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CC PHN NG C BN V BIN I CA
THC PHM TRONG QU TRNH CNG NGH

PGS.TS. TRN TH LUYN
CHNG 1
QU TRNH THU PHN (HYDROLYSIS)
TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
1.1.1. Bn cht ca qu trnh thu phn
H
2
N CH CO NH CH CO NH
R
1
R
2

(Protein)
H
2
N CH COOH
R
1

+ Peptide
H
2
O
Xc tc
Enzyme protease
Acid mnh
Kim mnh
T
0
, P cao
(acid amin)
Lin kt nh dng
(dispositive bond)
V d 2.
V d 1.
Tinh bt
H
2
O
Xc tc
Enzyme amylase
Acid mnh
Kim mnh
T
0
, P cao
Glucose + Maltose + Dextrin
Qu trnh thu phn l qu trnh phn ct mt s lin kt nh dng (dispositive bonds)
trong hp cht hu c thnh cc thnh phn n phn di tc dng ca cc cht xc tc v
c s tham gia ca nc trong phn ng.
1.1. BN CHT V VAI TR CA PHN NG THU PHN TRONG CNG
NGH THC PHM
a. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho phn ng thi ra protein..
Protein Acid amin
Thu phn
H
2
O
Xc tc Vi sinh vt gy
thi ra
Sn phm thi ra
Phn ng chm
(Slow reaction)
Phn ng nhanh
(Fast reaction)
1.1.2. Vai tr ca phn ng thu phn trong cng ngh thc phm
1. Phn ng thu phn lm thay i cht lng thc phm
2. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho nhiu qu trnh ho hc khc trong ch
bin v bo qun thc phm
b. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u to c cht cho phn ng oxy ho
Lipit Acid bo
Thu phn
Oxy ho
Enzyme v phi enzyme
Ketone, aldehyd

Hp cht sm mu

Protein Acid amin
Thu phn
Oxy ho
Enzyme v phi enzyme
Sn phm c mu

Saccharose
Glucose
Thu phn
Oxy ho
Enzyme v phi enzyme
Gluconic

Hp cht mu xm
Cc cht dinh dng
Vi sinh vt
Sn phm ln men
c. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho cc qu trnh ln men
* Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho vic hnh thnh mi v, mu sc ca nc mm
Vi sinh vt gy hng
d. Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho vic hnh thnh mi v c trng cho sn phm
* Phn ng thu phn l yu t m u cho vic hnh thnh mi v c trng cho thc
phm khi gia cng ch bin nhit

Protein Peptide + Acid amin
Thu phn
Sn phm c mi,
v c trng

Saccharose
Glucose + Fructose
Thu phn
t
0

Protein Acid amin
Thu phn
Protease
NH
3

Mi v c trng
To v ngt c trng
Oxy ho phi enzyme
Melanoidin
Mu sc c trng
To mi
(1)
(3)
(2)
(4)
Protein
Peptide + Acid amin
Mi thm

Tinh bt
Dextrin + Glucose + Pentose
Tham gia cc
phn ng t
0
sy
cao
Melanoidin
Frucfurolamin
Quinonamin
Oxy ho phi
enzyme
Mu sc c trng

Giai on ny mm Giai on sy nhit cao
Tinh bt Glucose
Enzyme

Amylase
C cht cho
cc phn ng

Melanoidin

Mi thm, mu vng

Fucfurolamin

Mi thm
Caramel ho

Mu m
V ngt
Trong sn xut bnh m
Trong cng ngh sn xut malt cho ln men bia
e. Phn ng thu phn c vai tr lm thay i cu trc v trng thi thc phm
Protein Peptide + Acid amin
pH thp do acid lactic
Protease acid
CONH CONH CONH CONH
Enzyme tiu ho
Protein cu trc bc cao
Protein cu trc bc I
pH thp
1.2. C CHT V CHT XC TC CA PHN NG THU PHN
1.2.1. C cht trong phn ng thu phn
1. Lin kt nh dng trong c cht b thu phn
Theo Bernard Pullman v Allberte Pullman, c im chung ca cc cht b thu phn
l c cha lin kt b thu phn do nguyn t tch in dng to nn, ngi ta gi l
lin kt nh dng (dipositive bond).
V d: lin kt trong phn t protein l mt lin kt nh dng
R
1
C N R
2

O H
..
Lin kt ny do cc in t o nh v ca lin kt n v mt h thng in
t t linh ng to nn, h thng in t bao gm 4 in t trong c 2 in t ca
ni kp C = O v 2 in t ca cp khng chia trong phn t nit, bn in t ny
to thnh mt h thng cng hng v theo qui tc chung. Khi nguyn t d mch
nm k lin vi ni kp s phi c cp in t khng chia t nguyn t d mch ti
nguyn t cui cng ca ni kp. Nh vy phn b in tch trong lin kt peptide
s l:
R
1
C N R
2

O
H
+
+

R
1
C N R
2

O
H
+o
1
+o
2

-o
3

vi
Khi N v C u tch in dng v c th biu din phn in tch bng o nh sau:

= + + + +
+ =
4 ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 2 3
2 1 3
o o o
o o o
Bng phng php qu o phn t, ngi ta xc nh c gi tr ca cc o nh sau:
R
1
C N R
2

O
H
+1.858
+0.744
-1.397
2. Cc lin kt nh dng thng gp
R
1
C N R
2

O
H
+
+

- Lin kt peptide
R
1
C O R
2

O
+
+

Lin kt este
Este ca cacboxylic
R O P = O
OH
OH
R O P = O
OH
OH
+
+
Este ca phosphoric
Este ca hp cht giu nng lng ATP
R O S
+
+
O
O
OH
R O S
+
+
O
O
O

Este ca acid sulfuric
Lin kt glucozide
O

O
+ +
+
O

Adenin Ribose O P O ~ P O ~ P = O
O
OH
+

O
OH
O
OH

+ + + +
+
Trong : x: Lng c cht c thu phn trong thi gian t
a: Lng c cht ban u
k: Hng s tc phn ng thu phn
Trong : o: Hot ca cht xc tc v c
N: Nng ng lng tc nhn
o: Tnh cht ca c cht thu phn
t
0
: Nhit ca phn ng
t: Thi gian phn ng
m: H s modul
) ( x a k
d
dx
v = =
t
) , , , , , (
0
m t N f k t o o =
C cht b thy phn

Qu trnh thy phn
Sn phm thy phn
Tc nhn v c
o N o t
0
m
b. Cc yu t nh hng n tc thu phn bng xc tc v c
- Tc phn ng thu phn khi c xc tc v c c tnh theo cng thc
1.2.2. Tc nhn v c ch trong phn ng thu phn
1. Tc nhn v c (Inorganic catalyser)
a. Khi qut chung v tc nhn v c
-Cc yu t nh hng n hng s t phn ng
nh hng ca hot xc tc (o) n hng s phn ng
nh hng ca cht xc tc v nng cht xc tc
nh hng ca c cht thu phn
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca thi gian thy phn
nh hng ca modul
2. Xc tc sinh hc (biocatalyser)
a. c im ca xc tc enzyme
Tnh c hiu cao
iu kin nh nhng (thng nhit thng)
D b nh hng bi cc yu t mi trng, pH, t
0
, kim loi nng, nng enzyme
[E], nng c cht [S], cht hot ha (effector) v cht c ch (inhibitor)
Hot lc ca enzyme c xc nh gi tr hot ng ca n
Mi enzyme yu cu c nhng iu kin hot ng ring
b. C s l thuyt v tc dng ca enzyme thu phn vo lin kt nh dng (lin kt thy phn)
a s enzyme thu phn (hydrolase) khng c nhm ngoi. Trong trung tm hot
ng ca chng cha cc gc acid amin c hiu. i vi hydrolase thng cha hai
nhm chc. V d: + Nhm imidazol ca histidin
+ Nhm hydroxyl (mt s acid amin: serin, treonin)
N

H
+

O

E
N
H
+ 0.121
C
O
N
H
+ 0.124
C = O
NH
+ 0.236
+ 0.228
C
O
+ 0.260
NH
2

+ 0.121
+ 0.233
(1)
c. C ch tc dng ca enzyme hydrolase ln c cht b thu phn.
V mt tng qut, c ch tc dng ca enzyme hydrolase cng theo c ch chung sau:

