Satellite

Communication
Dr. Ir. Zulfajri Basri Hasanuddin, M.Eng
Dept. of Computer Science and Communication Engineering,
Kyushu University
Dept. of Electronic, Faculty of Engineering,
Hasanuddin University
Historical Developments Of Satellite
Long range communications via modulated microwave electromagnetic fields were
first introduced in the 1920s.

In the 1950s a concept was proposed for using orbiting space vehicles for
relaying carrier waveforms to maintain long range over the horizon communications.

The first version of this idea appeared in 1956 as the Echo satellite a metallic
reflecting balloon placed in orbit to act as a passive reflector of ground
transmissions to complete long range links.

In the late 1950s new proposals were presented for using active satellites
(satellites with power amplification) to aid in relaying long range transmissions.
Gbr. 1.1 Communication satellites a) Telstar b) Early Bird
(a)
c) Fleetsatcom d) TDRSS
e) DSCS-III, f) Intelsat VI
(e)
(f)
Communication Satellite Systems
Gbr. 1.2. Satellite Systems (I) Ground - ground
Gbr. 1.3. Satellite systems (II) Ground cross link - ground
Gbr. 1.4. Satellite systems (III) ground user relay
A satellite that merely relays the uplink carrier as a downlink is referred to
as a relay satellite or repeater satellite.


A satellite that transmits the downlink by responding to the uplink, it is
also called a transponder.


A satellite that electronically operates on the received uplink to reformat
it in some way prior to retransmission is called a processing satellite.
Gbr. 1.5. Satellite uses. (a) Navigation and position location;
A satellite navigation system, in which signals from multiple satellites can be received simultaneously
by a moving or stationary receiver and precessed instantaneously to determine its location and
velocity. This forms the basis of the Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system in which a network
or orbiting satellites are continually available to provide the ranging signals for authorized users
anywhere in the world.
Gbr. 1.5. Satellite uses. (b) terrain and weather observation;
A satellite serving as a terrestrial observation vehicle in which weather, terrain, or agricultural
information can be collected by cameras and monitors and transmitted to earth-based locations.
Gbr. 1.5. Satellite uses. (c) data networking
A satellite as a primary interconnection between a vast network of moving vehicles and fixed-point
earth stations, with voice, data, or command information being exchanged. This is the basis of the
forth-coming mobile satellite systems.
Gbr. 1.5. Satellite uses. (d) deep space exploration
The use of space vehicles to probe the outer universe by returning television and scientific data has
been carried out successfully for several decades.
6
7
8
9
10
11
2
3
4
5
Engineering Test Satellite
(ETS-VIII)
Contents
1. Purpose of the Package

2. Why ETS-VIII now?

3. Outline of ETS-VIII

4. Mission Payloads

5. Experiment Plan

6. Antenna Coverage

7. How to Utilize ETS-VIII?

8. Sample of Experiments

9. Finding Out More
Purpose of the Package
Experiments utilizing Engineering Test
satellite VIII (ETS-VIII) in Japan and the
Asian Pacific countries.
This package aims to provide the technical
data of the ETS-VIII Satellite for inviting
our interests to participate in the utilization
experiments.
Elements of the Package
1. Engineering Test
Satellite - VIII
2. GIGABIT Satellite
3. Q and A for
Experiments
4. ETS-VIII Proposal
Experiment Subject
---------------------
Experiment Abstract
-----------------------
Experiment System
---------------------
5. GIGABIT Proposal
Experiment Subject
---------------------
Experiment Abstract
-----------------------
Experiment System
---------------------
Why ETS-VIII Now ?
Satellite segment and Earth station segment are the two main elements of
SatCom technology, we may observe the characteristics trends by every 10 years
as follows:

The Earth Station antenna was bigger than 30 m in 1960s and 1970s

Small size antenna was in common use in 1980s and 1990s, since the
technology development of satellite power and large-scale on-board antenna

The Mobile Satellite Communications available in anywhere, anytime by
hand-held terminal is expected at the beginning of the 21
st
century

The Engineering Test Satellite VIII (ETS-VIII) is an advanced GEO
satellite which will be used for development of technologies necessary for
mobile
satellite communications, with the 10m class deployable antenna.
LEO (Iridium,
Globalstar,
ODESSY, ICO,
Etc)
21,8 m
1500 kg
970 kg
15.6m
5.3m
700 kg
40 kg
0.6m
S
a
t
e
l
l
i
t
e

S
e
g
m
e
n
t

1960s
1970s 1980s
1990s
21
st
Century
INTELSAT I
INTELSAT IV
INTELSAT-V
INTELSAT VII
Fixed Communication Mobile Communication Personal Mobility
E
a
r
t
h

S
t
a
t
i
o
n

It is necessary to
develop the technology
of mobile satellite
communications by
GEO to cover the
mobile communication
traffic in densely
populated country
like Japan.
Why ETS-VIII Now ?
The Requirements of IMT-2000
Compatibility with terrestrial systems
Max Data Rate:
Over 9.6 kbps (...144kbps)
Indoor: 2,048 kbps
Car: 144kbps
Large EIRP, Multi-beam
On-board Packet Switching
What is IMT-2000
IMT-2000:
IMT-2000 is an initiative of the ITU
wireless access to the global teleco-
mmunication infrastructure through
both satellite and terrestrial systems,
serving fixed and mobile users in
public and private networks.

