Analog Modulation

Angle Modulation
- FM(Frequency Modulation)
- PM(Phase Modulation)
Angle modulation
Nonlinear modulation
Requires high bandwidth
Good performance in the presence of noise
Used in situations where BW is not a major concern and
high SNR is required
FM is used in
High fidelity FM broadcasting
TV audio broadcasting
Microwave carrier modulation
Point-to-Point communications system
Representation of PM and FM
Complex envelope in angle modulated signal

Envelope is real:
Phase is linear function of message signal m(t)
But, z(t) is nonlinear function of m(t)
Angle modulated signal

Carrier is :
In text: ,
( )
( )
j t
c
z t A e
u
=
( ) ( )
c
V t z t A = =
( ) cos(2 ( ))
c c
u t A f t t t u = +
( ) cos(2 )
c
c t f t t =
( )
( )
j t
z t e
u
= ( ) cos(2 )
c c
c t A f t t =
Representation of PM and FM
PM
Phase is directly proportional to m(t)

: deviation constants of PM
Or Phase sensitivity of PM
FM
Phase is proportional to the integral of m(t)

: deviation constants of PM
( ) ( )
p
t k m t u =
p
k
( ) 2 ( )
t
f
t k m d u t t t

=
}
f
k
Relation between PM and FM
Assume two message signal
m
p
(t) for PM and m
f
(t) for FM
Then we have




We can generate PM from FM, and vice versa
2 ( ) ( )
t
f f p p
k m d k m t t t t

=
}
2
( ) ( )
t
f
p f
p
k
m t m d
k
t
t t

=
}
( )
( )
2
p p
f
f
k dm t
m t
k dt t
=
Generation of PM, FM
Generation of FM using phase modulator



Generation of PM using frequency modulator
Integrator
Gain=
2
f
p
k
k
t
Phase
modulator
( )
f
m t ( )
p
m t ( )
f
u t
FM signal
Differentiator
Gain=
2
p
f
k
k t
Frequency
modulator
( )
p
m t ( )
f
m t ( )
p
u t
PM signal
PM and FM in Frequency domain
Very complex
Due to the nonlinearity
For analysis, assume m(t) is sinusoidal

Then, the modulated signal

( ) cos(2 ), ( ) sin(2 )
p m f m
m t a f t m t a f t t t = =
( ) cos{2 cos(2 )} cos{2 cos(2 )}
( ) cos{2 cos(2 )} cos{2 cos(2 )}
p c c p m c c p m
f
f c c m c c f m
m
u t A f t k a f t A f t f t
k a
u t A f t f t A f t f t
f
t t t | t
t t t | t
= + = +
= + = +
Modulation index of PM and FM
For sinusoidal m(t)
Phase modulation index :
Peak phase deviation
More phase shift for a large magnitude a
Frequency modulation index:
Peak frequency deviation
More phase shift for al large magnitude a and small frequency fm
In general, for non-sinusoidal m(t)

W is Bandwidth of m(t)
p p
k a | =
max ( )
max ( ) ,
f
p p f
k m t
k m t
W
| | = =
f
f
m
k a
f
| =
Spectrum with sinusoidal m(t)
Modulated signal u
*
(t)(PM or FM)

With complex envelope :
Can be expressed as

z(t) can be represented by Fourier Series
z(t) is periodic with period

* *
( ) cos{2 cos(2 )}
c c m
u t A f t f t t | t = +
*
cos(2 ) ( )
( )
m
j f t j t
c c
z t A e A e
| t u
= =
*
[2 cos(2 )] 2
*
( ) Re{ } Re{ ( ) }
c m c
j f t f t j f t
c
u t A e z t e
t | t t +
= =
1
m
m
T
f
=
*
*
cos(2 ) 2
/ 2
cos(2 ) 2
/ 2
( )
m m
m
m m
m
j f t j nf t
c n
n
T
j f t j nf t c
n
T
m
z t A e c e
A
c e e dt
T
| t t
| t t

= =
=

}
Spectrum with sinusoidal m(t)
Bessel function of the first kind of nth order
In , replace
Then

Bessel function can not be evaluated in closed form
Use table for evaluating

From
*
/ 2
cos(2 ) 2
/ 2
m
m m
m
T
j f t j nf t c
n
T
m
A
c e e dt
T
| t t

=
}
*
( cos )
*
1
[ ] ( )
2
j n
n c c n
c A e d A J
t
| | |
t
| |
t

= =
}
* *
( ) ( 1) ( )
n
n n
J J | |

=
2 2
* * *
( ) Re{ ( ) } ( )cos(2 ( ) )
c m
j f t j nf t
c n c n c m
n n
u t A J e e A J f nf t
t t
| | t

= =
= = +

*
[2 cos(2 )] 2
*
( ) Re{ } Re{ ( ) }
c m c
j f t f t j f t
c
u t A e z t e
t | t t +
= =
2
m
f t t | =
Spectrum with sinusoidal m(t)
U(f)=Z(f) - F[cos(2tfc)]
Take FT to get Z(f)



FT of cosine

Thus, we have

2
*
( ) [ ( )] [ ] ( )
( ) ( )
m
j nf t
n n m
n n
c n m
n
Z f F z t F c e c f nf
A J f nf
t
o
| o

= =

=
= = =
=

1
[cos(2 )] [ ( ) ( )]
2
c c c
F f f f f f t o o = + +
*
( ) ( ){ ( ( )) ( ( ))}
2
c
n c m c m
n
A
U f J f f nf f f nf | o o