E
+ S
+
ES P + E

Trong :
E: Enzyme
S: C cht
ES: Phc hp ca enzyme-c cht
P: Sn phm
Giai on u c s hnh thnh phc hp trung gian ES, s to thnh phc hp ny
c th theo hai kiu sau:
Kiu c ch th nht: l kiu hnh thnh n gin, tm i nhn () ca enzyme
tng tc nhanh vi mt trong hai nguyn t tch in dng ca lin kt nh
dng (dipositive bond). Sau khi tng tc s lm thay i mt electron (e)
v lm suy yu lin kt nh dng to iu kin ct t lin kt. Cc nh
nghin cu cho rng kiu c ch ny xy ra khi tm i nhn ca enzyme mnh
v s khuyt in t ca lin kt nh dng ln.
Kiu c ch th hai: lc u cc nguyn t khuyt in t trong lin kt nh
dng cha th nh trc tip vo tm i nhn ca trung tm hot ng ca
enzyme m c cht gn vo tm i nhn bng mt phn ng ha hc no
gia tm i nhn trung tm hot ng enzyme vi mt nhm ha hc v tr
gn k vi lin kt nh dng trong c cht. Di nh hng ca trung tm
hot ng ca enzyme s dn dn lm tng mc khuyt in t vn tn
ti trc , bng cch to lin kt tng ng vi c cht nhng v tr gn
gi vi lin kt nh dng. Nh vy, lm cho s phn b in t trong phn t
c cht b thay i theo chiu hng cn thit, khin cho lin kt nh dng
c tng cng v c th tng tc vi cc tc nhn i nhn ca trung tm
hot ng ca enzyme v tin hnh lm yu lin kt v tin n lin kt b
thu phn khi c yu t nc tham gia.
Ta c th tham kho c ch tc dng ca enzyme colinesterase thu phn
Acetylcolin hnh di y.
Hnh 1. C ch tng tc ca cholinesterase trn c cht Acetylcolin
Ser
CH
2

+
HO

N
HN
CH
2

Hy
s
E
Tyr
OH
CH
2

HOOC CH
2
Glu
CH
3
C
+
O
+
(CH
2
)
2
N (CH
3
)
3

O

OH
Acetylcolin
H
2
O
Ser
CH
2

+
HO

N
HN
CH
2

Hy
s
E
S
Tyr
OH
CH
2

CH
3
C
+
O
+
(CH
2
)
2
NOOCCH
2
-Glu
O
CH
3

H
3
C CH
3

Ser
CH
2

+
HO

N
HN
CH
2

Hy
s
ES
*

Tyr
H
+
O

CH
2

O
+
(CH
2
)
2
NOOCCH
2
Glu
CH
3

H
3
C CH
3

+
CO CH
3

Ser
CH
2

O
NH
HN
+

CH
2

Hy
s
ES
*

Tyr
O

CH
2

HO(CH
2
)
2
NOOCCH
2
-Glu
CH
3

H
3
C CH
3

COCH
3

HO (CH
2
)
2
N (CH
3
)
3

OH
2H
2
O
CH
3
COOH
Acid acetic
Cc yu t iu chnh phn ng thu phn.
Nc:
Nhit :
pH ca mi trng:
d. Mt s c im ca phn ng thu phn bi enzyme
Th bc ca phn ng
Mt s u nhc im khi thu phn bng enzyme.
u im:
- Khng to ra sn phm ph do enzyme c tnh c hiu cao.
- iu kin thu phn nh nhng (nhit thp) do t nh hng n
cht lng sn phm.
- iu chnh mt hng theo mun, tiu tn t nng lng.
Nhc im
- Thi gian thu phn di dn n chu k sn xut ko di.
- Mun c hiu qu cao phi c ch phm enzyme tinh khit.
- Kh lc hn thu phn bng acid, do cn phi nng cao nhit
lc, c th khc phc nhc im ny bng cch thu phn bng
enzyme acid.
1.2.3. Qu trnh t phn (autolysis)
1. Khi nim chung
2. ng hc qu trnh t phn gii (Kinetics autolysis process)
CHNG II
PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG
CNG NGH THC PHM
PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG
CNG NGH THC PHM
2.1. KHI QUT CHUNG V PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG CNG NGH
THC PHM
2.2. VAI TR CA PHN NG OXY HA KH V NGHA CA CHNG
TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
2.3. PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
2.3.1. Phn ng oxy ha kh sinh hc trong qu trnh ln men
2.3.2. Phn ng oxy ho kh khi bo qun v ch bin sn phm giu lipit
2.3.3. Cc phn ng oxy ho kh xy ra khi bo qun v ch bin sn phm giu glucid
2.2. VAI TR CA PHN NG OXY HA KH V NGHA CA
CHNG TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
Nhiu phn ng oxy ha kh c tc dng lm tng cht lng thc phm
Mt s qu trnh oxy ha kh lm gim cht lng thc phm
ngha ca vic nghin cu phn ng oxy ha kh trong sn xut thc phm.
2.3. PHN NG OXY HA KH TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
2.3.1. Phn ng oxy ha kh sinh hc trong qu trnh ln men
Bn cht ca qu trnh ln men l qu trnh oxy ha kh, nh qu trnh oxy
ha kh m c cht c chuyn ha thnh sn phm ln men. Cc phn ng
chuyn ha c thc hin trong t bo vi sinh vt di tc dng ca enzyme
ca vi sinh vt
T bo vi sinh vt
Sn phm ln men
C cht
Cc cht dinh dng khc
Khi nghin cu v cc phn ng chuyn ha trong t bo vi sinh vt bin i
c cht thnh sn phm ln men cho thy lun xy ra qu trnh tch v vn chuyn proton
2H
+
v 2 in t (2e) qua enzyme dehydrogenase c coenzyme l NAD hoc NADP. Sau
2H
+
v 2e c chuyn n cho hp cht hu c trung gian thc hin qu trnh kh
chng v to thnh sn phm ln men.
V d 1: Qu trnh to thnh ethanol trong t bo nm men c th
khi qut theo s l mt qu trnh oxy ho kh.
C
6
H
12
O
6

CH
3
C COOH
Qu trnh oxy ha
O
CO
2

CH
3
CHO CH
3
CH
2
OH
Qu trnh kh
NAD
NADH +
H
V d 2: Qu trnh to thnh acid lactic trong t
bo vi khun lactic l mt qu trnh oxy ho kh.
C
6
H
12
O
6

CH
3
C COOH
Qu trnh oxy ha
O
CH
3
CHOH COOH
Qu trnh kh
NAD
NADH +
H
NADP
NADPH
2

V d 3. Qu trnh ln men sn xut bt ngt
cng l mt qu trnh oxy ho kh
Glucose
Acid Pyruvic
NAD
NADH + H
+

Acetyl CoA
Chu trnh
Pentose
Qu trnh
oxy ha
Oxaloacetate Citrate
Fumarate
o-cetoglutarate
NADH + H
+

NAD
Acid glutamic
+ NH
3

Hnh 3. S ln men sn xut bt ngt
l mt qu trnh oxy ha kh
Qu trnh bin i t o-xetoglutaric thnh glutamic
HOOC CH
2
CH
2
C COOH
O
HOOC CH
2
CH
2
C COOH
NH
NH
3

H
2
O
HOOC CH
2
CH
2
C COOH
NH
2

NADH +
H
NAD
V d 3. Qu trnh ln men sn xut bt ngt
cng l mt qu trnh oxy ho kh
V d 4: Qu trnh ln men sinh khi tng hp acid amin ca vi
sinh vt l mt qu trnh oxy ho kh theo s sau
Glucose
Glucose 6 phosphate Acid 6 phosphogluconate
Con ng
Entner-Doudorow 6
phosphogluconate
2 ceto 3 oxy
Fuctose 6 phosphate
Phospho glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
Acid pyruvic AcetylCoA
Acid
oxaloacetic

Acid citric

Acid
cetoglutaric

Acid succinic

Acid malic

HSCoA
+ O
2

NAD
+
+ O
2

+ O
2

+ O
2

CHU TRNH
KREBS
Phosphopentose
Glycin
Cystein
Serine
Alanine
Leucine
Valine
Lysine
Aspartic acid
Threonine
isoleucine
Glutamic
acid
Proline
Ornithine
Arginine
Protein

+ NH
3

NADH+H
+
NAD
+
+ NH
3

NADH+H
+
NAD
+
+ NH
3

NADH+H
+
Glucose Khung cacbon
NAD NADH
2

- Pyruvic
- xetoglutaric
- OxaloAcetic
- Fumaric

Cc acid amin tng ng
Kh
NH
3

NAD
NADH
2

Oxy ha
C
6
H
12
O
6
CH
3
C COOH
O
NAD NADH
+ H
CH
3
C COOH
NH
2

NADH +
H
NAD
NH
3

H
2
O
Alanin
C ch c th:
C
6
H
12
O
6

CH
3
C COOH
O
NAD
NADH + H
+

Oxy ho
CH
3
C ~ SCoA
O
Acid Citric

HOOC (CH
2
)
2
CO COOH
NADH +
H
NAD
CHU TRNH
KREBS

Oxy ho
HOOC CH = CH COOH
Oxy ho
NH
3

H
2
O
HOOC CH
2
CO COOH
Oxy ho
HOOC CH
2
CH COOH
NH
3

H
2
O
NADH + H
+

NAD
NH
2

HOOC CH
2
CH COOH
NH
3

H
2
O
NADH +
H
NAD
NH
2

Aspactic

Aspactic

HOOC (CH
2
)
2
CH COOH
NH
2

Glutamic

Hnh 5. S tng qut ln men sinh tng hp
acid amin bi vi sinh vt
2.3.2. Phn ng oxy ho kh khi bo qun v ch bin sn phm giu lipit
a. Oxy ho do xc tc ca lipoxydase
1. C ch oxy ho lipit c enzyme tham gia
Cht xc tc cho qu trnh ny l lipoxydase. Lipoxydase thng l xc tc oxy ho
mnh cc acid bo khng no (c 2, 3 ni i tr ln) thnh peroxit v hydroperoxit.
Acid bo
Lipoxydase
Epoxide, aldehyd, ceton, ru bc cao, sn phm oxy ho
khc
Lipoxydase c 881 gc acid amin, phn protein enzyme l globulin.
C ch tc dng ca lipoxydase cho n nay cha c xc nh r hon ton. Mt
s tc gi cho rng s oxy ho cht bo bng enzyme cng tng t s oxy ho c ch
phn ng mch.
Lipoxydase phn ng vi O
2
to thnh phn t peroxit v chuyn oxy hot
ng sang phn t acid bo.
Sau nguyn t H t nhm metylen (CH
2
) c chuyn ra v tr O
2