The ITU vision of global wireless
access in the 21
st
century, including
mobile and fixed access, aims at
providing direction to the many
related technological developments
in this area to assist the standardiza-
tion of these essentially competing
wireless access technologies.
ETS-VIII is developed for meeting
the IMT-2000 requirements!
Outline of ETS VIII
ETS-VIII Objectives
The ETS-VIII is developed to establish and verify the following technologies:
An advanced 3-ton class spacecraft bus
Large scale deployable reflector, worlds largest and most advanced
Mobile satellite communication system technology that will enable audio/data communications with
hand-held terminals.
Mobile satellite multimedia broadcasting system technology for sound and image transmission.
Satellite positioning using the High Accuracy Clock
3. Outline of ETS VIII
ETS-VIII Mission and Development Organization
Large-scale Deployable Reflector (LDR)
LDR uses a modular structure to meet the requirements of reflector
surface preciseness (2,4 mm RMS) and antenna diameter expandability.
LDR consists of 14 hexagon-shaped modules connected to each other
by cables. The outside dimension is 19m x 17m at the largest.
The ETS-VIII is equipped with two LDRs one of data transmission and
the other for reception.
Each module, similar to a one touch deployable umbrella, has a deployable
truss structure.
LDR folds to 1m (diameter) x 4 m (height) during launch.
S-Band Mobile
Communication
&
Broadcasting
System
ETS-VIII is being developed by:
ASC: Advanced Space Communication Research Laboratory
CRL: Communication Research Laboratory of Ministry of Posts
and Telecommunications
NTT: Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
NASDA: National Space Development Agency of Japan
High Accuracy
Clock System
The ETS-VIII will conduct orbital experiments on mobile satellite
communications, which will enable us to communicate using hand-held
terminals in the S-band frequency. It will also conduct experiments on high-
speed packet communications for transmitting multimedia information such
as images to mobile users. Also, experiments on mobile satellite broadcasting
will be conducted.
ETS-VIIIs high accuracy clock
generates extremely accurate
time signals.
The ETS-VIII will conduct
positioning experiments,
combining the clock signal with
GPS data, to study basic satellite
positioning systems.
The satellite positioning
experiments will be made in the
S and L bands.
Mission Payloads
Mobile
Satellite
Communicati
ons &
Broadcasting
System
Mobile handy-held
Telephone
Mobile UHDT-
Data Communications
Mobile Digital
Multimedia
Broadcasting
Complement for the Territorial System
Disaster Relief (for the Traffic Congestion)
Mobile Computer Networking
Mobile Internet Access
High quality Digital Audio Broadcasting
Multimedia Information Transmission
On-board
Packet
Switching
Decreasing the
Time Delay
Mobile satellite communication used to be switched via
ground hub station. So there is a double-hops via satellite
between two terrestrial end points. The time delay due to the
double-hops can not be ignored.
On-board processing capacity will limit the hop counts in
systems to shorten the time delay.
Counter measure
for
Disaster
On-board Processor is even effective in disaster because
ground switchboard is unnecessary.
On-board Processor could be a back-up system providing
post disaster connectivity
Antenna Coverage
Hand-held Terminal: Size equivalent to
a portable telephone

Portable Terminal: Size equivalent to the
terminal of N-STAR
(Notebook computer size)

Mobile Station : Use high-gain antenna
such as parabolic (1 m)
High Accuracy Clock System Service Area
How to utilize ETS-VIII
There are 2 communication styles for using ETS-VIII in the through-repeater mode:
1. Inter-beam communication
2. Inside-beam communication
Bandwidth of through-repeater:
Japan: 2.5 MHz
Out of Japan: 3.5 MHz
Sample of Experiments
Interferensi & Gangguan Dalam Sistem
Telekomunikasi Satelit
Sumber-sumber gangguan (interferensi) dalam sistem telekomunikasi satelit
dapat dikategorikan dalam beberapa jenis, yaitu:

1. Interferensi antar jaringan satelit

2. Interferensi Cross Polarisasi

3. Interferensi Intermodulasi antar Carrier

4. Interferensi Co-Channel

5. Interferensi Jaringan Terestrial

6. Interferensi Re-Transmit
Interferensi Cross-Polarisasi
Sistem komunikasi satelit yang telah dirancang menggunakan bandwidth tertentu
akan mempunyai keterbatasan dalam menggunakan bandwidth sehingga
penggunaan bandwidth harus semaksimal mungkin karena frekuensi merupakan
sumberdaya alam yang tidak dapat diperbaharui.
Teknologi re-use dalam sistem komunikasi satelit akan memunculkan masalah baru
yaitu isolasi cross-polarisasi.
Untuk mengatasi gangguan (interferensi) cross polarisasi maka antena stasiun bumi
sebelum mengakses ke satelit harus dilakukan test cross polarisasi dengan referensi
stasiun bumi standar yang telah ditetapkan oleh operator satelit.
Beberapa solusi yang dapat diusulkan untuk mengatasi gangguan cross polarisasi
adalah:
Instalasi harus kokoh sehingga tahan terhadap gerakan akibat angin.
Jauhkan instalasi antenna dari jangkauan tempat umum sehingga antena tidak
terganggu oleh orang yang tidak bertanggungjawab.
Untuk antena yang dipasang di anjungan minyak lepas pantai maka harus
dilakukan perawatan secara rutin, sehingga gangguan dapat diminimalkan.
Untuk antena yang dipasang di kapal dan bergerak maka antena digunakan
untuk memancarkan carrier yang mempunyai frekuensi tepat di guard band dari
transponder di arah sebaliknya
Bandwidth transponder
Guard band
Bandwidth transponder
Guard band
Gb. 1. Alokasi transponder tanpa teknologi re-use
Gb. 2. Alokasi transponder dengan teknologi re-use
Interferensi dari Jaringan Terestrial
Terestrial Network
Operating Satellite
Frekuensi kerja dari kedua sistem sama
Interferensi Antar Channel (Interferensi Co-Channel)
Gangguan yang disebabkan oleh gangguan antar carrier satu dengan carrier disebelahnya.
Gangguan antar channel ini lebih disebabkan oleh jarak antar carrier yang tidak cukup
bandwidth atau tidak adanya guardband antara carrier satu dengan carrier disebelahnya
disebabkan dalam pengaturan alokasi frekuensi di transponder atau dengan kata lain
bandwidth carrier satu akan menggunakan bandwidth carrier lainnya.
Contoh, kita mempunyai dua buah carrier dengan alokasi bandwidth dari masing-masing adalah
120 KHz dan 180 KHz, jika alokasi center frekuensi dari carrier pertama di frekuensi 3720 MHz,
supaya tidak terjadi gangguan antar channel maka alokasi center frekuensi dari carrier kedua
adalah di (3720+(120/2)+(180/2))MHz=3620.150 MHz, namun bila alokasi center frekuensi
carrier kedua diletakkan pada 3720.140 MHz maka akan terjadi gangguan antar channel sebesar
10 KHz dari kedua carrier tersebut.
Interferensi Akibat Intermodulasi Antar Carrier
Tidak semua gangguan turunnya kualitas link disebabkan oleh faktor eksternal seperti
interferensi dari satelit lain dan interferensi jaringan terestrial, namun juga dari faktor
internal sistem sendiri.
2. Radio Wave Propagation
Lecture Note: Satellite Communication

