SWITCHGEAR

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

Presentation outline
Basics of switchgear

Components and Classification

Basic design aspects

Breakers, relays and fuses

Typical parameters

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

What is a Switchgear ?
The apparatus used for Switching, Controlling and Protecting the Electrical Circuits and equipment.

Need of Switchgear :
* Switching during normal operating conditions for the purpose of Operation and Maintenance. * Switching during Faults and Abnormal conditions and interrupting the fault currents.

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

SWITCHGEAR
Historical background :

up to 1875 : knife switches

1885 1900 : Bulk Oil circuit breaker : Arc extinction devices, MOCB

1930s : ABCB
1950s : SF6 1960s : Vacuum CB

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

PARTS OF SWITCHGEAR
Switching device

Power circuit

Control circuit

Measurement and display

Protection
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 5

Switching devices :

Circuit breakers / contactors

Isolators Earthing switch

Control Circuit :
service / test /isolated position selectors Tripping and closing circuit Spring charging, anti pumping arrangement Supply monitoring , space heaters , indications Measurement : Ammeter, voltmeter, energy meter Protection : Relays, CT, PT,
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 6

SWITCHGEAR Various symbols

Isolator / Disconnecting switch

Circuit Breaker

Earthing switch

Lightening Arrestor

CT

PT

Ammeter

Voltmeter

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

SWGR : CIRCUIT BREAKERS

30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 8

CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHGEARS : Method of arc quenching : Bulk oil, Min. oil, Air Break, Air Blast, SF6 , Vacuum Working voltage : 440 v, 3.3 kV, 11 kV, 33kv,220kv ,400 kV etc. Indoor / out door

SOME INTERLOCKS :
Check synchronisation for closing Master relay contacts for trip and close HV & LV Breaker interlocks Main / Reserve supply change over

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

Swgr: Basic Design Aspects

The Auxiliary power system in a power plant must form a RELIABLE source of power to all unit and Station auxiliaries. The basic function of Switchgear is to control supply of electric power and to protect the equipment in the event of abnormal conditions.Hence the Switchgears have to be RELIABLE , SAFE, and ADEQUATE . Defining the reliability, safety aspects and adequacy aspects in terms of Quantitative parameters forms the essential part in SPECIFICATIONS

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

10

Swgr: Basic Design Aspects

33 KV, 11 KV, 6.6 KV and 3.3 KV Switchgears
Indoor, metal clad single front and fully Compartmentalized , with degree of protection IP42 and IP52 for metering compartments. For 33 KV the switchgears can be metal enclosed either. Circuit Breakers of either SF6 or Vacuum type. They shall comprise of three separate identical single pole interrupting units operated through a common shaft by a sturdy mechanism.

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

11

Basic Design Aspects

Breakers are suitable for Switching transformers and motors at any load and also for starting 3.3 KV Above 200 KW to 1500 KW , 11 KV- above 1500 KW for 500 MW units and 6.6 KV- above 200 KW for 210 MW units. Surge arresters are provided for all motor feeders to limit the over voltages For Coal handling plant Motors where frequent start/stop of motors is called for HRC fuse backed contactors are provided. Suitable Interlocks are provided to ensure that Breaker is off before opening the rear doors/covers.
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 12

Basic design features: Control and Safety

VSTPP -II onwards all Circuit Breakers/contactors are being controlled normally from remote through DDCMIS/PLC. The control Switch located on the Switchgear is normally used only for testing. All the logic for incomers, buscouplers , ties, transformer feeders and motor feeders is being generated in DDCMIS only . The reverse blocking schemes are still incorporated in Swgr(hardwired) In earlier projects these logics were generated in Swgr / remote panel (HARDWIRED). Such a type of control has facilitated Flexibility ,simpler wiring and helped in standardizing interface requirements . A typical Control scheme being implemented in Talcher-II is as displayed. Isolation Transformers for Lighting distribution to limit the fault of lighting Boards to 9 KA. Safety Measures for Switchgear include provision of insulated mats in front.
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 13

Typical Control Scheme

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

14

Unit Supply One Line Diagram

45MVA UT-A

400KV to swyd
GT

STN Supply

3x200MVA

STN Supply

21 KV
11 KV Unit Bus-2 11KV Unit Bus

11KV
11 KV 415 V 11 KV 415V
INC-1

Motor Feeders

415 V

B/C

Motors
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 15

DC Chargers

Relays

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

16

Relay :
A device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the Circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. The relay detects the abnormal conditions in the electrical circuits by constantly measuring the electrical quantities which are different under normal and faulty conditions.

PT

CT

CB

Source RELAY
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00

Load

17

Requirements of Protecting relaying :

Selectivity - Ability to select the faulty part and isolate that part without disturbing the rest of the system. Speed - Ability to disconnect the faulty part at the earliest possible time. Sensitivity - Ability of the relay to operate with low value of actuating quantity. Reliability - Ability of the system to operate under pre-determined conditions
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 18

Simplicity - Should be simple so that it can be easily maintained. - The simpler the protection scheme, the greater is the reliability Economy - Availability at lower cost. - Generally, the protective gear should not cost more than 5% of the total cost. However, when the apparatus to be protected is of utmost importance (e.g. Generator, GT etc) economic conditions are subordinated to reliability.