(do vai tr ca lipoxydase xc tc mo u) tip din theo c ch phn ng
mch khng c s tham gia ca enzyme, gi thuyt ny cha c nhiu
ngi ng h. Theo Tappel Bower mi phn t acid bo u b oxy ho
trc tip di tc dng ca lipoxydase theo c ch:
To phc cht ban u: Enzyme c cht O
2
.
Sau hnh thnh gc i do hydro c chuyn t acid bo n O
2
.
Gc i to s lun hp v cng b phn gii cho hydroperoxxit v gii
phng lipoxydase t do.
R CH = CH CH
2
CH = CH R
Lipoxydase
O
2

R CH = CH CH
2
CH = CH RO
2

Lipoxydase
(Phc hp)
R CH = CH CH = CH CH ROOH
Lipoxydase
(Phc hp gc i)
+
R CH = CH CH = CH CH R
Lipoxydase
(Dng hydroperoxit lun hp)
OOH
R CH = CH CH = CH CH R
OOH
+ Lipoxydase
Epoxide, aldehyd, ru
Theo c ch phn ng mch
b. Oxy ho kiu oxy ho
R CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
C
O
OH
(acid bo)
ATP
AMP +
HSCoA
R CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CO ~ SCoA
FAD
FADH
2

R CH
2
CH
2
CH = CH CO
H
2
O
O
OH
(1)
(2)
R CH
2
CH
2
CHOH CH
2
CO
NAD
NADH +
H
(4)
(3)
O
OH
(oxy ho)
R CH
2
CH
2
C CH
2
C
SCoA
O
O
(oxy ho)
Chu
trnh
Krebs

CO
2

H
2
O
CO
2

- 2C
- 2C
- 2C
- 2C
HSCoA
CH
3
C
SCoA
O
CH
3
C
SCoA
O
(5)
R CH
2
CH
2
CO ~ SCoA
P P
Hnh 6. S oxy ho acid bo kiu |
c. Kiu oxy ho acid bo
R CH
2
CH
2
C
O
OH
2H
2
O
Peroxydase
CO
2

R CH
2
C
O
H
Aldehid ca acid bo
R CH
2
C
O
H
Aldehit ca acid bo
NAD
Aldehyd dehydrogenase
R CH
2
C
O
OH
acid bo mi
NADH +
H
H
2
O
R CH
2
CH
2
C
O
OH
R CH
2
C
O
OH
R COOH
R C
O
OH
R CH
2
C
O
OH
H
2
O
2

CO
2

(1)
H
2
O
2

CO
2

(1)
CO
2

NAD
NADH +
H
+ H
2
O
(2)
NAD
NADH +
H
+ H
2
O (2)
Hnh 7. S oxy ho acid bo kiu
2. Phn ng oxy ho cht bo phi enzyme (t i ho)
Thi k pht sinh:
RH R
*
+ [H
*
] (1)
h
RH R
*
+ Me
2+
+ HO
*
2
(4)
Me
3+

ROOH Me
3+
+ RO
*
+ OH
*
(5)
Me
2+

RH R
*
+ HO
*
2
(2)
O
2

RH + O
2
+ R
1
H R
*
+ R
1
*
+ HO
*
2
(3)
Thi k pht trin:
R
*
+ O
2
RO
2

(6)
RO
2
+ RH ROOH + R
*
(7)
ROOH RO
*
+ OH
*
(8)
2ROOH RO
2
*
+ RO
*
+ H
2
O (9)
ROOH + RH RO
*
+ R
*
+ H
2
O
(10)
RO
*
(Alcocxyl)
* C ch ca qu trnh i ho ho hc.
RO
*
+ RH ROH + R
*

(11)
(Ru) (Gc t do)
R CH R + RO
*
ROH + R C R (12)
O
*

O
(Keton)
(ru)
R CH R + R
*
RH + R C R
(13)
O
*

O (Keton)
T Alcocxyl c th bin i tip to thnh ru, ketone, aldehyd
R CH R R
*
+ R C H
(14)
O
*

O (aldehyd)
(gc t do)
- Acocxyl tng tc vi phn t lipit mi to thnh ru + gc t do mi
- Acocxyl tng tc vi nhau to thnh ru, keton
- Tng tc ca gc Alcocxyl vi gc alkil
hoc
hoc
R
1
C CH
2
R
2

O
R
1
C CH R
2

O OH
R
1
C
O
OH
+ R
2
C
O
OH
R
*
+ R CH R

R CH R + RH
OOH OOH
R C R + OH
*

O
(Keton)
hoc tng tc vi gia gc alkyl vi mt hydropeoxit cng to ra keton
- S oxy ho cc xton cng c th cho ra cc aldehyd v acid
R
1
CH = CH CH = CH CH R + R
1
C = CH R
1

O = CH
C = C
R
1
R
1

CH CHOO
R
R C
O O
R + R
1
CH = CH R
2
R
1
CH CH R
2

R
R
1
CH = CH R
2

R CH CH CH CH CH CH R
2

R
1
R
2
R
1
R
2
R
1

- Trong qu trnh oxy ho cn to thnh cc phn ng trng hp cao phn t
hoc
Thi k kt thc:
R + R*
R + R*
R + R*
Sn phm cao phn t
* Cc yu t nh hng n tc oxy ho phi enzyme
Cc yu t kch thch qu trnh i ho ho hc:
nh hng ca hm lng acid bo t do
nh hng ca oxy
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca trng thi lipit
nh hng ca ion kim loi giao chuyn
nh hng ca nng lng mt tri v tia ion
nh hng ca nc
nh hng ca cc yu t km hm
Km hm s oxy ho bng cch lm t mch
oxy ho.
Km hm oxy ho bng cch lm gim tc pht trin mch
Km hm phn ng oxy ho bng cch v hot cc hp cht cha kim loi c
hot ng xc tc
Km hm phn ng bng cht hip tr
Tc hi ca sn phm oxy ho
Sn phm oxy ho thng lm v hot enzyme, c bit h enzyme tiu ho.
Sn phm oxy ho lipit c kh nng phn ng cao vi protein to thnh hp
cht bn vng, khng tan trong nc cng nh trong dung mi hu c v cng
khng b thu phn bi enzyme.
Km hm s oxy ho bng cch lm t mch oxy ho.
C th gim tc phn ng ny theo chiu hng a vo phn ng cht
chng oxy ho InH, c mc nng lng lin kt nh, c kh nng d dng xy ra phn
ng vi RO
2
hn, khi :
RO
2
+ InH ROOH + In*
Gc In* l gc km hot ng, khng th tng tc vi phn t lipit. Sau
gc In s b v hot bi t hp.
RO
2
+ InH ROOH + In*
In* + In* In In
RO* + In ROOIn
Cc cht chng oxy ho c th l nhng cht c bn cht phenol hoc amin.
OH
R
3

R
2

RO
2
+ R
1
O

R
3

R
2

ROOH + R
1

Phenol Gc In km hot ng
OH
R
3

R
2

RO
2
+ NHR
1
R
2

RO
2
NHR
1

Amin - phenol
Gc In km hot ng
R
2

RO
2
NR
1
RO
2
H +
RO
2

nh hng ca oxy
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca nc
hot ng xc tc
Km hm oxy ho bng cch lm gim tc
pht trin mch

V d: sulfua c kh nng ph hu hydroperoxit

N C S S C N
S
S
CH
3

CH
3

CH
3

CH
3

ROOH + R
1
SR
2
ROH + R
1
SOR
2

ROOH + R
1
SOR
2
ROH + R
1
SO
2
R
2

Tiuram (hp cht sulfua) c kh nng phn ng kiu ny
nh hng ca oxy
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca nc
hot ng xc tc
Km hm phn ng oxy ho bng cch v hot cc hp
cht cha kim loi c hot ng xc tc
Cc ion kim loi giao chuyn l yu t xc tin qu trnh oxy ho
trong cc phn ng:
Fe
2+
+ ROOH Fe
3+
+ RO* + OH*
Fe
3+
+ ROOH Fe
2+
+ RO
2
* + H*
V vy c th chn cc cht c kh nng to phc vi kim loi qua
loi tr c kh nng chuyn ho tr ca kim loi. Cc cht chng oxy ho
dng ny nh acid citric, acid malic, acid fitinic
CH
2
COONa
+