Radio Wave Propagation
Pendahuluan
Sinyal yang menjalar diantara stasiun bumi dengan
satelit haruslah melewati atmosphere bumi,
termasuk ionosphere.
90
400
600
Freespace
Ionosphere
Troposphere
Earths space
Ice layer rain
Gbr 2.1 Lapisan-lapisan di atmosphere bumi
Propagation impairment Physical cause Prime importance

1. Attenuation and sky Atmospheric gases, Frequencies above about
noise increase cloud, rain 10 GHz
2. Signal depolarization Rain, ice crystals Dual-polarization systems
at C & Ku-bands
3. Refraction, atmospheric Atmospheric gases Communication and tracking
multipath at low elevation angels
4. Signal scintillation Tropospheric and Tropospheric at freq. above
ionospheric refractivity 10 GHz and low elevation
fluctuations angels; ionospheric at freq.
below 10 GHz
5. Reflection multipath, Earths surface, Mobile satellite services
blockage objects on surface
6. Propagation delays, Tropospheric, ionospheric Precise timing and location
variations systems; TDMA systems
7. Intersystem interference Ducting, scatter, Mainly C band; rain scatter
diffraction may be significant at
higher frequencies
Table 2.1 Propagation Concerns for satellite communication
Atmospheric Losses
Kerugian atau kehilangan di atmosphere bumi adalah sebagai hasil dari
penyerapan energi oleh gas-gas di atmosphere.
Rugi oleh cuaca (weather related losses) merujuk kepada atmospheric
attenuation dan rugi penyerapan (absorption losses) sebagai atmospheric
absorption.
Rugi penyerapan atmosphere berubah dengan frekuensi, Dua puncak
penyerapan, pertama berdasarkan hasil data statistik adalah pada
frekuensi 22.3 GHz dari hasil penyerapan resonansi pada air (water
vapor - H2O); dan kedua adalah pada frekuensi 60 GHz, dihasilkan
oleh penyerapan resonansi pada oksigen (O2). Hasil diatas untuk insiden
vertikal.
Dengan menuliskan nilai rugi penyerapan sebagai decibels, dan
sudut elevasi turun ke , formula untuk rugi penyerapan diberikan
oleh


dimana adalah sudut elevasi. Efek yang dikenal sebagai atmospheric
scintillation bisa juga terjadi.
90
[AA]
o
10
(2.1) cosec
90
[AA] [AA] u =
u
Ionospheric Effects
Gelombang radio yang menjalar antara stasiun bumi dan satelit
haruslah melewati ionosphere. Ionosphere adalah bagian atas
dari atmosphere bumi, yang mana telah mengalami ionisasi,
utamanya dari radiasi solar.
Awan yang mengandung elektron-elektron (dikenal sebagai
traveling ionospheric disturbances) dapat menjalar melalui
ionosphere dan membangkitkan fluktuasi pada sinyal yang hanya
dapat ditentukan oleh basis statistik. Efek-efeknya termasuk
scintillation, absorption, variation in the direction of arrival,
propagation delay, dispersion, frequency change, and polarization
rotation.
Efek-efek ini berkurang seiring dengan meningkatnya frekuensi.
Rain Attenuation
Redaman hujan adalah merupakan fungsi rain rate (rain intensity)


The Link Power Budget Equation
Rugi-rugi untuk kondisi cuaca cerah diberikan oleh persamaan berikut:
(1.16) [PL] [AA] [AML] [RFL] [FSL] [LOSSES] + + + + =
Persamaan daya yang diterima dalam decibel menjadi:
(1.17) LOSSES] [ ] [ EIRP] [ ] [ + =
R R
G P
dB loss, mismatch on polarizati [PL]
dB , absorption c atmospheri [AA]
dB loss, nt misalignme antenna [AML]
dB loss, Feeder Receiver [RFL]
dBW power, radiated isotropic equivalent [EIRP]
dBW power, received ] [
dB Loss, Space Free [FSL]
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
R
P
A satellite link operating at 14 GHz has receiver feeder losses of 1.5 dB
and a free-space loss of 210 dB. The atmospheric absorption loss is 0.5 dB
and the antenna pointing loss is 0.5 dB. Depolarization losses may be
neglected. Calculate the total link loss for clear-sky conditions.
Thermal Noise
Thermal noise adalah noise yang terjadi pada semua media transmisi dan dalam semual peralatan
komunikasi yang timbul dari pergerakan elektron secara acak.

