WHAT IS PROCESSED WOOD?

It

is the product of wood which is made by processing or treatment of the wood. Examples are 1. Plywood 2. Particle board 3. Fibre hardboard panels 4. Block boards etc.

PLYWOOD
Definition
A board formed of three or more layers of veneer cemented or glued together, usually with the grain of adjacent veneers running at right angles to each other. Plywood was developed to provide panels with a dimensional stability lacking in sawn timber, extra width without jointing and good strength properties along and across the sheet.

GRADES
There

are two grades of plywood depending upon the bond strength developed by the adhesive used for bonding the veneers.

Boiling water resistance or BWR Grade 2. Moisture resistance or MR Grade

1.

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND GRADING SYSTEM

Only A grade surface veneers are suitable for aircraft construction 'A' a high quality appearance grade veneer suitable for clear finishing. Marine plywood to AS/NZS 2272 has two A grade faces and an A or B grade core. 'S' an appearance grade veneer which permits natural characteristics such as knots as a decorative feature subject to agreement. 'B' an appearance grade suitable for high quality paint finishing. 'C' a non-appearance grade with a solid surface. All open defects such as knot holes or splits are filled. 'D' a non-appearance grade with permitted open imperfections. Limited numbers of knots and knot holes up to 75 mm wide are permitted.

CLASSIFICATION BY APPREARANCE
Plywood for general purposes shall be classified into three types, namely, AA, AB and BB based on the quality of the two surfaces, namely, A and B in terms of general permissible defects. The type of plywood shall, therefore, be designated by the kind of surfaces of the panels. The better quality surface shall be called face, and the opposite side shall be called back.

Permissible Categories of Defects Type of Max. No. of categories surface of permissible defects per Sq. m A 3 B 5

MATERIALS
Timber Any species of timber may be used for plywood manufacture. 1. Indian Oak 2. Cinnamon 3. Maple 4. Mango 5. Neem 6. Teak 7. Rosewood etc.

ADHESIVES
1.

2.

The adhesive used for bonding the veneers in different grades of plywood shall be the corresponding type of adhesive as specified in IS 848: 1974. Extenders (A substance added to the adhesive either to reduce the cost of gluing or to reduce penetration through the veneers or both) conforming to IS 1508 : 1972 may be used with the synthetic resin adhesive(amino resins ).

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF PLYWOOD

SELECTING THE LOG STRIPPING THE BARK PEELING THE LOG MAKING A CONTINUOUS RIBBON OF WOOD CUTTING AND STACKING GLUING THE WOOD PRESSING THE WOOD TRIMMING, SANDING, AND FINISHING FINAL PRODUCT

AS PER IS 303 POINTS TO BE REMEMBER DURING MANUFACTURING The

veneers for all the grades shall be either rotary cut or sliced. The veneers shall be sufficiently smooth to permit an even spread of adhesive.

TREATMENT
Treatment given to the plywood either at the veneer stage or after converting the veneers into boards. Veneers from non-durable species and sapwood of all species when used for plywood manufacture shall be soaked in 1.25 percent solution of boric acid or 1.9 percent solution of borax at a temperature of 85-90C for a period of 1O-40 minutes depending upon the thickness of the veneers or the veneers may be dipped in 2 percent solution of boric acid or 3 percent borax solution for 2 minutes and block stacked at least for two

ASSEMBLY
1.

Thickness The thickness of all veneers shall be uniform within a tolerance of 5 percent. Face and back of veneer shall be of same species having similar mechanical and physical properties.

TOLERANCES
Dimension a) Length Tolerance +6mm -0mm

b) Width
c) Thickness 1) less than 6mm 2) 6 mm and above d) Squareness

+3mm
10% 5% 0.2 %

-0mm

e) Edge straightness

0.2%

THICKNESS OF PLYWOOD BOARDS

Board 3 ply 5 ply 7 ply 9 ply 11 ply Above 11 ply

Thickness mm 3, 4, 5, 6 5, 6, 8, 9 9, 12, 15, 16 12, 15, 16, 19 19, 22, 25 As ordered

METHODS OF TEST FOR PLYWOOD

IS 1734 (Part 1): Determination of density and moisture content. IS 1734 (Part 2): Determination of resistance to dry heat. IS 1734 (Part 3): Determination of fire resistance. IS 1734 (Part 4): Determination of glue shear strength. IS 1734 (Part 6): Determination of water resistance.