Na
+
OOC OH
CH
2

COONa
+

+ Me
O = C O
Na
+
OOC O
CH
2

COONa
+

CH
2

Me
Citratnatri
nh hng ca oxy
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca nc
hot ng xc tc

C
C OH
C
HO C H
C OH
CH
2
OH
O
O
C
C = O
C
HO C H
C = O
CH
2
OH
O
O
O
O
OH
OH
2ROOH
2RO
2

(Hydroquinon)
InH
Trong vng quinon l gc km hot ng
nh hng ca oxy
nh hng ca nhit
nh hng ca nc
hot ng xc tc
2.3.3. Cc phn ng oxy ho kh xy ra khi bo qun v ch bin sn phm giu glucid
1. Qu trnh h hp t bo
SH
2

S
NAD
NADH
+ H
FADH
2

FAD
Q
QH
2

2Fe
2+

2Fe
3+

2Fe
3+

2Fe
2+

2Fe
2+

2Fe
3+

WFe
3+

WFe
2+

O
2

O
2

ATP
2H
+

H
2
O
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + 686 Kcal (1)
C
6
H
12
O
6
2 CH
3
CHOH COOH (2)
Ym kh
VK. lactic
Acid lactic
C
6
H
12
O
6
2 CH
3
CH
2
OH + CO
2
(3)
Ym kh
Nm men
Ru etylic
Phng trnh (1) l phng trnh t chy hon ton cc cht t s , t s
ny gi l h s h hp. Nh vy c 3 trng hp xy ra:
1
2
2
=
O
CO
2. Oxy ho glucose di tc dng ca glucoxydase
C
6
H
12
O
6

C
6
H
12
O
7
+ H
2
O
2

O
2
+ H
2
O
glucoxydase
Gluconic
2.3.4. S oxy ho kh sinh hc cc acid amin.
Acid amin

(mch thng)

O
2

Enzyme

Oxyacid

Xetoacid

Acid amin

(mch vng)

O
2

Enzyme

Sn phm thm mu

Nu , bn cnh qu trnh h hp hiu kh cn qu trnh h hp ym kh sn sinh ra CO
2
1
2
2
>
O
CO
nh ln men ru, lc ny trong nguyn liu tch t acid hoc ru, tu thuc vo iu kin
bo qun v tc nhn vi sinh vt.
Nu th lng oxy hp th nhiu hn CO
2
bay ra, nh vy sn phm to thnh khng 1
2
2
<
O
CO
nhng l CO
2
, H
2
O m cn c cc cht hu c khc.
Nu t s 1
2
2
=
O
CO
l qu trnh ch xy ra h hp hiu kh hon ton.
CHNG III
NH HNG PHN NG THU PHN
V OXY HO KH TRONG MT S
QU TRNH CNG NGH THC PHM
Nc mm l ch phm thu c t qu trnh thu phn tht c, c thc hin
theo nguyn l: c em trn ln vi mui theo t l nht nh v ln men t nhin. Trong
qu trnh protein c c thu phn di tc dng ca enzyme to thnh peptide, acid
amin theo s .
Cng vi qu trnh , mu sc v mi v ca nc mm dn dn c hnh thnh
do cc qu trnh sinh ha hc, vi sinh hc phc tp din ra khng ngng. S tng ha
gia cc vt cht sinh thnh cng vi mu sc, mi v c trng to nn tnh c o
ca ch phm nc mm. Qu trnh to mu c quyt nh bi cc phn ng sinh ha
hc phc tp nh melanoidin, quynonamin v oxy ha kh
Qu trnh hnh thnh mi v c trng ca nc mm l do cc qu trnh ln men
to ra cc amin, acid hu c bay hi v cc cht hu c c mi thm khc. Tc nhn ch
yu tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh mi l vi sinh vt. Qu trnh thu phn protein c
c xc tc bi h enzyme protease, h serin-protease v h acid protease.
H acid protease: i din cho h enzyme ny l chathepsin c trong t bo c, h ny
ch tm thy trong nc bi thi im 24
h
, sau hot tnh gn nh mt hn. H
enzyme ny c tnh acid, thng hot ng mnh nhng b c ch bi nng mui
cao, theo nghin cu ca Sharp th h ny mt hot tnh nng mui 5% sau 12
h
. Vy
h acid protease ny t c vai tr trong qu trnh hnh thnh nc mm.
Ngoi h enzyme trn, cc tc gi cn nghin cu vai tr ca h thioprotease, theo
Awada th h enzyme ny khng c hot tnh ngay t ngy u n ngy chp chn,
cho nn xem nh khng tn ti h enzyme ny trong tht v ni tng c dng lm nc
mm.

3.1. NH HNG CA PHN NG THU PHN TRONG MT S QU TRNH
CNG NGH
3.1.1. Phn ng thu phn v qu trnh hnh thnh nc mm trong qu trnh sn xut.
H enzyme metalo-protease: c nhiu trong ni tng c, h enzyme ny chu c nng
mui cao nn hot ng mnh trong nc bi, hot tnh tng dn n thng th 3, sau
gim dn n cui qu trnh. H enzyme ny c th gi l amino-protease hay A-pase, h
enzyme ny thy phn rng ri chui peptide, chu c nng mui cao, pH thch hp =
57, phn t lng l 260.000 n v. Mun tch h enzyme ny c th dng phng php
lc gel (gel filtration, G = 100 sephadex), pI = 45, n nh vi Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
, mt hot
tnh vi Zn
2+
, Ni
2+
, Pb
2+
,Hg
2+
, c RF = 0.07 trong in di.
H serin-protease: tn ti thi gian u trong nc bi, sau hot ng yu. Hot tnh tng
dn t thng th 2, cng hot ng ln thng th 3 v hot ng ko di n khi
chp chn, h enzyme ny c nhiu trong ni tng c, c trng cho h ny l tripsin,
kimmotripsin. Loi enzyme ny thng b c ch bi chui peptide (6 acid amin), enzyme
ny c hot ha nh cathepsin B trong t bo, cathepsin B thy phn tho g chui
peptide ny lm cho sesin-protease hot ng tr li. Trong mi trng nc mm
cathepsin B b c ch bi nng mui cao nn vic tho g phi tin hnh tng t, t
u N ca cu trc, nhim v ny li do metaloprotease m nhn. Sau khi c hot ha
serin-protease hot ng mnh ng vai tr quan trng trong sut qu trnh hnh thnh
nc mm, serin-protease hot ng tt pH = 9, hot ng an ton pH = 510.
Qu trnh hnh thnh nc mm trong iu kin t nhin c phn chia lm 2 giai
on sau:
Giai on I. T u n thng th 3, trong giai on ny h enzyme metaloprotease
ch ng thu phn protein t u nit hnh thnh cc acid amin nh alanine, Isoleucine,
arginin, aspactic ng thi tho g chui c ch trong cu trc ca enzyme serin-
protease.
Giai on II. Sau khi chui c ch c tho g, serin-protease hot ng mnh thu
phn cc peptide v protein cn li cho n khi chp chn. Cc acid amin c to thnh
trong thi k ny l proline, valine, Tyrosine, phenylalanine Nh vy, mun tng nhanh
qu trnh thu phn v tho g chui c ch cn gim bt mn thi gian u v to
iu kin tip nhit cho b chp t
0
= 4045
0
C, hoc c th tng cng cho chp nhng
ch phm enzyme vi sinh vt hay thc vt.
Bng 2. Cng thc thc nghim quy lut bin
i nit trong dch chp
L Loi chp Loi m Cng thc thc nghim (*)
1
Chp c cm, nh o, tip
nhit, cho mui mt ln.
N
TS

N
aa

N
NH3

*y
1
= 5.5568lnT + 4.3474
y
2
= 2.0276lnT + 4.0191
y
3
= 0.7627lnT + 0.5581
2
Chp c cm, nh o, tip
nhit, cho mui nhiu ln.
N
TS

N
aa

N
NH3

y
1
= 5.5670lnT + 5.1022
y
2
= 2.1063lnT + 4.1997
y
3
= 0.7421lnT + 0.4693
3
Chp c cm gi nn, nh
o, tip nhit, cho mui
mt ln.
N
TS

N
aa

N
NH3

y
1
= 5.5052lnT + 5.3652
y
2
= 2.0671lnT + 3.7692
y
3
= 0.7005lnT + 0.4693
4
Chp c cm gi nn, nh
o, tip nhit, cho mui
nhiu ln.
N
TS

N
aa

N
NH3

y
1
= 5.4729lnT + 5.7259
y
2
= 1.5693lnT + 5.5189
y
3
= 0.6221lnT + 1.8659
* t y
1
= N
TS
, y
2
= Naa , y
3
= N
NH3