Thermal noise adalah proporsional terhadap bandwidth dan temperature.
bandwidth of dBm/Hz 174 -
bandwidth of dBW/Hz 204 -
bandwidth of W/Hz ) 10 ( 00 . 4
, 290 atau 17 T ruang, r temperatu Pada
noise thermal of K) ( re temperatu absolute T
J/K ) 1.3803(10 Boltzman konstanta k : dimana
(W/Hz)
21
23 -
=
=
=
=
=
= =
=

n
n
P
K C
kT P
Untuk sistem dengan bandwidth specific (sistem terbatas bandwidth)
(W) kTB P
n
=
B merefer disini kepada apa yang dinamakan noise bandwidth (Hz). Pada
K 0

B T P
P
n
n
10log 10log dBW 6 . 228
specific, bandwidth dengan sistem Untuk
bandwidth of dBW/Hz 6 . 228
+ + =
=
Signal to Noise Ratio
Signal to Noise Ratio diekspresikan dalam decibels
Signal 1000 Hz mempunyai SNR 10 dB. Level noise adalah 5 dBm dan signal, 15 dBm.
noise(dBm) ) signal(dBm dB
level level / = N S
System Noise
(1.18)
N N N
B kT P =
N
T
N
B
Sumber utama noise listrik pada peralatan adalah yang muncul dari gerakan
elektron-elektron secara acak pada berbagai peralatan resistive dan active
pada penerima. Thermal noise juga dibangkitkan dari komponen-komponen
antenna yang mengalami lossy.

Daya noise (noise power) dari sumber noise thermal diberikan oleh:
adalah equivalent noise temperature
adalah equivlent noise bandwidth
k
adalah Boltzmanns constant, J/K 10 38 . 1
23

Karakteristik utama noise thermal adalah bahwa ia memiliki flat spektrum

frekuensi; yang berarti bahwa, Daya noise (noise power) per unit bandwidth
adalah sebuah konstan.
Noise power per unit bandwidth disebut kepadatan spectral daya noise atau
the noise power spectral density dan dinotasikan sebagai . Dan dari (1.18),
0
N
(1.19) joules
0 N
N
N
kT
B
P
N = =
Temperatur noise berhubungan secara langsung dengan temperatur fisik
Dari sumber noise, tetapi tidak selalu sama dengannya.
Example:
An antenna has noise temperature of 35 K, and is matched into a receiver
which has a noise temperature of 100 K. Calculate (a) the noise power
Density and (b) the noise power for a bandwidth of 36 MHz.
Solution:
pW 0.067 10 36 1.86 (b)
J 10 1.86 10 1.38 100) 35 ( a) (
6
21 - 23 -
0
= =
= + =
N
P
N
Noise Antena
Noise antena bisa secara luas diklasifikasikan ke dalam dua grup: noise yang
berasal dari rugi-rugi antena (antenna losses) dan sky noise.
Sky noise adalah term yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan radiasi
gelombang mikro yang terdapat pada alam semesta.
Amplifier Noise Temperature
ant
T
in 0,
N
out 0,
N
Amplifier
Power gain
G
ant
T
0,1
N
0,2
N
Amplifier 1
G1
Te1
Amplifier 2
G2
Te2
out 0,
N
(a)
(b)
Dari pers (1.19), input noise energy dari antenna:
(1.20)
ant ant , 0
kT N =
Output noise energy adalah: ditambah kontribusi yang dihasilkan oleh amplifier. Semua noise
Amplifier, yang terjadi pada amplifier merujuk kepada equivalent input temperatur noise (equivalent input noise
Temperature, . Output noise menjadi
ant , 0 out , 0
GN N =
e
T
e
T
(1.21) ) (
ant out , 0 e
T T Gk N + =
(1.22) ) (
ant
out , 0
in , 0 e
T T k
G
N
N + = =
Total noise pada input:
bisa didapat dari pengukuran, tipikal nilainya berada pada range 35 hingga 100 K.
e
T
Amplifiers in Cascade
Koneksi cascade diperlihatkan pada gambar (b). Keseluruhan gain nya adalah:
(1.23)
2 1
G G G =
Noise energi amplifier 2 merujuk pada inputnya adalah . Noise input amplifier 2 dari stage sebelumnya adalah
, dan selanjutnya total noise energy merujuk pada input amplifier 2 adalah:
2 e
kT
) (
1 ant 1 e
T T k G +
(1.24) ) (
2 1 ant 1 2 , 0 e e
kT T T k G N + + =
Noise energy ini bisa dihubungkan dengan noise energy pada input amplifier 1 dengan membaginya dengan power
gain amplifier 1,
(1.25) ) (
1
2
1 ant
1
2 , 0
1 , 0
G
T
T T k
G
N
N
e
e
+ + = =
Sistem noise temperature sekarang boleh didefinisikan sebagai dengan
s
T
(1.26)
1 , 0 s
kT N =
Disini dapat terlihat bahwa diberikan oleh
s
T
(1.27)
1
2
1 ant
G
T
T T T
e
e s
+ + =
Dari hasil ini dapat dikembangkan untuk beberapa stages dalam cascade,
(1.28)
2 1
3
1
2
1 ant
G G
T
G
T
T T T
e e
e s
+ + + =
Noise Factor
Output noise dari amplifier adalah:
(1.29)
0 out , 0
FGkT N =
G adalah power gain amplifier, F adalah noise factor. Selanjutnya dapat ditulis hubungan:
(1.30) ) (
0 0
FGkT T T Gk
e
= +
(1.31) ) 1 (
0
T F T
e
=
Noise Figure adalah merupakan noise factor F yang diekspresikan dalam decibels:
(1.32) log 10 ] [ Figure Noise F F = =
Example:
An LNA is connected to a receiver which has a noise figure of 12 dB. The gain
of the LNA is 40 dB and its noise temperature is 120 K. Calculate the overall
noise temperature referred to the LNA input.
Solution:
12 dB is a power ratio of 15.85:1, and therefore
K 4306 290 ) 1 85 . 15 (
2
= =
e
T
A gain of 40 dB is a power ratio of 10000:1, and therefore
K 43 . 120
10000
4306
120
in
= + = T
Noise Temperature of Absorptive Networks
Jaringan absorptive adalah salah satu yang mengandung elemen-elemen resistive.
Disini akan diperkenalkan rugi-rugi oleh penyerapan energi dari sinyal dan
mengkonversikannya menjadi panas. Peredam-peredam resistive, transmission lines, dan
waveguides adalah merupakan contoh jaringan-jaringan absorptive dan juga termasuk
hujan, yang mana menyerap energi dari sinyal-sinyal radio yang melewatinya, dapat
dianggap sebagai bentuk jaringan absorptive. Oleh karena jaringan absorptive
mengandung resistance, ia membangkitkan thermal noise.
Anggap sebuah jaringan absorptive memiliki power loss L dan terhubung dengan sumber input.
katakanlah sumbernya pada temperature Tx maka noise energinya adalah kTx. Jaringan power gain
adalah 1/L dan oleh karenanya kontribusi sumber terhadap output noisenya adalah kTx/L. Selanjutnya
katakanlah TNW,0 merepresentasikan noise temperature jaringan, merujuk ke output, jadi kontribusi
jaringan terhadap output noisenya adalah kTNW,0. Total output noise selanjutnya adalah
(1.33)
0 , NW out , 0
kT
L
kT
N
x
+ =
Mari menginisialkan jaringan pada temperatur yang sama Tx sebagai sumber. Sebab jaringan
terhubung dengan sumber, energy noise pada output diberikan oleh kTx, selanjutnya:
NW,0
kT
L
kT
kT
x
x
+ =
atau
(1.34)
1
1
NW,0
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
T T
x
Noise temperature dari lossy network merujuk pada inputnya,
(1.35) ) 1 (
NW,0 i NW,
= = L T LT T
x
Jika lossy network harus terjadi pada kondisi temperatur ruangan, yaitu Tx=To, maka perbandingan
persamaan (1.31) dan (1.35) menunjukkan bahwa
(1.36) L F =
Ini menunjukkan bahwa pada temperatur ruangan, noise factor pada lossy network sama dengan
Power loss nya.
Overall System Noise Temperature
LNA
G1
Te1
cable
Loss L:1
Receiver
Noise factor
F
Tant
(a)
Tant
cable
Input
Loss L:1
LNA
G1
Te1
Receiver
Noise factor
F
(b)
Gambar Koneksi-koneksi yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan
Overall noise temperature system.
Figure (a) diatas memperlihatkan tipikal sistem penerima. Sistem noise temperature pada input,
(1.37)
) 1 ( ) 1 (
1
0
1
0
1 ant
G
T F L
G
T L
T T T
e S

