OP AMP Notes

Operational Amplifier (op-amp)
Op-amp is an integrated circuit that contains about 20 transistors together with resistors and capacitors & encapsulated Operational Amplifier - An operational amplifier (op amp) is a high gain differential amplifier with nearly ideal external characteristics. Internally the op amp is constructed using many transistors.
norashikin/op-amp/group 3
Typical Op Amp IC Packages
Dual-in-Line package (DIP)
Metal Can Package

norashikin/op-amp/group 3 2
Basic op am diagram with supply voltage.

+VS (Supply +) V-
Inverting input
Vinput = V+ V-
_
VOut Output
Non inverting input
V+
+
-VS (supply -)
The Operational Amplifier Internal Model

+VS
Inverting i(-) V-
_
ZOut Zin Ao
Vin
Noninverting i(+) V+ +
Output
Vout = AoVin
-VS i(+), i(-) : Currents into the amplifier on the inverting and noninverting lines respectively Vin: The input voltage into amplifier (V+ - V-) +VS , -VS : Supply Voltage Zi n: The input impedance (for a.c) / input resistance (for d.c) AO : The open loop gain of the amplifier. Ideally very high, in the 1x1010 range. ZOut: The output resistance, ideally zero VOut: The output voltage; Vout = AOVin where AOLis the open-loop voltage gain
Op Amp Pin-out connections Dual-in-Line Plastic Package
Typical Values of a Real OP AMP & Ideal

Property
Input Impedance, Zin
(No Current At Inputs)
Ideal
Real
105 - 109 106
Output Impedance, Zout

(No Internal Voltage Losses)
Open Loop Gain, Ao Bandwidth
100 1000
Finite
Slew rate
Instantaneous Time Response

10 Vms-1
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In spite of the huge gain, the maximum or minimum output is still limited by the input power. When the op-amp is at the maximum or minimum extreme, it is said to be saturated Ideally, the saturation points for an op-amp are equal to the power voltages, in reality they are 1-2 volts less.
Op-Amp Saturation
Behaviour of op-amp output (Vout) with input ( V+ - V-)
Vout
+Vs power supply
V+ - V-Vs power supply

-ve +ve
Important features of Op Amp

1. High open loop gain (ideally infinite) which implies that even the smallest difference between the two inputs results into saturated output voltage 2. High input impedance (ideally infinite) implies that there is no current flowing into the input of an op amp
The Golden rules for Op-Amp circuit analysis

Gain is so high (~106) that a few V at the input will swing the output over its full range, so any feedback control of Vout attempts to do whatever is necessary to make the voltage difference between the inputs zero. The input impedance of Op-Amps is very high so it draws very little input current (0.08 A for the 741; Thus the input current is negligible!!!.
Virtual Ground
1. These two conditions give rise to VIRTUAL GROUND, where the voltages at both the inputs are maintained at exactly same level. V+ = V2. To achieve this condition, a feedback circuit between the output and the inverting input terminal of the op amp is necessary. 3. This results into many applications of op amp, which qualify it to be OPERATIONAL: adder, subtractor, multiplier, divider etc.
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Feedback
Is a process whereby a fraction of the output of any devices is fed back to the input, so as to in control of the devices, usually through resistors
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Feedback
Input after feedback
Vin
ADD
Gain (Ao)
Vout
b Vout
Feedback fraction b
An amplifier circuit with feedback

Negative feedback part of the output of the op-amp is feeding back to

the inverting input
Vout = Ao x (the amplifier input) = Ao x (Vin + bVout) = Ao Vin + Ao bVout) Yield Vout ( 1 - Ao b) = Ao x Vin Thus, overall voltage gain of the amplifier is Vout Ao Vin (1 Ao b )
) If b -ve, then (1 Ao b> unity (1), thus Vout / Vin < overall voltage gain !! This is known as Negative feedback
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Simple negative feedback
Rf = feedback resistor
!!!! Example of two type of op-amp which use negative feedback are inverting amplifier & non-inverting amplifier
Notice that the input signal entered op-amp at inverting input (V-)
(V-) (V+)
Where Vout/Vin = A = Gain

