or group of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings, that have as their principal purpose human occupancy or us

Pre - Historic Vernacular

Philippine Architecture

Islamic

Spanish
American Modern

Banaue Rice Terraces

Tree House or Arboreal Shelters

Banaue Rice Terraces Architecture

Pre - Historic Vernacular

Philippine Architecture

Islamic

Spanish
American Modern

Pre - Historic Vernacular

Philippine Architecture

Islamic

Spanish
American Modern

Taluksangay Mosque, Zamboanga City

Minaret, Taluksangay Mosque

Prayer Hall, Golden Mosque

Saduc Mosque, Marawi City

King Faisal Mosque, MSU-Marawi City

Pre - Historic Vernacular

Philippine Architecture

Islamic

Spanish
American Modern

Spanish colonization introduced European architecture into the country. The influence of European architecture and its style actually came via the Antilles through the Manila Galleon. The most lasting legacy of Spain in terms of architecture was its colonial parish churches designed by innumerable Spanish friars.
During three hundred years of Spanish colonialization, the Philippine architecture was dominated by the Spanish influences. During this period, Intramuros, the walled city of Manila, was built with its walls, houses, churches and fortress. The Augustinian friars built a large number of grand churches all over the Philippine Islands.

In this era, the nipa hut or bahay kubo gave way to the Bahay na bato (stone house) and became the typical house of noble Filipinos. The Bahay na bato, the colonial Filipino house, followed the nipa hut's arrangements such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. The most obvious difference between the two houses would be the materials that were used to build them. The bahay na bato was constructed out of brick and stone rather than the traditional bamboo materials. It is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. Excellent preserved examples of these houses of the illustrious Filipinos can be admired in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. In Taal, Batangas, the main street is also lined with examples of the traditional Filipino homes.

INTRAMUROS
Intramuros is the oldest district and historic core of Manila. Nicknamed the "Walled City", the fortified Intramuros was the full extent of the City of Manila and the seat of government during Period. Latin, means of Manila the Spanish Its Colonial in the to literally name

intramuros, "within were

walls". Districts beyond the walls

referred as extramuros, literally "outside the walls."

The city was located then along Manila

Bay River and south of the Pasig 20thentrance, before

century reclamations obscured the city from the bay. Guarding the city is Fort

Santiago, a citadel located at the mouth

of the river. Construction of its thick defensive walls were started by the Spaniards in the late 16th century to protect the seat of the Spanish government from foreign invasions (most notably British and Dutch) and raiding Chinese sea pirates.

In an October 2010 report titled Saving Our Vanishing Heritage, the Global Heritage Fundidentified Intramuros along with Fort Santiago, as one of 12 worldwide sites "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and destruction, citing insufficient management and development pressures.

FORT SANTIAGO
Fort Santiago (Fuerza de Santiago) is a defense fortress established Miguel Lpez by de Spanish conquistador,

Legazpi. The fort is the citadel of the walled city of Intramuros, in Manila, Philippines. The location of Fort Santiago was also once the site of the palace and kingdom of Rajah Suliman,

chieftain of Manila of pre-Spanish era. It was

destroyed by the conquistadors upon arriving in 1570, encountering several bloody battles with the Muslims and native Tagalogs. TheSpaniards destroyed the native settlements

and erected Fuerza de Santiago in 1571.

The Fort Santiago is surrounded by 22 meters high bastion that is 8 m thick. The fort is located at the mouth of the River Pasig. Again the fort was conquered but this time by the Japanese forces during World War II and was damaged by the American bombs during the battle of Manila (1945).

Fort Santiago in Manila reminds one of

Manila history. The fort represented the strength of the Spanish colonial rule that ruled for almost three centuries. The British occupied the fort for a brief period (1762- 1764) after which the U.S

held on to it till the Japanese forces that occupied

it during the World War II. In the 1980's the Intramuros

Administration restored the Santiago Fort and

today it serves as a museum that showcases the

legacies of the Spanish rule. The other attractions in the Fort are the Jose Rizal (Plaza da Armas), Rizal Shrine and the prison dungeons. The Rizal shrine has the items used by the Jose Rizal that

also includes the farewell poem that he wrote on

the eve of his execution.

Over the years many Filipinos were imprisoned and were left to drown in the dungeons that were the high tide level.

PACO PARK
Paco Park was planned as a municipal cemetery for the well-off and established aristocratic Spanish families who resided in the old Manila, or Intramuros. The cemetery is circular in shape, with an inner circular fort that was the original cemetery with niches on the hollow walls. As the population continued to grow, a similar second outer wall was built with the thick adobe hollow walls with niches, the top of the walls made into a walkway circumnavigating the park. A Roman Catholic chapel was built inside the inner walls, dedicated to St. Pancratius.