+ + =
Example:
For the system shown in Figure (a) above, the receiver noise figure is 12 dB, the cable loss is 5 dB,
The LNA gain is 50 dB, and its noise temperature 100 K. The antenna noise temperature is 35 K.
Calculate the noise temperature referred to the input.
Solution:
For the main receiver,
K 135
10
290 ) 1 85 . 15 ( 16 . 3
10
290 ) 1 16 . 3 (
100 35
Hence . 10 LNA, For the . 16 . 3 10 cable, For the . 85 . 15 10
5 5
5 5 . 0 2 . 1
~

+

+ + =
= = = = =
S
T
G L F
Example:
Repeat the calculation when the system of Fig. (a) is arranged as shown in Fig. (b).
Solution:
In this case the cable precedes the LNA and therefore the equivalent noise temperature referred
to the cable input is
K 54 . 977
10
290 ) 1 85 . 15 ( 16 . 3
100 16 . 3 290 ) 1 16 . 3 ( 35
5
=

+ + + =
S
T
Carrier to Noise Ratio
Pengukuran performansi dari suatu link satelit adalah CNR pada input penerima, dan perhitungan
link budget sering berhubungan dengan penentuan ratio ini.
Secara konvensional ratio ini sering dinotasikan oleh C/N (CNR) yang mana equivalent dengan
N R
P P /
Dalam bentuk decibels,
| | | | (1.38)
N R
P P
N
C
=
(

Persamaan-persamaan (1.17) dan (1.18) bisa digunakan untuk dan , menghasilkan:

R
P
N
P
| | | | | | | | | | | | (1.39) LOSSES EIRP
N S R
B T k G
N
C
+ =
(

Ratio G/T adalah merupakan parameter kunci dalam menentukan performansi sistem
penerima. Gain antena dan sistem noise temperatur bisa dikombinasikan
dalam persamaan (1.39) sebagai
R
G
S
T
| | | | | | (1.40) dBK /
-1
S R
T G T G =
Selanjutnya persamaan linknya, pers. (1.39) menjadi
| | | | | | | | (1.41) LOSSES EIRP
N
B k
T
G
N
C

(

+ =
(

Rasio carrier power terhadap noise power density boleh jadi merupakan
kuantitas yang secara aktual dibutuhkan. Dari maka kemudian
0
N
P
R
N N N N
B N B kT P
0
= =
| |
N
N
B
N
C
B N
C
N
C

=
(

=
(

0 0
Dan kemudian
| | (1.42)
0
N
B
N
C
N
C
+
(

=
(

[C/N] adalah rasio power yang sebenrnya dalam unit decibels, dan BN dalam
decibels relatif terhadap satu hertz, atau dBHz. [C/N0] dalam dBHz.
Substitusi pers (1.41) kedalam pers (1.42) menghasilkan:
| | | | | | (1.43) dBHz LOSSES EIRP
0
k
T
G
N
C