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

19

Classification of Relays based on Design :

RELAYS

Electromagnetic & Electro thermal * Attracted Armature * Induction disc * Printed disc dynamometer * Permanent magnet * Moving coil * Polarised moving Iron
* Bimetallic Strip
30 December 2012

Static

Microprocessor based Numerical

* Relay consists of Electronic circuitry such as Transistors, ICs, Diodes etc * Uses VLSI technology * Can be Programmed
PMI Revision 00 20

Basic classification of Relays based on Function :

* Current based, with and without directional feature.
* Voltage based * Impedance based * Frequency based * Power based, with and without directional feature Incomer Feeder - Over current/Earth fault/TSR/Master trip/SF6 gas pressure low Transformer feeder- inst. O/C &E/F, Definte time o/c,differential/REF,sensitivity E/f, BR/Wdg/oil temp,
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 21

Tie feeder- Inst. o/c,Synchro check , e/f Motor feeder- differential,thermal /idmt o/c, blocked rotor , sens. e/f, bkr protection

Circuit Breakers

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

22

Main Parts of a Circuit Breaker :

* Fixed Contact

* Movable Contact
* Operating Mechanism and control circuit * Arc extinguishing medium

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

23

Basic trip circuit :

Bus Line PT

CT

RELAY

CB

Trip Coil

DC supply

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

24

Few definitions :
Breaking Capacity: Max fault current at which a CB capable of breaking. is

Making Capacity: Max current a CB can withstand if it closing on existing Short circuit. Restriking Voltage: After the arc has been extinguished, the voltage across the breaker terminals does not normalize instantaneously but it oscillates The transient voltage which appears across the breaker contacts at the instant of arc being extinguished. Recovery Voltage: Power frequency voltage which appears across the breaker contacts after the arc is finally extinguished and transient oscillations die out.
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 25

Fault clearing process :

During any Fault.. * Fault impedance will be low, so fault current will increase and relay senses this increase in current. * Relay contacts closes and sends trip signal to circuit breaker and the trip coil of the circuit breaker will get energized. * Operating mechanism of the circuit breaker will operate and separate the contacts. * Arc will be initiated between the contacts and it is extinguished by suitable methods.

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

26

Arcing phenomenon :
- When a fault occurs, heavy current flows through the contacts of the circuit breaker before they are opened by the protective system. - At the instant when the contacts begin to separate, the contact area decreases rapidly and current density (I/A) increases and hence rise in temperature.
-The heat produced is sufficient to ionise the medium between the contacts. This ionised medium acts as conductor and an arc is struck between the contacts. - The potential difference between the contacts is very small and is sufficient to maintain the arc. - The current flow depends upon the Arc resistance.
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 27

Events/Timings during fault clearing process

Fault clearing Time = Relay time Instant Of Fault Closure of Trip Circuit
PMI Revision 00

Circuit breaker Time Closure of Trip Circuit

Relay time

to

Circuit breaker Time

30 December 2012

to

Final arc Extinction

28

 Various types of CBs :

(i) Miniature CB (ii) Air Break CB (iii) Air Blast CB (iv) Oil CB (v) SF6 CB (vi) Vacuum CB

Bulk Oil CB Minimum Oil CB

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

29

Air Break CB :

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

30

Air Blast CB :

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

31

ABCB- Principle of arc quenching

30 December 2012

32

Bulk Oil CB :

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

33

Minimum Oil CB :

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

34

SF6 CB :

1. Op mechanism
2. Interrupter 3. Support 4. Op rod

8. Puffer cylinder

9. Nozzle
10. Fixed position 11. Fixed contact 12. Moving contact 13. Gas inlet
PMI Revision 00 35

5. Linkage
6. Terminals 7. Filters
30 December 2012

Advantage of SF6
* Inert gas with high dielectric strength.

* Colour less and odour less. * Non-toxic and non- inflammable. * Sf6 is blown axially to the arc, hence it removes the heat by axial convection and radial dissipation. As a result the arc dia reduces and comes to zero at current zero. * Gas pressure in the chamber is at 5 ksc. * SF6 is filled at a pressure of 12 ksc in the tank and maintained by means of an individual or a common compressor. * The decomposition products of arcing are not explosive hence no chance of fire. Disadvantages * SF6 gas condensates at low temperature & high pressure
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 36

Vacuum CB :

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

37

Advantage of vacuum CB
* Used

up to 66 KV. * Vacuum is of the range of 106 to 108 torr. * Vacuum is highly dielectric, so arc cant persists. * Separation of contacts causes the release of metal vapour from the contacts, the density of vapour depends on the fault current. * At current zero the vapour emission will tends to zero and the density will becomes zero and dielectric strength will build up and restriking will be prevented. * No emission to atmosphere, hence pollution free. * Non- explosive and silent operation. * Compact size.
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 38

Disadvantage of vacuum CB
* High initial cost.