SAN AUGUSTINIAN CHURCH

This unique specimen of Filipino architecture from the Spanish area has been included in the World Heritage Sites List of

the UNESCO. The church was built by the

Augustinian friars from 1694 until 1710.It shows the earthquake proof baroque style architecture.

San Agustn Church and Monastery,

built between 1587 and 1606, is one of the oldest churches in the Philippines, and the only building left intact after the destruction of Intramuros during the Battle of Manila (1945).

The present structure is actually the third to stand on the site and has survived seven major earthquakes, as well as the wars in Manila. The church remains under the care of theAugustinians who founded it.

San Agustn Church and Monastery, built between 1587 and 1606, is one of the oldest churches in the Philippines, and the only building left intact after the destruction of Intramuros during the Battle of Manila (1945). The present structure is actually the third to stand on the site and has survived seven major earthquakes, as well as the wars in Manila. The church remains under the care of theAugustinians who founded it. The San Agustn Church lies inside the walled city of Intramuros located in the capital city Manila,Philippines. It is the first European stone church to be built in the Philippines designed in Spanish architectural structure. The church also houses the legacies of the Spanish conquistadors, Miguel Lpez de Legazpi, Juan de Salcedo and Martn de Goiti who are buried and laid to rest in a tomb, underneath the church. The church has 14 side chapels and a trompe-l'oeil ceiling. Up in the choir loft are the hand-carved 17th-century seats of molave, a beautiful tropical hardwood. Adjacent to the church is a small museum run by the Augustinian order, featuring antique vestments, colonial furniture, and religious paintings and icons The present structure is actually the third Augustinian church erected on the site.The first San Agustin Church was the first religious structure constructed by the Spaniards on the island of Luzon. Made of bamboo and nipa, it was completed in 1571, but destroyed by fire in December, 1574 during the attempted invasion of Manila by the forces of Limahong.A second church made of wood was constructed on the site.This was destroyed in February 1583, in a fire that started when a candle set ablaze the drapes of the funeral bier during the interment of the Spanish Governor-General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Pealosa. The Augustinians decided to rebuild the church using stone, and to construct an adjacent monastery. Construction began in 1586, based on a design by Juan Macas.The structure was built using hewn adobe stones quarried fromMeycauayan, Binangonan and San Mateo, Rizal The work proceeded slowly due to the lack of funds and materials, as well as the relative scarcity of stone artisans. The monastery was operational by 1604, and the church was formally declared complete on January 19, 1607, and named St. Paul of Manila. Macas, who had died before the completion of the church, was officially acknowledged by the Augustinians as the builder of the edifice.

Pre - Historic Vernacular

Philippine Architecture

Islamic

Spanish
American Modern

 reign ended in 1898

Spain

America
new colonizer until 1946

As the 20th century dawned, dramatic changes swept through the Philippines. The priorities, policies and strategies of America were concretized in the structures erected in its new territory. With the new regime came new architecture.

The American Insular Government in the Philippines was established in 1901, and immediately, the Bureau of Architecture and Construction of Public Buildings was created. As an agency of the Department of Public Instruction, its priority projects were in public health and education-- thus the construction of the Bureau of Health Building, the Insular Ice and Cold Storage Plant, and the numerous schoolhouses all over the land. In those early years, construction was primarily undertaken by the engineers of the U.S. Army.

Daniel H. Burnham
Through the invitation of GovernorGeneral William Cameron Forbes, architect and city planner Daniel H. Burnham came to the country in 1904 and made plans for Manila and Baguio, a summer capital which was of utmost importance to the Americans thrust in the tropics. Burnham, who belonged to the Chicago School that pioneered the modern design movement and an advocate of neoclassicism, recommended William B. Parsons to implement his plans World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 and his ideas about urban planning.

American architect and urban planner whose impact on the American city was substantial. He was instrumental in the development of the skyscraper and was noted for his highly successful management of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 and his ideas about urban planning.

Manila

Baguio

Daniel H. Burnhams Plans for Manila & Baguio Burnham came to the country in 1904 and made plans for Manila and Baguio

When the Americans first came to Baguio in 1900, it was not yet even a town. It was then only a"rancheria" whose dominant feature was a large, lowlying area called Kafagway. There were only a few houses and there were no roads. The Americans found Baguio an ideal site for a future city and a summer retreat from the sweltering heat of the lowlands. The hills were grassy and studded with pine trees and above all it had a cool and pleasant climate. The Americans also found a good source of water to supply the needs of a city. Gov. William Howard Taft and other officials did not hesitate to proposed that this be the location for the summer capital and health resort of the Philippines.