Bng 3. Cng thc xc nh quy lut bin i cc acid amin trong dch
chp c cm nh o, tip nhit, cho mui mt ln.
STT Acid amin Cng thc ton hc
1 Cistein y
1
= 0.2761lnT 0.2234
2 Lysine y
2
= 1.1070lnT + 1.2750
3 Histidine y
3
= 1.0675lnT 0.8679
4 Arginine y
4
= 0.6388lnT 0.1260
5 Aspactic y
5
= 0.7232lnT 0.0526
6 Glutamic y
6
= 1.3697lnT + 0.6847
7 Serine y
7
= 0.6721lnT 0.4626
8 Glysine y
8
= 0.4201lnT + 2.6400
9 Treonine y
9
= 1.2090lnT 1.0779
10 Alanine y
10
= 0.8557lnT + 0.4457
11 Proline y
11
= 0.6526lnT 0.3360
12 Tyrosine y
12
= 0.9155lnT 0.4565
13 Phenylalanine y
13
= 0.1467lnT + 0.4587
14 Valine + Metionine y
14
= 1.2745lnT + 0.6080
15 Leucine + Isoleucine y
15
= 1.7744lnT + 1.2691
16 Acid amin tng s y
16
= 13.1092lnT + 3.8274
chp c cm nh o, tip nhit, cho mui nhiu ln.
1 Cistein y
1
= 0.4967lnT 0.2348
2 Lysine y
2
= 1.1313lnT + 2.3364
3 Histidine y
3
= 1.0757lnT 0.2001
4 Arginine y
4
= 0.8778lnT + 0.1144
5 Aspactic y
5
= 0.7725lnT + 0.6758
6 Glutamic y
6
= 1.1414lnT + 2.0901
7 Serine y
7
= 0.6880lnT + 0.0401
8 Glysine y
8
= 0.4215lnT + 3.0353
9 Treonine y
9
= 1.4635lnT 0.6949
10 Alanine y
10
= 0.7816lnT + 0.9731
11 Proline y
11
= 0.5383lnT + 0.4726
12 Tyrosine y
12
= 0.8357lnT + 0.5729
13 Phenylalanine y
13
= 0.1587lnT + 0.5993
14
= 1.4158lnT + 1.5429
15
= 1.5747lnT + 3.0586
16
= 13.5784lnT + 14.2150
chp c cm gi nn nh o, tip nhit, cho mui mt ln.`
1 Cistein y
1
= 0.0788lnT + 0.0536
2 Lysine y
2
= 1.1478lnT + 1.1336
3 Histidine y
3
= 0.3643lnT 0.2548
4 Arginine y
4
= 0.8649lnT 0.8493
5 Aspactic y
5
= 0.3754lnT + 0.4014
6 Glutamic y
6
= 1.2984lnT + 0.1649
7 Serine y
7
= 0.8609lnT + 0.6380
8 Glysine y
8
= 0.5113lnT + 1.9914
9 Treonine y
9
= 1.9919lnT 1.1958
10 Alanine y
10
= 0.6429lnT + 0.3108
11 Proline y
11
= 0.9129lnT 0.9173
12 Tyrosine y
12
= 1.0568lnT + 0.0335
13 Phenylalanine y
13
= 0.3667lnT + 0.8094
14
= 1.7260lnT 1.0973
15
= 1.8857lnT + 0.2666
16
= 13.1311lnT + 0.3265
chp c cm gi nn nh o, tip nhit, cho mui nhiu ln.
1 Cistein y
1
= 0.2267lnT 0.1599
2 Lysine y
2
= 1.1300lnT + 0.8822
3 Histidine y
3
= 0.4174lnT 0.1464
4 Arginine y
4
= 0.7762lnT + 0.2942
5 Aspactic y
5
= 0.3222lnT + 0.9432
6 Glutamic y
6
= 1.1365lnT + 1.1987
7 Serine y
7
= 0.7746lnT + 1.4751
8 Glysine y
8
= 0.4752lnT + 1.6733
9 Treonine y
9
= 1.0561lnT 0.4764
10 Alanine y
10
= 0.5882lnT + 0.7199
11 Proline y
11
= 0.6868lnT + 0.3616
12 Tyrosine y
12
= 1.0428lnT + 1.1355
13 Phenylalanine y
13
= 0.3770lnT + 1.0221
14
= 1.4737lnT + 0.6055
15
= 1.8419lnT + 1.7469
16
= 11.8962lnT + 12.6201
Hnh 8. Quy lut bin i ca acid amin tng s ca chp c cm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2 10 18 26 38 46 62
Thi gian (ngy)
A
c
i
d

a
m
i
n

(
g
/
l
)
y
y
y
y
5
1
10
15
1 0
y(g/l)
x = lnT
16

16

16

16

III

IV

I

II

8274 . 3 1092 . 13
16
+ = x y
I
2150 . 14 5784 . 13
16
+ = x y
II
3265 . 0 1311 . 13
16
+ = x y
III
6201 . 12 8962 . 11
16
+ = x y
IV
Trong :
chp c cm cho mui 1 ln
chp c cm cho mui nhiu ln
chp c cm gi nn cho mui 1 ln
chp c cm gi nn cho mui nhiu ln
3.1.2. Sn xut nc chm t xc nm men nh phn ng thu phn
Thu phn
Xc nm
men
X l X l
Nc chm
HCl [HCl] t l
T
0
= 100 2
0
C
Hnh 9. S h thng cng ngh thu phn xc t bo nm
men sn xut nc chm bng HCl
C ch ca qu trnh thu phn din ra
Protein Acid amin + Peptide
HCl
NH
2
CH CO NH CH CO NHCH COOH
R
1
R
2
R
n

NH
2
CH COOH
R
1

NH
2
CH CO NHCH COOH
R
2
R
n

+
Tinh bt thu phn thnh ng maltose ri cui cng thnh ng glucose
( ) ) ( 2 2
6 12 6 11 22 12 2 5 10 6
O H C n O H nC O nH O H C
n
+
(Tinh bt)
(Maltose) (Glucose)
Cellulose thu phn thnh pentose v cui cng thnh furfurol
(Cellulose) (Glucose) (Pentose)
(Furfurol)
Cht bo b thu phn thnh glycerin v acid bo
( ) OOH 3 ) ( 3 R
3 5 3 2 3 5 3
RC OH H C O H COO H C + +
(Lipid) (Glycerin) (Acid bo)
( )
O
3 4
3
5
10 5 6 12 6 5 10 6
2
OCH H C O H C O H C O H C
O H EMP
n

L L L
Hnh 10. Mt s bin i khi thu phn xc nm men bng HCl
0
5
10
15
20
25
10 15 20 25 30
[HCl] %
N

t
n
g

s

(
g
/
l
)
Xc
nm
men
cn
li
(g/l)
1.5
1
0.5
5
10
15
Xc nm men cn li
N
TS

N
aa

3
NH
N
) / (
3
l g N
NH
Hnh 11. S bin thin hm lng xc nm men cn li, N
TS
,
N
aa
, v NH
3
theo thi gian thu phn
0
5
10
15
20
25
60 70 80 100
Thi gian (pht)
N
i
t
n
g

s

(
g
/
l
)
Xc nm men
cn li (g/l)
5
10
15
Xc nm men cn li N
TS

N
aa

NH
3

1.5
1
0.5
) / (
3
l g N
NH
Hnh 12. S cng ngh sn xut nc chm t xc
nm men ph liu
-Loi b CO
2
= 15 pht
-Ra bng acid HCl 1% trong thi
gian = 4 gi
- T
0
= 1002
0
C, = 90 pht
- Nng HCl l 20%, hoc 15%
- Modul thu p: 3 dung dch
HCl/nm men
Sinh khi nm men ph thi
X l
Thu phn
Thnh phm
Lc
Trung ho
3.1.3. Phn ng thu phn trong sn xut tm chua v cc bin i to nn sn phm
c trng
HOOC CH
2
CO COOH H
3
C CO COOH HOOCH + CH
3
COOH
+ CO
2

Glucose
Thu phn
Glucid
(Tinh bt, thnh)
H
3
C CHOH COOH
Lactic
HOOC CH
2
CH
2
COOH
Succinic
2H
2

H
2
O
CH
3
CHO
CH
3
COOH
Acetic
Qu trnh thu phn protein thnh acid amin v cc peptide.
Qu trnh ln men to acid lactic t c cht l tinh bt, ng saccharose, thnh
3.1.4. Phn ng thu phn trong qu trnh nu dch ln men bia

Nu dch ln men
Malt
Tnh bt
Houplon
Cc cht khc
X l
Dch ln men
Qu trnh ho tan
Qu trnh thu phn cc cht t malt, tinh bt
T
0
E
Hnh 13. S h thng tru tng ca qu trnh nm dch ln men bia
O
CH
2
OH
H
OH
H
H
O
H
H
OH
O
O
CH
2
OH
H
OH
H
H H
H
OH
O
amylase
H
2
O OH
+ H
+

Amylase phn ct
1,4 glucozit
H
+
+ OH
H
2
O
O
CH
2
OH
H
OH
H
H H
H
OH
O O
O
H
OH
H
H
O
H
H
O
OH
Amylase phn ct
1,6 glucozit
C ch phn ng thu phn tinh bt bng enzyme amylase
S tc ng c lp ca o-amylase ln tinh bt
S tc ng c lp ca |-amylase ln tinh bt
S tc ng ng thi ca o-amylase v |-amylase ln tinh bt
S tc ng ca amilophosphatase ln tinh bt
Thu phn protein
Thy phn cc hp cht khc
Thu phn fitin
Thu phn hemicellulose
a. Thu phn tinh bt bi enzyme.
3.1.5. Phn ng thy phn trong qu trnh ra tht c xay trong cng ngh sn xut
surimi
Qu trnh ra
Ln I (dd NaCl)
Ln II (nc thng)
Ln III (dd acid acetic)
t
0

