Database Management System

A database is a collection of logically related information. Database Management is the task of maintaining database so that information is readily available. The software required to perform the task of database management is called a database management systems (DBMS). DBMSs are designed to maintain large volumes of data.

 DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise Collection of interrelated data Set of programs to access the data An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use Database Applications: Banking: transactions Airlines: reservations, schedules Universities: registration, grades Sales: customers, products, purchases Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions Databases can be very large.

Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., customer) is stored. Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships among the data. type instructor = record ID : string; name : string; dept_name : string; salary : integer; end; View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can also hide information (such as an employees salary) for security purposes.

View of Data
An architecture for a database system

SQL
SQL stands for Structured Query Language SQL lets you access and manipulate databases SQL Commands are divided into: DDL DML Query

 Create table stu(int Regno,char s_name,char sec,char address); Insert into stu values(1001,abc,A,bang); Select * from stu; Select s_name,address from stu; Select * from stu where s_name=abc; Update stu set address=chennai where slno=1001;

DDL
Data Definition Language (DDL) statements are used to define the database structure or schema. Some examples:

CREATE - to create objects in the database ALTER - alters the structure of the database DROP - delete objects from the database

DML
Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements are used for managing data within schema objects. Some examples: SELECT - retrieve data from the database INSERT - insert data into a table UPDATE - updates existing data within a table

Query Query is used to retrieve data using SELECT.

Database Tables
A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data. Below is an example of a table called "Person":
P_Id 1 2 3 LastName Kumar T Pai FirstName Rajesh Hari Mohan Address Yalahanka Hebbal J P Nagar City Bangalore Chennai Bangalore

The table above contains five columns (P_Id, LastName, FirstName, Address, and City).

SECURITY MEASURES Data must be secure and safe in database. Unauthorized access harmful for data should be avoided. Data Protection Act 1984 consists two levels
Users must follow some rules and regulations and abide by them. Data locked by password

Data Warehousing
Data warehouse integrates data from multiple data sources. For example, Source A and Source B might have a different way of identifying a product. But in data warehouse there will be one way of identifying the product. This large collection of data supports in management decision making process. The data in the data warehouse is time variant and nonvolatile.

Data Warehousing

Data Mining
Data mining is a process of analyzing the data from different perspective and summarizing it into useful information. This is used for increasing the business profits.

Data Models
Data model is a way of storing and retrieving the data. There are three different data models. A data model is a collection of concepts that can be describe the structure of a database. The following are the three different data models: o Hierarchical o Network o Relational

Hierarchical
In this model, data is stored in the form of a tree. The data is represented by parent-child relation ship. For example, each batch is root and students of the batch will be subordinates. This model supports only one-to-many relationship between entities.

Network
Data is stored along with pointers, which specify the relationship between entities. This model is complex. It is difficult to understand both the way data is stored and the way data is manipulated. It is capable of supporting many-to-many relationship between entities, which hierarchical model doesnt.

Relational
This stores data in the form of a table. Table is a collection of rows and columns. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) A DBMS that is based on relational model is called as RDBMS. Relational model represents data in the form a table. A table is a two dimensional array containing rows and columns. One of the reasons behind the success of relational model is its simplicity. It is easy to understand the data and easy to manipulate.

 In case of large database, not simply possible to go through entire file and extract required data. RDBMS Newest approach Files are arranged in some particular order according to the requirements Eg: - Customers File
Name A/C No Sex Age DOB Addre Email ss Mobil e

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