(

+ =
(

Example
In a link budget calculation at 12 GHz, the free-space loss is 206 dB, the
antenna pointing loss is 1 dB, and the atmospheric absorption is 2 dB. The
receiver G/T ratio is 19.5 dB/K and receiver feeder losses are 1 dB. The EIRP
is 48 dBW. Calculate the carrier-to-noise spectral density ratio.
Solution
The data are best presented in tabular form, and in fact lend themselves readily to spreadsheet-type
computations. For brevity the units are shown as decilogs and losses are entered as negative numbers
to take account of the minus sign in eq. ( 1.43). Recall that Boltzmanns constant equates to -228.6
decilogs., so that [k]=228.6 decilogs as shown in the table. Entering data in this way allows the final
result to be entered in a table cell as the sum of the terms in the rows above the cell, a feature
usually incorporated in spreadsheets and word processors. This is illustrated in the following table.
Quantity Decilogs
Free-space loss -206.00
Atmospheric absorption loss -2.00
Antenna pointing loss -1.00
Receiver feeder losses -1.00
Polarization mismatch loss 0.00
Receiver G/T ratio 19.50
EIRP 48.00
-[k] 228.60
[C/No],Eq.(1.43) 86.10
The final result, 86.10 dBHz, is the algebraic sum of the quantities as given in eq. (1.43).
The Uplink
Uplink memiliki pengertian dimana disatu sisi stasiun bumi memancarkan signal dan disisi lain satelit
menerima signal dari stasiun bumi tersebut. Pers (1.43) bisa diaplikasikan untuk uplink dengan
memberikan subscript U untukmenyatakan pengertian uplink. Persamaan (1.43) menjadi:
| | | | | | (1.44) dBHz LOSSES EIRP
U
U
U
U
0
k
T
G
N
C

(

+ =
(

Pada pers (1.44), nilai-nilai yang digunakan adalah EIRP stasiun bumi, satellite receiver feeder losses,
dan satellite receiver G/T. Free-space loss dan losses lain yang bergantung frekuensi, dihitung untuk
frekuensi uplink.
Saturation Flux Density
Flux density yang dibutuhkan pada antena penerima untuk menghasilkan saturasi
dari TWTA (traveling wave tube amplifier) disebut saturation flux density.
Saturation flux density adalah sebuah kuantitas yang penting dalam perhitungan
link budget, dan dengan mengetahuinya, kita dapat menghitung EIRP yang
dibutuhkan pada stasiun bumi. Untuk memperlihatkan ini, kita lihat lagi pers
berikut:
2
r 4
EIRP
t
=
M
Dalam decibels,
| | | | (1.45)
4
1
log 10 EIRP
2
r
M
t
+ =
Untuk Free-space loss,
| | (1.46)
4
1
log 10
4
log 10 FSL
2
2
r t t

+ =
| | | | | | (1.47)
4
log 10 FSL EIRP
2
t

=
M
t 4 /
2
menunjukkan dimensi area, yang pada kenyataannya adalah merupakan
effective area dari antena isotropik. Dengan menotasikannya dengan Ao
memberikan:
| | (1.48)
4
log 10
2
0
t

= A
| | (1.49) ) log 20 45 . 21 (
0
f A + =
| | | | | | | | (1.50) FSL EIRP
0
+ + = A
M

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | (1.51) AML PL AA FSL EIRP

0
+ + + + + = A
M

| | | | | | | | | | (1.52) RFL - LOSSES EIRP

0
+ + = A
M

Persamaan diatas untuk kondisi clear-sky. Dengan nilai-nilai saturasi yang

dinotasikan dengan subscript S, Eq. (1.52) dapat ditulis ulang:
| | | | | | | | | | (1.53) RFL - LOSSES EIRP
0 U S U S
A + + =
Example
An uplink operates at 14 GHz, and the flux density required to saturate the
transponder is -120 dB(W/m2). The free space loss is 207 dB, and the other
propagation losses amount to 2 dB. Calculate the earth-station [EIRP] required
for saturation, assuming clear sky conditions. Assume [RFL] is negligible.
Solution
At 14 GHz,
| |
| | dBW 63 . 44 209 37 . 44 120 EIRP
(1.53), Eq. from Hence, dB. 209 2 207 amount to path n propagatio in the losses The
dB -44.37 log14) 20 45 . 21 (
0
= + =
= +
= + =
U S
A
Input back-off
| | | | | | (1.54) BO EIRP EIRP
i
U S U
=
Carrier to Noise Density diberikan oleh,
| | | | | | | | | | (1.55) RFL BO
0
0

(

+ + =
(

k
T
G
A
N
C
U
i S
U

Example
An uplink at 14 GHz requires a saturation flux density of -91.4 dBW/m2 and
an input back-off of 11 dB. The satellite G/T is -6.7 dBK-1 and receiver feeder
losses amount to 0.6 dB. Calculate the carrier-to-noise density ratio.
| |
| |
| |
dBHz. 74.5 as receiver satellite at the ratio density noise - to - carrier the gives total The
74.5 Total
0.6 - loss feeder Receiver
228.6 -
6.7 - / saturation Satellite
11.0 - off - back Input
44.4 - GHz 14 at
91.4 - density flux Saturation
Decilogs Quantity
Solution
0
k
T G
A
The Earth Station HPA
High Power Amplifier dari stasiun bumi mensupplai power, ditambah dengan
transmit feeder losses yang dinotasikan dengan TFL, atau [TFL] dalam dB.
Disini termasuk waveguide, filter, dan rugi-rugi coupler antara output HPA dan
antena pancar. Output power HPA diberikan oleh:
| | | | | | | | (1.56) TFL EIRP
HPA
+ =
T
G P
Saturasi output power HPA diberikan oleh:
| | | | | | (1.57) BO
HPA HPA sat HPA,
+ = P P
Homework
1. Two amplifier are connected in cascade, each having a gain of 10 dB and
noise temperature of 200 K. Calculate (a) the overall gain and (b) the
effective noise temperature reffered to input.
2. An amplifier having a noise temperature of 200 K has a 4 dB attenuator
connected at its input. Calculate the effective noise temperature reffered
to the attenuator input.
3. A receiving system consists of an antenna having a noise temperature of
60 K, feeding directly into a low noise amplifier (LNA). The amplifier has
a noise temperature of 120 K and a gain of 45 dB. The coaxial feeder
between the LNA and the main receiver has a loss of 2 DB, and the main
receiver has a noise figure of 9 dB. Calculate the system noise
temperature reffered to input.
4. An antenna having a noise temperature of 35 K is connected through a
feeder having 0.5 dB loss to an LNA. The LNA has a noise temperature of
90 K. Calculate the system noise temperature reffered to (a) the feeder
input and (b) the LNA input.
Downlink
Downlink memiliki pengertian dimana disatu sisi satelit memancarkan signal dan di sisi lain
stasiun bumi menerima sinyal yang dipancarkan tersebut. Persamaan (1.43) bisa
diaplikasikan untuk downlink, tetapi subscript D akan digunakan untuk menyatakan
downlink. Persamaan (1.43) menjadi
| | | | | | (1.58) dBHz LOSSES EIRP
D
D
D
D
0
k
T
G
N
C