Nng
Thi gian
T l dung mi
C Mi
C Nhm
C
C Sn Thc

Phi trn ph gia p
Ph gia
nh hnh
Surimi
Xay nh
Hnh 14. H thng tru tng ca cng ngh ra tht c xay
* Qu trnh thu phn lipid
CH
2
OCR
1

CH
2
OCR
2

CH
2
OCR
3

Acid
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
+
R
1
COOH
RCOONa
Kim
Ht nh tng
Nh tng tan trong nc
COO

R R
COO

R
COO

* Qu trnh thu phn protein
Qu trnh ra
Mi trng
T l
t
0

X l
Surimi
Tht c xay
Chu k
Thu phn
ct mch prtein
Loi b

- Mu
- Mi
- Lipid
- Khong
- Mt s cht khc

Gp phn ci thin
cht lng surimi v
mu sc, mi v v
bn ng kt

Tn tht vt cht
Gim bn
ng kt ca
surimi

Hnh 15. nh hng qu trnh ra n cng ngh sn xut surimi
3.1.6. Phn ng thu phn trong qu trnh sn xut chitosan
HCl
Protease
Deacetylase
V gh V tm S
Kh khong
Deacetyl (ng
thi kh protein)
Chitosan
HCl
Kh khong
Kh protein
Deacetyl
Chitosan
NaOH m c
Hnh 16. Cc bc cng ngh sn xut chitosan theo
phng php ho hc v phng php sinh hc
Theo phng php ha hc Theo phng php sinh hc
C ch ca qu trnh thu phn protein v deacetyl bi NaOH
H
2
N CH CO NH CH CO
R
1
R
2

H
2
N CH COOH
R
1

+

H
2
N CH CO NH CH
R
2
R
3

NaOH
t
0
cao
Polypeptide Acid amin Peptide
CH
2
OH
O
H
H
H
O O
H
OH
HN COCH
3

H
CH
2
OH
O
H
H
H
O
H
OH
HN COCH
3

H
CH
2
OH
O
H
H
H
O O
H
OH
NH
2

H
CH
2
OH
O
H
H
H
O
H
OH
H
NH
2

NaOH
CH
3
COONa
t
0
cao
Chitin Chitosan
* Phn ng thu phn protein
* Phn ng deacetyl
Bng 7. nh hng ca ch nu NaOH n kh nng kh
protein v deacetyl ca gh
STT Cc thng s c nh
Thi
gian
(h)
Kt qu
Mu sc N
TS
(%)
deacetyl
(DD)
(%)
nht
(
0
E)
1
[NaOH] = 45%
w/v = 1/10
t
0
= 80 2
0
C
0 7.8 - -
1.0 6.2 - -
1.5 5.7 - -
2.0 5.2 - -
2.5 5.9 - -
5.0 Pht nu 7.71 51.2 13.8
5.5 Ng vng 7.97 65.7 16.4
6.0 Ng vng 8.03 74.1 17.8
6.5 Trng ng 8.31 82.7 16.6
2
[NaOH] = 45%
w/v = 1/10
t
0
= 90 2
0
C
0 7.8 - -
1.0 6.6 - -
1.5 6.3 - -
2.0 5.6 - -
2.5 6.4 - -
5.0 Trng 7.91 62.2 13.2
5.5 Vng 8.22 78.3 23.3
6.0 Trng ng 8.58 95.4 17.6
6.5 Trng ng 8.65 98.2 12.6
3
[NaOH] = 45%
w/v = 1/10
t
0
= 100 2
0
C
0 7.8 - -
1.0 7.1 - -
1.5 6.5 - -
2.0 6.8 - -
2.5 7.2 - -
5.0 Trng ng 8.06 70.1 11.8
5.5 Trng 8.39 86.2 10.4
6.0 Trng 8.59 95.5 8.1
6.5 Trng 8.66 98.5 7.3
Hnh 17. Quy lut bin i N
TS
, DD, v nht theo thi gian x l kim
c trn v tm hoc v gh
Giai on kh protein Giai on deacetyl
t
D
t
TH

Thi gian (h)
N
TS

N
TS
%
0
E DD %
deacetyl
nht
Acid amin + Peptide
CH
3
CO
CaCl
2

Qu trnh cng ngh
HCl Protease Deacetylase
Chitosan
V tm

3.1.7. Bin i ca nguyn liu thu sn sau thu hoch do phn ng thu phn
V tr
tn ti
Proteinase
Khong
pH hot
ng
Hot tnh
Cht c -calpsin
m-calpsin
6.57.5
6.57.5
- Gii phng a-actinin, Z-nin
- Thoi ha desmin, connectin, nebulin, troponin
T, troponin I, tropomyosin, protein C v protein M.
Lysosom Cathepsin B
Cathepsin L
Cathepsin D
3.56.5
3.06.5
3.06.0
- Thoi ha myosin, actin, troponin T v collagen
- Thoi ha myosin, actin, troponin T, troponin I,
tropomyosin, a-actinin, v collagen
- Thoi ha myosin, actin, troponin T, troponin I,
tropomyosin, a-actinin, v collagen
Bng 9. c im ca cc proteinase ni sinh lin quan n
s mm ha c tht (Asghar v Bhatti, 1987)
1. Phn ng thu phn trong cng ngh sau thu hoch mt s ng vt thu sn v cc
bin i
a. Cathepsin v calpain cc enzyme ni bo lm mm c tht thu sn
Cathepsin
Hnh 18. nh hng ca NaCl i vi hot
ca cathepsin
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 5 10 15 20 25
Thi gian m (gi)
N
n
g

(
%

s
o

v
i

c
i
)
5%
2.50%
0.50%
Mu i chng
Calpsin
nh hng n cu trc c tht thy sn
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Calpain ( mole/ml)
H
o
n

l
i

(
%
)

.
m - Calpain
(0,91 mole/ml)
- Calpain (0,91
mole/ml)

Hnh 19. Tc dng c ch ca calpastatin tm s (P.monodon)
ln hot ca enzyme calpain
b. Bin i v t l sng, v thnh phn ho hc ca thu sn sau thu hoch do phn ng
thu phn

Protein Acid amin + Peptide
Enzyme
Lipid Acid bo + Glycerin
Lipase
Glucogen Glucose
Enzyme
Hnh 20. Bin i t l sng ca s theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Thi gian bo qun (ngy)
T
n
g

(
%
)
Nhit thng
T = 20
T = 10
T = 15
1
0
C
1
0
C
1
0
C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 1 2 3 4
Thi gian bo qun (ngy)
T
r
n
g

l
n
g

(
%
)
T = 10
T = 15
T = 20
1
0
C
1
0
C
1
0
C
Hnh 21. Bin i trng lng ca s theo thi
gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
Hnh 22. Bin i hm lng protein ca gh theo
thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 8 14 25 37.5 50 70 95 100 125
Thi gian bo qun (h)
H
m

l
n
g

p
r
o
t
e
i
n

(
%
)
T = 27
T = 20
T = 13
T = 3
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
Bng 10. Hm lng tng acid bo ca gh xanh (P.pelagicus) bin i theo thi
gian bo qun nhit bo qun khc nhau (% trn mt n v trng lng ti).
STT Acid bo (%)
K
hiu
Ch bo qun mu
Ti
32
0
C 132
0
C 272
0
C
48
h
120
h
24
h
72
h
4
h
12
h

1 Myistic 14:0 0.84 0.67 0.83 0.71 1.34 0.80 0.68
2 Palmitic 16:0 0.14 0.03 0.09 0.12 0.07 0.15 0.08
3 Palmitoleic 16:1w7 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.04
4 Stearic 18:0 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.03
5 Cis-vaccenic 18:1w7 0.1 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.11 0.07
6 Oleic 18:1w9 0.1 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.07 0.11 0.07
7 Linoleic 18:2w6 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01
8 Linolenic 18:3w3 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
9 Arachidic 20:0 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00
10 Gondoic 20:1w9 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.06 0.08 0.06
11 Eicosadiennoic 20:2w6 0.17 0.06 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.04
12 Homo--linoleic 20:3w6 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00
13 Eicosatetrenoic 20:4w3 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
14 Eicosapentanoic (EPA) 20:5w3 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01
15 Behinic 22:0 0.13 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.09 0.12 0.08
16 Erucic 22:1w9 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
17 Myristoleic 14:1w5 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01
18 Docosahexaenoic(DHA) 22:6w3 0.08 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.05
Tng acid bo 1.98 1.06 1.49 1.64 1.90 1.80 1.24
Hnh 23. Bin i hm lng tng acid bo ca gh xanh
(P.pelagicus) theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 4 12 24 48 72 120
Thi gian (h)
A
c
i
d

b
o

(
%
)
T = 27
T = 3
T = 13
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
Bng 11. Hm lng acid bo bo ho ca gh xanh (P.pelagicus) bin i
theo thi gian bo qun nhit bo qun khc nhau (% trn mt n v
trng lng ti).
ST
T
Acid bo (%)
K
hiu
Ch bo qun mu
Ti
32
0
C 132
0
C 272
0
C
48
h
120
h
24
h
72
h
4
h
12
h