* Surge suppressors (R or RC combination) are to be connected at load side for limiting switching overvoltage while switching low pf loads.

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

39

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

40

Few definitions :
Rated current : - Current which can be carried without fusing Minimum fusing current : - Min value of the rms current at which the fuse melts. Fusing factor : - FF = Min fusing current / Rated current Prospective current : - Current which would have flown if the fuse is absent. Cut-off current : - Maximum value of fault current actually reached before the fuse elements melts.

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

41

Characteristics of Fuse :
I
Prospective current

Cut-off current Fault occur t

Pre-arcing time
30 December 2012

Arcing time Total operatingPMI Revision 00 time

42

Characteristics of Fuse element :

- Low melting point. (Tin, Lead)
- High conductivity (Silver, Copper) - Free from deterioration due to Oxidation (Silver) - Low cost (Lead, Tin, Copper) Outstanding feature of a Fuse element is that it isolates the circuit well before the fault current reaches its first peak current. This gives the fuse a great advantage over a Circuit breaker since the most severe thermal and electromagnetic effects of Short-circuit currents (which occurs at the peak value of the Prospective current) are not experienced with fuses.

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

43

 Types of Fuses :
LV fuses
Semi-enclosed rewirable fuse : - consists of porcelain base and a fuse carrier. - used where low currents are to be interrupted. - used in domestic and lighting applications HRC cartridge fuse : - consists of heat resistant ceramic body and the cartridge is filled with filler material such as chalk, plaster of Paris, quartz or marble dust which acts as arc quenching and cooling medium. - when fuse element (silver) melts, high resistance substance is formed due to the chemical reaction between the silver vapor and the filling powder. Thus Arc is quenched.
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 44

HV fuses
(i) Expulsion type :
- consists of hollow tube made of synthetic-resin bonded paper in which fuse wire is placed - when fuse element melts, it causes decomposition of the inner coating of the tube resulting in formation of gases which extinguishes the arc. - used in the level of 11 KV, 250 MVA and generally used for protection of distribution transformers. (ii) Drop-out fuse : - Expulsion type fuse. - when fuse melts, the fuse element carrying tube drops down due to gravity, so that, can be spotted easily.
30 December 2012 PMI Revision 00 45

Coordination between Fuses and a O/C protection devices: Char of Fuse Char of O/C prot devices Capacity of Circuit breaker

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

46

Details of various CBs in RSTPS

STAGE-I
RATING 6.6 KV 415V MAKE ASEA NGEF QUENCHING MEDIUM MOCB AIR

STAGE-II
RATING 6.6 KV 11KV
415V
30 December 2012

MAKE
SIEMENS

QUENCHING MEDIUM
VACUUM

SIEMENS
EE
PMI Revision 00

VACUUM
AIR
47

OS I
LOCATION SLURRY P/H-1 RATING 415 V MAKE NGEF ASEA/ ABB ASEA GEC ASEA/ ABB MEDIUM AIR MOCB/ VACCUM MOCB MOCB MOCB/SF6/ VACUUM
48

RAW WATER P/H

COMPR: - 1 COLONY S/S CW P/H 1

6.6 KV
6.6 KV 11 KV 6.6 KV

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

OS II & 33KV
LOCATION RATING 415V& 6.6 KV 415V 415V 33 KV
PMI Revision 00

MAKE EE/ SIEMENS EE EE MG

MEDIUM AIR/ VACUUM AIR AIR SF6

49

SLURRY P/H - 2
CW P/H - 2 DM PLANT MCC 33 KV S/S 1&2
30 December 2012

S/Y
Make AEG NGEF BHEL ABB BHEL
30 December 2012

Voltage Rating (KV) 400 220 & 400 220 & 400 220 & 400 132

Operating Mechanism
CENTERALISED AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM INDIVIDUAL AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM HYDRAULIC INDIVIDUAL AIR COMPRESSOR SYSTEM MOTORISED
PMI Revision 00

Arc Ext Medium SF6 SF6 SF6 SF6 OIL

50

SF6 gas pressures of CBs : (bar)

Make AEG NGEF BHEL Rated Pr 8.0 8.0 7.5 Low Pr Alarm 7.0 7.0 6.7 Functional Lock out 6.5 6.5 6.5

ABB
30 December 2012

7.0

6.2
PMI Revision 00

6.0
51

Operating medium parameters of CBs : (bar)

Make
Operating Pr: A/R Lock out

AEG (Air)
37

NGEF (Air)
30.6

BHEL (Hydr)
303

ABB (Air)
31.5

34

28

30

30

Operation Lock out Safety Valve Open

30 December 2012

30 42

27.3 42
PMI Revision 00

253 NA

23 33
52

THANK YOU

30 December 2012

PMI Revision 00

53