=
= + + + +

Magnitude spectra for FM or PM

With sinusoidal m(t)
The magnitude of discrete carrier depends on the
modulation index
Special case :
2U(f)/Ac
J
0
(0.2)
J
1
(0.2)
fc fc+fm
1
B
T
2U(f)/Ac
J
0
(2)
J
4
(2)
fc fc+4fm
1
B
T
0
( ) 0, 2.40, 5.52 J when | | = =
Bandwidth of PM and FM
Bandwidth of angle modulation is depends
on | and f
m
(or W)
Carsons rule

98% of total power is concentrated in the B
T

2( 1)
T
B W | = +
Power of angle modulation
Although instantaneous frequency and phase
of u(t) is varied with time, The amplitude of
Ac is always constant
Hence the power of PM and FM is constant

Independent of m(t) and |
2
2
c
u
A
P =
Preemphasis and Deemphasis
To increase SNR
Preemphasis
Filter
FM
transmitter
FM
Receiver
Deemphasis
Filter
Message
Demodulated
output
f
f1 f2
f
f1
:Boost high frequency
:Attenuate high frequency
SNR of PM and FM
Without Preemphasis and Deemphasis



With Preemphasis and Deemphasis
3dB cutoff frequency at f
0

2
2
2
0 0
0
2
2
2
0 0
,
(max ( ) )
( )
3
3 ,
(max ( ) )
n
n
M p
R R
M p
M f
R R
M f
P
P P
P PM
N W N W m t
S
N
P
P P
P FM
N W N W m t
|
|
|
|

3
0
0 0
0 0
( )
( ) ( )
3[ arctan( )]
PD
W
f S S
W W
N N
f f
=

Homework
Illustrative Problems
3.10, 3.11
Problems
3.14, 3.15, 3.16
More on Angle modulation
Exact analysis of angle modulation is difficult
since it is nonlinear modulation
Nonlinear


If , it can be linearized as

1 2
1 2
cos{2 ( ( ) ( ))}
cos{2 ( )} cos{2 ( )}
c c f
c c f c c f
A f t k m t m t
A f t k m t A f t k m t
t
t t
+ +
= + + +
1
( ) 1
f
k m t <<
cos{2 ( )} {cos(2 ) ( )sin(2 )}
c c f c c f c
A f t k m t A f t k m t f t t t t +
Discrete carrier term
Sideband power
NBPM(Narrow Band PM)
Similar to AM
NBPM:
AM:
( ) {cos(2 ) ( )sin(2 )}
p c c p c
u t A f t k m t f t t t
( ) cos(2 ) ( )cos(2 )
c c c c n c
u t A f t A am t f t t t = +
Gain = k
p
Local Osc.
f=fc

-90
Phase shift

m(t)
u
p
(t)
+
-
cos(2 )
c c
A f t t
sin(2 )
c c
A f t t
( )
p
k m t
90 Phase shift
NBFM(Narrow Band FM)
Similar to AM
NBFM:
Integrator
Gain = k
f
Local Osc.
f=fc

-90
Phase shift

m(t)
u
p
(t)
+
-
cos(2 )
c c
A f t t
sin(2 )
c c
A f t t
( )
f
k m t
( ) {cos(2 ) ( ) sin(2 )}
t
f c c f c
u t A f t k m d f t t t t t

}
FDM(Frequency Division Mutiplexing)
Transmitting multiple messages
simultaneously over a wideband channel
Telephone line, FM stereo system
Subcarrier modulator
f
SC1
Subcarrier modulator
f
SC2
Subcarrier modulator
f
SCN
m
1
(t)
m
2
(t)
m
N
(t)
Transmitter
f
C
u
1
(t)
u
2
(t)
u
N
(t)
Composite baseband
Message signal
m
b
(t)
Any type of modulator
AM, DSB, SSB, PM, FM
FDM(Frequency Division Mutiplexing)
Spectrum of composite baseband signal




FDM receiver
|M
b
(f)|
-f
SC1
f
SC1
f
SC2
f
SCN
W
SC1
W
SC2
W
SCN
W
Main
Receiver
BPF, f
SC1
Demodulator, f
SC1

BPF, f
SCN
Demodulator, f
SCN

u(t)
m
b
(t)
u
1
(t)
m
1
(t)
m
N
(t)
FM Stereo system
Transmitter
DSB Subcarrier
Modulator fsc=38KHz
Local Osc.
fsc=38KHz

Frequency
Divider, 2

m
L
(t)
m
R
(t)
m
L
(t)+ m
R
(t)=mono audio
Pilot tone
FM Xmitter
f=fc

m
L
(t)- m
R
(t)
Composite
Baseband
Signal
m
b
(t)
FM Stereo system
Spectrum of composite signal
0 15K 19K 38K
|M
b
(f)|
Spectrum of m
L
(t)+m
R
(t)
Pilot tone
To provide a reference
signal for coherent subcarrier
demodulation in receiver
Spectrum of DSB output
FM Stereo system
Receiver
FM
Receiver
LPF
0~15KHz
BPF
23~53KHz
PLL
Tracks Pilot
LPF
0~15KHz
m
L
(t)+m
R
(t)
Mono audio
2m
L
(t)
2m
R
(t)
m
L
(t)-m
R
(t)
m
b
(t)
Coherent DSB
Demodulator