IS 1734 (Part 8): Determination of pH value. IS 1734 (Part 9): Determination of tensile strength. IS 1734 (Part 10): Determination of compressive strength. IS 1734 (Part 18): Impact resistance test on the surface of plywood. IS 1734 (Part 20): Acidity and alkalinity resistance test.

PARTICLE BOARD
A

board manufactured from particles of wood or other lignocelluloses material, for example, flakes, granules, shavings and slivers or splinters, agglomerated, formed and pressed together by use of an organic binder together with one or more of the agents, such as heat, pressure, moisture and a catalyst.

CLASSES AND TYPES

Class
Flat pressed, single layer Flat pressed-three layer Flat pressed multilayer and graded Extrusion pressed, solid Extrusion pressed, tubular

Type Designatio n
1 2 FPS FPT 1 FPT2

XPS
XPT

MATERIALS
Any species of wood or any other lignocellulosic material may be used in the manufacture of particle board. Adhesive - Any suitable type of synthetic resin conforming IS : 848 -1974 may be used for the purpose of bonding. However, for flat-pressed three layer, multilayer and graded boards of Type I, BWR or BWP type adhesive should be used.

MANUFACTURE
1.

2.

3.

Wood particles for the manufacture of particle boards shall be produced by cutting wood and/or any other suitable ligno-cellulosic materials into shavings, flakes, splinters or slivers on a suitable chipping machine. The wood particles shall be dried in a mechanical drier. The dried particles shall be graded to required sizes and thoroughly blended with the requisite quantity of adhesives in mechanical mixers or applicators.

4.

5.

6.

7.

The dried particles shall be graded to required sizes and thoroughly blended with the requisite quantity of adhesives in mechanical mixers or applicators. The required sizing material may be added at this stage, either mixed with the binder or separately introduced into the mixer. Care shall be taken that the moisture content of the binder does not excessively increase the moisture content of the chips. The well-blended chips are then formed into a mat and pressed into panels by passing into the pressing machine under controlled heat pressure and time conditions. The hot pressed boards are subsequently cooled, conditioned to attain equilibrium moisture content and sanded on both sides to attain uniform thickness and finally trimmed and cut to standard sizes.

PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT
A suitable preservative may be added to the particle mix at the stage of rinsing of adhesive. a) Sodium pentachlorophenate to the extent of 0.2 percent, and b) Pentachlorophenol to the extent of 0.2 percent.

THICKNESS
The

thickness of particle boards are 6, 9, 12, 15,

18, 19, 22, 25, 27, 30, 35 and 40 mm.

DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCE
Dimension Length - for all lengths Tolerance 8 mm

Width - for all widths

Thickness - Above 25 mm Thickness up to and including 25 mm

8 mm
2.5 % 5%

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Density - The mean density of the boards, shall be between 500 to 900 kg/m3. The density shall not vary from one sample to another by more than ten percent of the mean density. Moisture Content -- The mean moisture content of the boards, shall not be less than 5 percent and not more than 15 percent. The moisture content of individual test specimen shall not vary from the mean percentage by more than 3 percent.

Absorption , percent

Water Absorption - The mean water absorption of the boards, shall not exceed the prescribed limits given in table for various types of boards after both 2-hours and 24 hours Water FPS FPT1 FPT2 XPS XPT immersion.
25 50 10 20 40 80 40 80 40 80

2 Hours 24 hours

Workability - The particle boards shall not crack or split when drilled, sawed and nailed perpendicular to the surface.