1
Myistic 14:0 0.84 0.67 0.83 0.71 1.34 0.80 0.68
2
Palmitic 16:0 0.14 0.03 0.09 0.12 0.07 0.15 0.08
3
Stearic 18:0 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.03
4
Arachidic 20:0 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00
5
Behinic 22:0 0.13 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.09 0.12 0.08
Tng acid bo bo ho
1.16 0.77 1.03 1.01 1.52 1.12 0.87
Hnh 24. Bin i hm lng acid bo bo ho ca gh xanh
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 4 12 24 48 72 12
Thi gian (h)
A
c
i
d

b
o

b
o

h
o

(
%
)
T = 27
T = 3
T = 13
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
Bng 12. Hm lng acid bo khng bo ho ca gh xanh (P.pelagicus) bin i theo thi
gian bo qun nhit bo qun khc nhau (% trn mt n v trng lng ti).`
STT Acid bo (%)
K
hiu
Ch bo qun mu
Ti
32
0
C 132
0
C 272
0
C
48
h
120
h
24
h
72
h
4
h
12
h

1
Palmitoleic 16:1w7 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.07 0.04
2
Cis-vaccenic 18:1w7 0.1 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.11 0.07
3
Oleic 18:1w9 0.1 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.07 0.11 0.07
4
Linoleic 18:2w6 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01
5
Linolenic 18:3w3 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
6
Gondoic 20:1w9 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.06 0.08 0.06
7
Eicosadiennoic 20:2w6 0.17 0.06 0.11 0.14 0.11 0.15 0.04
8
Homo--linoleic 20:3w6 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00
9
Eicosatetrenoic 20:4w3 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
10
Eicosapentanoic (EPA) 20:5w3 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01
11
Erucic 22:1w9 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
12
Myristoleic 14:1w5 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01
13
Docosahexaenoic(DHA) 22:6w3 0.08 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.05
Tng acid bo 0.82 0.29 0.46 0.63 0.38 0.68 0.37
Hnh 25. Bin i hm lng acid bo khng bo ho ca gh xanh
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 4 12 24 48 72 12
Thi gian (h)
A
c
i
d

b
o

k
h
n
g

b
o

h
o

(
%
)
T = 27
T = 3
T = 13
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
Hnh 26. Bin i hm lng acid docosahexaenoic (DHA) ca
gh xanh theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0 4 12 24 48 72 120
Thi gian (h)
A
c
i
d

b
o

D
H
A

(
%
)
T = 13
T = 27
T = 3
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
Hnh 27. Bin i hm lng acid eicosapentaenoic (EPA) ca
gh xanh theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0 4 12 24 48 72 12
Thi gian (h)
A
c
i
d

b
o

E
P
A

(
%
)
T = 27
T = 3
T = 13
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
Hnh 28. Bin i hm lng m baz bay hi ca gh xanh
c theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 6 12 24 36 48 72 96 120 144 168
Thi gian (gi)
H
m

l
n
g

m

b
a
z

b
a
y

h
i

(
m
g
%
)
T = 27
T = 18
T = 13
T = 3
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
Hnh 29. Bin i hm lng m baz bay hi ca gh xanh
ci theo thi gian bo qun nhit khc nhau
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 6 8 12 24 36 72 96 120 140
Thi gian (gi)
H
m

l
n
g

m

b
a
z

b
a
y

h
i

(
m
g
%
)
.
T = 27
T = 18
T = 13
T = 3
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
Hnh 30. Hm lng m baz bay hi gia tht thn v tht
cng, que trong qu trnh bo qun nhit 32
0
C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 24 48 72
Thi gian (gi)
H
m

l
n
g

m

b
a
z

b
a
y

h
i

(
m
g
%
)
Tht cng que
Tht thn
Hnh 31. Bin i cm quan ca gh xanh theo thi gian bo
qun nhit khc nhau
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 100 200
Thi gian bo qun (h)
m

c
m

q
u
a
n
T = 27
T = 20
T = 13
T = 3
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
2
0
C
CH
2
OH
O
OH
HO
O
O
OH
HO
O
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH
O
OH
HO
O
O
OH
HO
O
O
CH
2
OH
n
310
H
2
O
Vi sinh vt
Enzyme
O
Cellulose
Hnh 32. S phn gii cellulose thnh cellulodextrin
2. Bin i ca rong bin sau thu hoch do phn ng thu phn
Hnh 33. S phn gii agar thnh agar dextrin
CH
2
OH
O
HO
OH O
n
CH
2
OH
O
O
CH
2
OSO
3
H
O
OH
O O
HO
OH
CH
2
OH
O
HO
OH O
310
CH
2
OH
O
O
CH
2
OSO
3
H
O
OH
O O
HO
OH
H
2
O
Vi sinh vt
Enzyme
Hinh 34. S phn gii carrageenan thnh carrageenan dextrin
CH
2
O
O
OH
O
2

O
O
O
O
O
H
2
O
Vi sinh vt
Enzyme
n
Carrageenan
CH
2
O
O
OH
O
2

O
O
O
O
O
310
Carrageenan dextrin
SO
Bng 13. Bin i ca nht v hiu sut thu alginate ca nguyn liu
theo phng php lm kh v thi gian chm lm kh
Phng php
lm kh Bin i
ca alginate
Thi gian lm kh
(ngy)
0 1 2 3
Phi Sy Phi Sy Phi Sy Phi Sy
nht (centipoise) 595 540 489 420 418 340 379 292
Hiu sut (%) 25.35 24.22 24.51 23.14 24.06 22.51 23.77 22.13
* nh hng ca thi gian chm lm kh
Rong c lm kh ngay
Rong khng c lm kh ngay
Phng php phi
Phng php sy
* nh hng ca mi trng nc ra rong sau thu hoch v thi gian, nhit bo qun
rong kh.
Bng 14. nht v hiu sut thu hi alginate
ca nguyn liu x l nc ngt ngay sau thu
hoch, phi v bo qun
Bo qun
Khng
bo
qun
1 tun 2 tun 3 tun 4 tun
T
0

thng
510
0
C
T
0

thng
510
0
C
T
0

thng
510
0
C
T
0

thng
510
0
C
nht
(centipoise)
525 539 487 509 466 489 451 447 595
Hiu sut (%) 23.92 24.33 22.86 23.35 21.65 22.56 20.84 21.9
2
25.53
Ch bo
qun
Bin i
ca alginate
Bng 15. nht v hiu sut thu hi alginate ca
nguyn liu khng x l nc ngt, phi v bo qun
Bo qun
Khng
bo
qun
1 tun 2 tun 3 tun 4 tun
T
0

thng
510
0
C
T
0

thng
510
0
C
T
0

thng
510
0
C
T
0

thng
510
0
C
nht
(centipoise)
497 513 447 480.4 423.5 457.8 411 445.5 582
Hiu sut (%) 22.54 22.86 21.14 21.71 20.01 20.79 19.24 20.02 24.28
Ch bo
qun
Bin i
ca alginate
3.2. BIN I THC PHM DO PHN NG OXY HO
KH TRONG MT S QU TRNH CNG NGH
3.2.1. Qu trnh oxy ho kh trong qu trn ln men bia
1. Oxy ho kh xy ra trong qu trnh lm lnh dch ng ln men
2. Qu trnh oxy ho kh to nn sinh khi t bo nm men.
a. Qu trnh oxy ho kh to sinh khi t bo nm men
S lng t vo thay i trong qu trnh ln men c biu din trn ng cong
sinh trng ca nm men c phn chia thnh 4 pha sau:
Pha lag (pha tim tng): giai on u ny khng c s tng ln v s lng t bo
nm men , nhng nm men tng hp tch cc cc enzyme cho giai on tip theo, giai
on ny thng ko di trong khong thi gian 6
h
.
Pha log (pha m): giai on ny ch nm men pht trin mnh, s pht trin
ny dn n s lng t bo tng ln t 1.21.3 ln trong khong thi gian 1 gi.
Pha n nh: giai on ny si lng t bo nm men sinh ra cn bng vi s
lng t bo nm men cht i v c trng thi n nh.T
0
, pH,
Pha t vong: c s gim xung v s lng t bo. Giai on ny s lng t bo
nm men cht i nhiu hn s lng t bo mi sinh ra do s cung cp cht dinh
dng ngy cng t i v s tch lu sn phm thi c hi cng nhiu.
Hnh 35. S thay i ng, nhit , chua v
s lng t bo nm men giai on ln men chnh
b. Qu trnh oxy ho kh to nn sn phm bia c trng
Glucose-6-phosphatizumerase
CH
2
O PO
3
H
2