In November 1900, the Americans established the first civil government

in Benguet. Kafagway was designated as the capital and was later renamed to Baguio. This new name was apparently derived from the native Ibaloi word"bigyiw," which is a moss-like green plant that grew around the area where Burnham Park is now located. Plans were immediately made to construct the first road to connect Manila with the mountain regions. This project was started in 1901 and Maj. L. Kennon was designated to supervise the construction of the Bued Canyon route which was later called the Benguet Road. This access road was completed three years later and ultimately renamed as Kennon Road, in honor of its builder.
On June 1, 1903, a resolution was passed by the American colonial government, naming the town of Baguio as the summer capital of the Philippine Archipelago. The resolution also called for the construction of suitable buildings,

the establishment of 19 townships, and the putting up of appropriate transportation. This was to prepare Baguio as the residence of all officers and employees of the Insular Government during the summer season when the climate in the lowlands was quite hot and very humid. A suitable site was selected for this purpose and which was later known as Camp John Hay.

Following are some of the other events that occured during the administration of Baguio under the American Colonial Government.
1903: Establishment of the first telephone system for Baguio. 1905: The Baguio Country Club was organized. 1906: Civil government authorizes the sale of residential and commercial

properties in Baguio. 1907: Construction of the Baguio General Hospital is started. 1908: Philippine Constabulary School ( forerunner of the Philippine Military Academy) was moved from Intramuros to Baguio. 1910: Water supply system for Baguio becomes operational. 1911: The first automobile travels to Baguio from Manila through Kennon Road. 1913: Establishment of Sanitary Camp. 1919: An airplane lands for the first time at the Baguio airport. 1924: A hydroelectric plant becomes operational & construction of the Baguio Central School is completed. Baguio became the second chartered city in the Archipelago in September 1, 1909 and the townships were later reduced to 13 municipalities. The city prospered in the years before the outbreak of the Second World War

Burnham, who belonged to the Chicago School that pioneered the modern design movement and an advocate of neoclassicism, recommended William B. Parsons to implement his plans. As Consulting Architect of the Bureau of Engineering (later called the Bureau of Public Works), Parsons evolved an "American colonial Philippine architecture" which fused the modern style with Filipino influences

William E. Parsons
consulting Architect of the Bureau of Engineering (later called the Bureau of Public Works
-

Some of his works in the Phil. are:

Manila Hotel

The Philippine General Hospital

The Army-Navy Club Philippine Normal School

Paco Rail Road Station, Manila

Paco Market Laguna Capitol Building

Philippine General Hospital

Elks Club, Manila

Army & Navy Club

Manila Hotel

Philippine National Museum

Philippine Normal School

Paco Market, Manila

Paco Rail Road Station, Manila

Among the Filipino architects, maestro de obra Arcadio Arellano was the first to be engaged by the Americans, serving as consultant to GovernorGeneral William Howard Taft in 1901. More rendered public service through the Bureau of Public Works, most notably the pensionados who received academic scholarships in the U.S.: Carlos Barretto (from the first batch in 1903), Antonio Toledo (1910), Tomas Mapua (1911), and Juan Arellano (1912), who would become the most influential Filipino architect of the time. Their notable works include the Agriculture, Finance and Legislative Buildings, all stately icons of American colonial power.

National Museum

Juan M. Arellano
Jones Bridge

Supreme Court Metropolitan Theater

Manila Central Post Office

Manila City Hall

Department of Tourism

Antonio M. Tolledo

St. La Salle University

Philippine General Nurses Home

Centro Escolar University

Tomas B. Mapua

Without doubt, the American era brought forth a blossoming of the Philippine panorama: the modern American buildings incorporated with the antique Spanish churches and forts and the vernacular Filipino houses, making up an attractive architectural landscape. Manila, in particular proudly rubbed elbows with the best cities of the world.

With the passing of time, so too have many of the period structures permanently passed away; some that have survived struggle and are imploring to be restored. Yet, there are also those that have lived on and thrived in their repurposed revival, proudly and poetically perpetuating their historical and architectural significance.

Early in its colonial rule, the American insular government prioritized the development of a settlement in the cooler region of the country to mitigate the summer heat. In 1904, renowned city planner and architect Daniel H. Burnham designed the vast area of Baguio in the mountain province of Benguet, a year after a resolution was passed declaring it the summer capital. Baguio was completed with government centers, hospitals, jails, schools, parks and lagoon, clubhouses, golf courses, and even a summer residential mansion for the American Governor-General.

One of the structures built early in the American period was the Bureau of Science and Insular Laboratory building. Located along Calle Pedro Gil in Manila, the Mission style structure was designed by the insular government's first American resident architect, Edgar Bourne, in 1901. Its facilities were used for the study and development of the country's rich mineral, agricultural and forest resources.