(

+ =
(

Nilai-nilai yang digunakan pada persamaan di atas adalah EIRP satelit, RFL stasiun bumi,
dan penerima G/T stasiun bumi. Free-space dan rugi-rugi lain dihitung untuk frekuensi
downlink. Hasil carrier to noise density ratio dari pers (1.58) adalah yang muncul pada
Detektor penerima stasiun bumi. Selanjutnya dengan mengasumsikan signal bandwidth B
sama dengan noise bandwidth BN:
| | | | | | | | (1.59) LOSSES EIRP
D
D
D
D
B k
T
G
N
C

(

+ =
(

Example
A satellite TV signal occupies the full transponder bandwidth of 36 MHz, and
it must provide a C/N ratio at the destination earth station of 22 dB. Given
that the total transmission losses are 200 dB and the destination earth
station G/T ratio is 31 dB/K, calculate the satellite EIRP required.
| | | | | | | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
kW. 6.3 ly equivalent or dBW 38 is EIRP required The
38 EIRP
75.6
228.6 -
200 LOSSES
31 - / -
22 /
Decilogs Quality
obtain we dB, 200 to equal y numericall are losses that and
dB -228.6 that mind in keeping and form, in tabular up this setting
LOSSES EIRP
(1.59), Eq. From
Solution
D
D D
D
B
k
T G
N C
k
B k
T
G
N
C
+
= +
+ + +
(

=
Output Back-off
Jika EIRP satelit untuk kondisi saturasi dilambangkan sebagai [EIRPS]D, maka
[EIRP]D=[EIRPS]D-[BO]o dan Eq. (1.58) menjadi
| | | | | | | | (1.60) LOSSES BO EIRP
D
D
D S
D
0
k
T
G
N
C
o

(

+ =
(

Input dBm
O
u
t
p
u
t

d
B
m

5 dB
[BO]O
[BO]i
saturation point
single carrier
multiple carrier
Back-off
operating point
Figure: Input and Output Back-off relationship for the satellite TWTA,
[BO]i=[BO]o+5dB.
Example
The specified parameters for a downlink are satellite saturation value of EIRP,
25 dBW; output back-off, 6 dB; free-space loss, 196 dB; allowance for other
downlink losses, 1.5 dB; and earth station G/T, 41 dB/K. Calculate the carrier
to noise density ratio at the earth station.
(1.60) Eq. from calculated as
dBHz, in station earth at the ratio density noise carrier to the gives total The
91.1 Total
228.6 [k] -
41.0 [G/T] station Earth
6.0 - off - back Output
1.5 - losses Other
196.0 - loss space - Free
25.0 [EIRP] saturation Satellite
Decilogs Quantity
values. tabulated the to attached (1.60) Eq. in signs minus with the
form in tabular out set best is work the ns calculatio budget uplink with the As
Solution
Satellite TWTA Output
Output power TWTA diberikan oleh
| | | | | | | | (1.61) TFL EIRP
TWTA D D T D
G P + =
Bila [PTWTA] diketahui, saturasi output power diberikan oleh
| | | | | | (1.62) BO
TWTA TWTA o
S
P P + =
Example
A satellite is operated at an EIRP of 56 dBW with an output back-off of 6 dB.
The transmitter feeder losses amount to 2 dB, and the antenna gain is 50 dB.
Calculate the power output of the TWTA, assuming it may be required to
provide the full saturated EIRP.
| | | | | | | |
| | W) 25 (or dBW 14 6 8
gives (1.62) Equation
dBW 8
2 50 - 56
TFL EIRP
gives (1.61) Eq.
Solution
TWTA
TWTA
= + =
=
+ =
+ =
S
D
D T D
P
G P
Downlink Rain-Fade Margin
Effective noise temperature dari hujan diberikan oleh
(1.63)
1
1
RAIN
|
.
|

\
|
=
A
T T
a
Ta : apparent absorber temperature, A: rain attenuation
Total sky-noise temperature adalah temperature clear-sky ditambah
temperature hujan.
Hujan selanjutnya menurunkan [C/No] yang diterima dalam 2 cara:
1. Dengan meredam gelombang carrier
2. Meningkatkan temperature sky-noise

Downlink C/N power ratio berhubungan dengan nilai clear-sky oleh
(1.64) ) 1 (
CS S, CS RAIN (
(