Notice that the polarity of output and input is change
How to analyze an inverting op-amp ???
(At ground)
VB is at virtual earth!!
Here, VB represent V- while VA represent V+ 1) Remove the Op-Amp from the circuit and draw two circuits (one for the + and input terminals of the Op-Amp). 2) Write equations for the two circuits. norashikin/op-amp/group 3 3) Simplify the equations using the rules for Op-Amp analysis and solve for Vout/Vin
17
Why VB (V- ) is at virtual earth

gain of op-amp (A) is very large / infinite non-inverting input is at earth / 0 V Thus, for amplifier not to saturate, VB must be also at about 0 V Vout = A (V+ V- ) Proof:
Vout = A (VA VB ) Vout = A (0 VB ) A is very large or Thus, VB = -Vout/ A Vout / =0
A = Gain for amplifier which is very large / infinity (for ideal) norashikin/op-amp/group 3 for amplifier with feedback, we call A as closed loop gain
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Notice that the input signal entered opamp at non- inverting input (V+)
Example
For op-amp with unity gain (Gain=1)
Notice that the polarity of output and input is same
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Non-inverting Amplifier
Rf Rg
A = gain
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Negative feedback defeat the object of amplifier? So What? ?
Benefits of negative feedback

Increased bandwidth Less distortion of the output Greater stability
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Questions
1. The magnitude of the gain of an inverting amplifier is 25. The supply voltage to the op-amp is 9.0 V and the non-inverting input is at earth potential. Calculate the output voltage of the amplifier circuit for an input voltage at the inverting input of
a) b) + 40 mV -1.2 V
Answer Vout
a) -1.0 V b) 9.0 V
Output devices
Processing unit (op-amp) produces an output voltage This voltage is connected across some form of resistor, a current flow in from the op-amp to the resistor Iout 25 mA (avoid op-amp from destroyed) This resistor also acts as a protector to op-amp from being damaged
23
Relay
Relay = electromagnetic switch When current passes through the coil of electromagnet, the electromagnet operates a switch This switch is used to switch on/ off a much larger current connected
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Relay
25
Relay operation energized (on)
Current flows through pin 1 and 3 develop a magnetic field around the coil Causes the switch to close (pin 2 and 4) Current now flows through pin 2 & 4. The switch is used to control an external electric circuit connected to it
Relay operation de-energized (off)
when current stop flowing in pin 1 & 3, the relay becomes de-energized Without magnetic field, the switch open & the current is prevented from flowing through pin 2 & 4
Relay on open switch

When switch is open, current stops flowing through the control circuit coil The magnetic field around the coil cannot be maintained As the magnetic field collapses across the coil, it induces a voltage into itself, creating a reverse polarity voltage of several hundred volts. This induces voltage is e.m.f This e.m.f could be large enough to damage the op-amp Thus, a diode is connected across the coil to protect the op-amp from this e.m.f
Light Emitting Diode (LED) as a visible indicator for sensing devices

Only emits light when it is forward biased A resistorfrequently connected in series with an LED to reduce current flow into LED Typical Iled = 20 mA Might be damaged if reversed bias voltage exceeds about 5 V
Operation of circuit When output is positive respect to earth, diode D1 will forward biased, Thus, emit light D2 is reverse biased & not emit light Diode D2 will only emit light when it is reversed biased (polarity of output change)
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Digital & analogue meters as output devices

LED - may used to indicate the polarity of an output/ used when an op-amp saturates (as such op-amp as a comparator) When does not saturate, the output can be used to indicate magnitude of whatever is being sensed (as such level of fuel in tank) A digital and analogue voltmeter can be connected between the op-amp output & earth will indicate output voltage of an op-amp
Exercises/tutorial
1. 2. 3. 4. Page 398 exam style questions (please submit) Tutorial 1 Tutorial 2 Past year questions
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Operational Amplifier (op-amp)

Typical Op Amp IC Packages

Dual-in-Line package (DIP)

Metal Can Package

Basic op am diagram with supply voltage.

Non inverting input

The Operational Amplifier Internal Model

Op Amp Pin-out connections Dual-in-Line Plastic Package

Typical Values of a Real OP AMP & Ideal

Output Impedance, Zout

Open Loop Gain, Ao Bandwidth

Instantaneous Time Response

Behaviour of op-amp output (Vout) with input ( V+ - V-)

+Vs power supply

V+ - V-Vs power supply

Important features of Op Amp

The Golden rules for Op-Amp circuit analysis

An amplifier circuit with feedback

Negative feedback part of the output of the op-amp is feeding back to

Simple negative feedback

Where Vout/Vin = A = Gain

How to analyze an inverting op-amp ???

Why VB (V- ) is at virtual earth

For op-amp with unity gain (Gain=1)

Notice that the polarity of output and input is same

Negative feedback defeat the object of amplifier? So What? ?

Benefits of negative feedback

Relay operation energized (on)

Relay operation de-energized (off)

Relay on open switch

Light Emitting Diode (LED) as a visible indicator for sensing devices

Digital & analogue meters as output devices

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