American Consulting Architect William Parsons adhered to the American neoclassical vision for Philippine architecture in this masterpiece. The train station is highlighted by a central portico, a large clock and a precast of the American eagle which symbolizes colonial supremacy and splendor. Located along Plaza Dilao, the structure was completed in 1908.

The Executive House was built under the administration of Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison (1913-1921) to accommodate the offices of the American insular government in the Philippines. It is located at the eastern portion of the Spanish-era Malacanang Palace by the banks of Pasig River. Designed by consulting architect Ralph Harrington Doane and supervised by Tomas Mapua in 1921, the Executive House reflects American and Filipino-Hispanic architecture fused in stately proportions.

Strategically located at the mouth of Manila Bay, the island fortress of Corregidor was seen by the American as an important military installation for the defense of their power within the archipelago, as well as in Far East Asia. Military facilities were constructed and further developed from 1903 until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1941. Prided by the Americans as the "Gibraltar of the East," among the structures built were Fort Mills, Infantry Barracks, Battery Ream and the Malinta Tunnel.

Tomas Mapuas sensibility as a Filipino emerges in the details of this provincial hospital building in Pampanga, even as its immediate appearance is that of American architecture. Constructed by the Bureau of Public Works in 1915, the two-storey structure was among the many facilities that attested to the insular government's commitment to public health.

The design of Pier 7 at the busy Port Area of Manila departs from the prevailing neoclassical architecture of the American colonial period. Instead, Filipino architect Tomas Mapua generally followed a modernistic expression for this 1918 project. It is marked by a large semicircular window at the center of the building that effectively conveys symmetrical balance. At about one thousand feet long, Pier 7 was one of the longest architectural structures in the Philippines.

The Zamboanga Normal School was part of the eight normal schools established all over the Philippines by the Americans, which implemented a drastic overhaul of the educational system upon takeover of colonial control from the

Spanish. It possesses the dignified design and harmonious proportions that characterize the works of Filipino architect Juan Marcos Arellano. This majestic 1918 structure was built following the American Mission style of architecture but coalesced with elements that allude to the country's Filipino-Spanish heritage.

Located in the southern part of Luzon, the Sorsogon Municipal Complex was designed by Filipino architect Tomas Mapua in 1917 for the Bureau of Public Works. While adhering to the American neoclassical principle in architecture, Mapua incorporated Filipino details, thereby making it a fusion of architectural ideas and principles. The complex includes the municipal building, the jail, and the courthouse.

Characterized by a tall tower at its center, the Iloilo Customs House is representative of government buildings found all over the land that demonstrate the majestic proportions of American colonial architecture. Designed by Filipino architect Tomas Mapua in 1917, it is located along Muelle Loney, by the long harbor at Iloilo River.

Located in Bacolod and designed by Filipino architect Juan Marcos Arellano in 1927, the Negros Occidental Provinci1 Capitol is one of the grandest capitol complexes in the Philippines. It magnificently subscribes to the American take on neoclassical architecture. The complex is highlighted by a lagoon with a carabao public art, a work by the Italian sculptor Francesco Monti that pays homage to Philippine agriculture.

Considered as one of the most beautiful structures ever built in the Philippines in the 20th century, the Manila Post Office is the ultimate expression of American colonial architecture. It was designed by Filipino architect Juan Marcos Arellano in 1925 and constructed by Sta. Clara Lumber and Construction. Its well-thought location by the Pasig River, flanked by Manila's two important bridges, and at the entryway to the then broad Taft Avenue added to its scenic grandeur.

Pre - Historic Vernacular

Philippine Architecture

Islamic

Spanish
American Modern

Rizal Shrine

Juan Nakpil

Quezon Hall. University of the Philippines, Manila

Philippine Village Hotel, Manila

Rizal Theater, Makati

Cultural Center of the Philippines Folk Arts Theater

Philippine International Convention Center, Manila

Leonardo Locsin

SSS Building, Quezon City

Carlos A. Viola Iglesia ni Cristo

Sofitel Philippine Plaza (Westin Philippine Plaza) Philippine Pavilion, Osaka, Japan

Benguet Center (Banco de Oro Building)

Manila International Airport (NAIA Terminal 1)

Davao International Airport

Church of the Holy

Sacrifice, UP Diliman

Tanghalang Mariang Makiling, Los Baos, Laguna

Istana Nurul Imam Palace, Brunei

Church of Saint Andrew, Bel-Air Village, Makati

Church of Monastery of the Transfiguration, Malaybalay, Bukidnon

Jorge Y. Ramos

Golden Mosque, Quiapo, Manila

GSIS Building, Manila

Mactan Shangri-La Hotel and Resort, Lapu-Lapu City

Francisco Maosa

Coconut Palace (Tahanang Pilipino), Manila

Amanpulo Resort, Palawan

San Miguel Building, Mandaluyong City

Mary Immaculate Parish Church, Las Pias