Swelling in Water - The mean swelling in thickness, length and width, shall not exceed the limits given in table for various types of boards.
FPS FPT1 FPT2 XPS XPT

Thickness Swelling, percent 2 h soaking

Thickness Length Width

10 8 12 0.5 0.5 0.5 9 6 9

5 2 4

5 2 4

Swelling Due to Surface Absorption - The mean swelling in thickness due to surface absorption, shall not exceed the limits given in table for various types of boards.
FPS FPT1 FPT2 XPS XPT

Swelling due to surface absorption, percent

2 Hours

METHODS OF TEST FOR PARTICLE BOARD

IS 2380:1977 (Part 1 to Part 23)

LOW DENSITY PARTICLE BOARD

Timber

and other Iigno-cellulosic material like bagasse, solapith, jute sticks, rice husk, pea-nut shells, etc, may be used for the manufacture of these boards. These shall be light weight materials of bulk density preferably not exceeding 400 kg/m3 and shall be free from extraneous matter and dust.

HIGH DENSITY PARTICLE BOARD

Type o f resin BWR WWR or CWR Grade Grade A Grade B Grade A Grade B

Type 1 Type 2

FIBER HARDBOARD
Sheet

material generally exceeding 1.5 mm in thickness, manufactured from lignocellulosic fibres with the primary bond deriving from the felting of the fibres and their inherent adhesive properties. Bonding materials and/or additives may be added.

TYPES
Medium Hardboard - A homogeneous fibre building board having a density exceeding 0.35 g/cm3 but not exceeding 0.8 g/cm3. Standard Hardboard - A homogeneous fibre building board having a density exceeding 0.80 g/cm3. Tempered Hardboard - Hardboard which has been further treated in the course of manufacture in order to modify one or more of their properties ( this may have the effect of altering the density ).

BLOCK BOARD
A

board having a core made up of strips of wood, each not exceeding 25 mm in width, laid separately or glued or otherwise joined to form a slab which is glued between two or more outer veneers with the direction of the grain of the core blocks running at right angles to that of the adjacent outer veneers.

GRADES
Grade 1:- Exterior grade of blockboard which is meant for bus bodies, railway coaches, prefabricated houses, etc, where it is likely to be exposed to high humidity. Grade 2:- Interior grade of blockboard which is meant for furniture, partition, panelling, ceiling, etc.

Each of the grades specified have of the following two types: Type 1 Blockboards, Decorative Type:These are blockboards with decorative face veneers on one or both sides for use in high class furniture, panelling, interior decoration, partitions, etc. Type 2 Blockboards, Commercial Type :These are blockboards with veneers of commercial timber on both sides and are used for ordinary furniture, table tops, partitions and panelling to be painted over, flooring and seats of bus bodies, railway carriage, etc.

THE GRADES AND TYPES OF BLOCKBOARDS BY SYMBOLS

Grade and Type Exterior grade, decorative type Exterior grade, commercial type Interior grade, commercial type Interior grade, decorative

Symbol XDEC XCOM ICOM

IDEC

SOME ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Structural plywood:- A plywood of the highest grade of structural exterior capability used between joists and such to create rigidity and provide a base for other surface finishes.

PLYWOOD FOR CONCRETE SHUTTERING WORKS TYPES (IS 4990: 1993)

Typ Description es 1 Plywood for concrete shuttering work ( plain ) 2 Plywood for concrete shuttering work with plastic coating ( coated ) 3 Plywood for concrete shuttering work with suitable overlay ( film faced ) Designation CS CSC CSFF

ADVANTAGES OF PLYWOOD OVER SOLID WOOD

The size of plywood is not restricted by the size of the tree it came from, but the size of the press table used to make it. Solid wood is 20 times stronger along the grain than across. Plywood over 10mm thick is almost equal in strength in both directions. Timber shrinks mostly across the grain. Shrinkage is almost eliminated in plywood due to the layers being in alternate directions. Plywood can be formed or bent to make a curve. Plywood does not split at the edges when nailed or screwed.

PLYWOOD

PARTICLE BOARD

BLOCK BOARD

HARD BOARD

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