+
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
T
T
A A
C
N
C
N
a
CS: subscript kondisi clear-sky dan TS,CS: system noise temperature dalam
kondisi clear-sky
Example
Under clear-sky conditions the downlink [C/N] is 20 dB, the effective noise
temperature of the receiving system being 400 K. If rain attenuation exceeds
1.9 dB for 0.1% of the time, calculate the value below which [C/N] falls for
0.1% of the time. Assume Ta = 280 K.
Solution
1.9 dB attenuation is equivalent to a 1.55:1 power loss. The equivalent noise
temperature of the rain is therefore
TRAIN = 280(1 - 1/1.55) = 99.2 K
The new system noise temperature is 400 + 99.2 = 499.2 K. The decibel
increase in noise power is therefore [499.2] [400] = 0.96 dB. At the same
time, the carrier is reduced by 1.9 dB and therefore the [C/N] with 1.9 dB
rain attenuation drops to 20 1.9 0.96 = 17.14 dB. This is the value below
which [C/N] drops for 0.1% of the time.
Combined Uplink and Downlink C/N Ratio
Kombinasi noise spectral density to carrier ratio (N/C) diberikan oleh
(1.65)
0 0 0
D U
C
N
C
N
C
N
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
Example
For a satellite circuit the individual link carrier to noise spectral density ratios
are: uplink 100 dBHz; downlink 87 dBHz. Calculate the combined C/N0 ratio.
dBHz 79 . 86 10 log2.095 10
Therefore
10 095 . 2 10 10
Solution
9 -
0
9 7 . 8 10
0
= =
(

= + =

N
C
C
N
Example
A multiple carrier satellite circuit operates in the 6/4 GHz band with the
following characteristics. Uplink: saturation flux density -67.5 dBW/m2;
input back-off 11 dB; satellite G/T -11.6 dB/K. Downlink: satellite saturation
EIRP 26.6 dBW; output back-off 6 dB; free-space loss 196.7 dB; earth
station G/T 40.7 dB/K. For this example, the other losses may be ignored.
Calculate the carrier to noise density ratios for both links and the combined
value.
Solution
| |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |
dBHz 6 . 92 10 49 . 5 log 10
10 49 . 5 10 10
: / combined the provides (1.65) Eq. of n Applicatio
93.2 (1.60) Eq. from / 101.5 (1.55) Eq. from /
228.6 228.6
40.7 G/T station Earth 11.6 - G/T saturation Satellite
196.7 - loss space - Free 11 - off - back Input
6 - off - back Output 37 - GHz 6 at
26.6 [EIRP] Satellite 67.5 - density flux Saturation
values Decilog Downlink values Decilog Uplink
10
0
10 32 . 9 15 . 10 0
0
0 0
0
= =
(

= + =

N
C
C
N
N C
N C N C
k k
A
Intermodulation Noise
Intermodulation terjadi dimana sejumlah carrier melewati rangkaian dengan karkteristik yg
non linier. Dalam sistem komunikasi satelit, biasanya terjadi pada TWTA pada satelit.
Amplitudo dan fasa yang non linier dapat menyebabkan intermodulasi.
Eq. (1.65) selanjutnya dapat dituliskan:
(1.66)
IM
0 0 0 0
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
C
N
C
N
C
N
C
N
D U
(1.67)
IM
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
C
N
C
N
C
N
C
N
D U
Example
For a satellite circuit the carrier to noise ratios are: UL 23 dB, DL 20 dB,
intermodulation 24 dB. Calculate the overall CNR in decibels.
dB 17.2 log0.0019 10
Therefore
0019 . 0 10 10 10
(1.66), Eq. From
Solution
2 3 . 2 4 . 2
= =
(

= + + =

N
C
C
N
Satellite Access
Ada 3 metode multiple access yang sering digunakan:
frequency-division multiple access (FDMA)
time-division multiple access (TDMA)
code-division multiple access (CDMA)
FDMA
Masing-masing stasiun dalam kelompok tertentu mengirim frekuensi tertentu (uplink)
yang sudah dipilih serta seri-seri yang unik. Pemancar memadukan (multiplex) frekuensi
ini dan mengirimkannya ke satelit beserta transpondernya sebagai pesan campuran
(composite inteligence), lalu menerjemahkan ke frekuensi tersebut dan menyiarkan
kembali (rebroadcast) ke stasiun penerima di bumi dalam frekuensi yang lain.
TDMA
TDMA adalah metode transmisi uplink satelit yang agak berbeda dengan FDMA karena
modulasi pada berbagai pembawa sampai ke satelit dari pemancar dalam bentuk burst.
Berlawanan dengan FDMA, pada suatu saat hanya satu paket informasi yang mencapai
satelit, konsekuensinya tidak terdapat pembagian daya ataupun intermodulasi, baik pada
pengiriman maupun pada stasiun penerima. Dengan demikian transponder dapat diope-
rasikan pada daya keluaran penuh tanpa distorsi. Sehingga kapasitasnya menjadi lebih
besar dibandingkan keluaran satelit dengan FDMA.
CDMA
Dalam CDMA, semua stasiun memancar pada frekuensi dan waktu yang bersamaan.
Keistimewaannya, is dirancang sedemikian rupa dimana masing-masing transmisi
memiliki kode-kode uniknya sendiri. Misalnya is bisa berupa kode pseudo-noise, yg
tidak dapat diuraikan (decode) oleh penerima yang tidak memiliki perlengkapan yang
cukup untuk mendeteksi dan memproduksi pesan-pesan asli.
Example
A satellite transponder has a bandwidth of 36 MHz and a saturation EIRP of
27 dBW. The earth station receiver has a G/T ratio of 30 dB/K, the total
link losses are 196 dB
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| | | | | | | | | |
| |
| | | |
| | | | | | | |
| |
12
: be would d accomodate be could which carriers of number the required, not was off - back If
3 , 10
14 /
6 . 228 / /
30 /
: / station Ground
196 LOSSES
: losses Total
6
: off - back Output
27 EIRP
: EIRP Saturation
Hz
log 10 MHz, 3
: bandwidth Carrier
Hz
log 10 MHz, 36
: bandwidth r Transponde
10
0
0
TR
TR TR
=
= =
+ =
=
=
+ + =
=
=
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
.
|

\
|
= =
B
B
K K
B B K
BO
N C
B LOSSES T G EIRP N C
T G
T G
BO
B
B B
B
B B
TR
K
TR
D
TR S D
o
o
FDMA Downlink Analysis
Toshiba Satellite 2400 System Unit
Model No. PS240L-04UP5