HO
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
Glucose-6-phosphat
O
O
CH
2
OH
H
HO
OH
H
H
H
H
2
O
3
P O H
2
C
Fructose-6-phosphat
Phosphofructokinase
O
H
HO
OH
H
H
H
H
2
O
3
P O H
2
C
Fuctose-1,6-diphosphat
O
CH
2
OH
H
HO
OH
H
H
H
H
2
O
3
P O H
2
C
Fuctose-6-phosphat
+ ATP
CH
2
O PO
3
H
2

+ ADP
CH
2
OH
HO
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
+ ATP
Hexokinase
Mg
2+

CH
2
O PO
3
H
2

HO
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
Glucose Glucose-6-phosphat
O O
+ ADP
(1)
(2)
(3)
O
H
HO
OH
H
H
H
H
2
O
3
P O H
2
C
Fuctose-1,6-diphosphat
CH
2
O PO
3
H
2

Aldolase
CH
2
O PO
3
H
2

C = O
CH
2
OH
+
H C = O
H C OH
CH
2
O PO
3
H
2

PhosphodioxyKeton
3-phosphoglyceraldehyd
H C = O
H C OH
CH
2
O PO
3
H
2

3-phosphoglyceraldehyd
+ H
3
PO
4
+ NAD
+

dehydrogenase
O = C O ~ H
2
PO
3

H C OH
CH
2
O PO
3
H
2

Acid 1,3-diphosphoglycerinic
+ NADH + H
+

O = C O ~ H
2
PO
3

H C OH
CH
2
O PO
3
H
2

Acid 1,3-diphosphoglycerinic
+ ADP
COOH
H C OH
CH
2
O PO
3
H
2

Acid 3-phosphoglycerinic
+ ATP
(4)
(5)
(6)
COOH
H C OH
CH
2
O PO
3
H
2

Phosphoglyxerometase
COOH
H C O PO
3
H
2

CH
2
OH
+ H
2
O
Acid 2-phosphoenol piruvic
COOH
H C O PO
3
H
2

CH
2
OH
Enolase
COOH
H C O ~ PO
3
H
2

CH
2

+ H
2
O
Acid 2-phosphoenol piruvic
COOH
H C O ~ PO
3
H
2

CH
2

Piruvatkinase
+ ADP
Acid piruvic
COOH
C = O
CH
3

+ ATP
(7)
(8)
(9)
Acid piruvic
COOH
C = O
CH
3

Cacboxylase
Acetaldehyd
H
C = O
CH
3

+ CO
2

Acetaldehyd
H
C = O
CH
3

+ NADH + H
+

Alcoldehydrogenase
CH
3
CH
2
OH + NAD
+

Ru ethylic
ADP ATP CO OH H C ADP PO H ATP O H C 2 4 2 2 4 2 2
2 5 2 4 3 6 12 6
+ + + + + +
ATP CO OH H C ADP PO H O H C 2 2 2 2 2
2 5 2 4 3 6 12 6
+ + + +
(10)
(11)
Phosphodioxy Keton
NADH
NAD
+

Glycerophosphat
dehydrogenase
-glycerophosphat
Glycerin + H
3
PO
4

2 3 8 3 3 5 2 2 6 12 6
2 2 2 2 CO O H C COOH CH OH H C O H O H C + + + +
Glucose Ru ethylic a.acetic Glycerin
ng hng th hai ca qu trnh ln men ru c th lch sang l s to thnh glycerin t
phosphodioxy Keton theo s sau:
ng hng th 3 ca qu trnh ln men ru c th to thnh cc b acetic v glycerin
Hnh 36. S chuyn ho glucose trong t
bo nm men iu kin ym kh
(DioxyKeton P )
C
6
H
12
O
6

(Glucose)
ATP
ADP
(Hexokinase)
Glucose-6- P
Fructose-6- P
ATP
ADP
(Hexokinase)
Fructose-1,6-di P
CHO
CH OH
CH O P
(Aldehyd - 3 P - glyceric)
CH
2
OH
C = O
CH O P
Hnh 36. S chuyn ho glucose trong t bo nm men iu kin ym kh
NAD
NADH + H
+

H
3
PO
4

CH
2
O P
CH OH
COO P
(Acid 1,3 di P - glyceric)
ADP
ATP
CH
2
O P
CH OH
COOH
(Acid 3 P - glyceric)
CH
2
OH
CHO P
COOH
(Acid 2 P - glyceric)
Phosphoglyceratmutase
H
2
O
CH
2

CO P
COOH
(Acid P - enolpiruvic)
CH
3

C = O
COOH
(Acid piruvic)
Piruvatkinase
ADP ATP
CO
2

CH
3
CHO
(Aldehyd acetic)
CH
3
CH
2
OH
(Ru ethanol)
NAD
NADH + H
+

(I)
(Aldehyd - 3 P - glyceric)
Hnh 37. Chuyn ho acid pyruvic trong t bo nm men trong iu kin hiu kh (c oxy)
HOOC CH
2
C CH
2
COOH
COOH
OH
(Acid citric )
HOOC CH
2
C CH
2
CH
2
COOH
O
(Acid -xetoglutamic)
CO
2

NADH + H
+

CH
2
CH
2
COOH
(Xucinyl - CoA)
CO
2

NADH + H
+

C
O
SCoA
HOOC CH = CH COOH
(Acid fumaric)
CO
2

NADH + H
+

HOOC CH CH
2
COOH
OH
(Acid malic)
HOOC C CH
2
COOH
O
(Acid oxaloacetic)
NADH + H
+

CH
3

C = O
COOH
(Acid piruvic)
CO
2
NADH + H
+

CH
3
C
O
SCoA
(Acetyl coA)
(II)
3. Qu trnh tn to ru cao v acid hu c trong bia l qu trnh oxy ho kh
CH
3
C COOH
O
+ R CH COOH
NH
2

CH
3
CH COOH
NH
2

+ R C COOH
O
R C COOH
O
CO
2

R CHO
2 (R CHO)
H
2
O
R COOH + R CH
2
OH
Acid bo Ru cao
Chng hn nh s tn to tyrosol sau
S tn to tyrosol
OH
CH
2
CH COOH
NH
2

OH
CH
2
CH COOH
O
CH
3
CH COOH
O
Tyrosine
Acid pyruvic
CH
3
CH COOH
NH
2

Alanin
2
2
2
2
Yeast
OH
CH
2
CHO
2
CO
2

Adehyd thm
+ H
2
O
OH
CH
2
COOH
Acid hu c thm
OH
CH
2
CH
2
OH
Tyrosol
Glucose
Nm men
Acid pyruvic
Nm men
Alanin
Acid amin
Ru cao
Acid hu c
Nm men
Glucose Acid pyruvic Alanin
Acid amin
Ru cao
Acid hu c
Qu trnh tn to ru cao c th khi qut nh sau
CH
3
CHOH COOH CH
3
COOH
CH
3
C COOH
OH
C = O
CH
3

- acetolactic
H
2
O
V sinh vt (nm men hoc vi khun)
CH
3
C C CH
3

O O
Oxy ho v
decacboxyl ho
CO
2

H
2

diacetyl
CH
3
C C CH
3

O O
diacetyl
+ H
2

- acetolactatdecacboxylase
CH
3
C C CH
3

O OH
Acetoin
H
* Qu trnh hnh thnh diacetyl
* Qu trnh phn hu diacetyl
4. Qu trnh hnh thnh diacetyl v phn hu diacetyl trong bia do qu trnh oxy ho kh
Bng 16. S thay i hm lng m v cc thng s lin quan
trong qu trnh ln men theo thi gian
3
NH
N
Thi
gian
(gi)
Cc thng s bin i trong qu trnh ln men bia
Nhit
(
0
C)
pH
p sut
(Kg/cm
2
)

ng
(plato)
S lng
t bo
(triu/lit)
N
TS

(mg/l)
N
a.amin
(mg/l)

(mg/l)
0 10.5 5.2 0 11.5 21 3080 875.8 4.20
24 12 4.9 0 11.2 34.65 3080 875.8 4.20
48 12 4.3 0.5 8.5 65.80 2800 835.8 4.20
72 12 4.3 0.5 6.5 96 2520 805.8 4.20
96 12 4.2 0.5 3.45 112 2100 734.4 5.60
120 8 4.1 0.5 2.2 91.50 1680 664.4 5.60
144 4 4.0 1 2.1 18 1400 603.3 7.00
168 2 4.0 1 2.1 14.50 1260 563.0 7.00
5. Qu trnh oxy ho kh lm thay i cc thnh phn trong bia
a. Bin i hm lng nit
Bin i lm gim hm lng nit
Ngun nit
Dinh
dng
nit
Sinh tng hp
protein kin to
enzyme
Sinh tng hp
acid amin ni
bo
Tn to
acid hu
c
Tn to
ru cao
Xy dng sinh khi nm men
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168
Thi gian (gi)
H
m

l
n
g

m

(
m
g
/
l
)
.
N
N
TS
Acid amin
Hnh 38. Biu so snh mc bin i ca hm lng m
tng s v hm lng m acid amin theo thi gian
Hnh 39. th biu din s bin i hm
lng m NH
3
theo thi gian
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168
Thi gian (gi)
m

N

(
m
g
/
l
)
N
3
NH
N
Hnh 40. th biu din mc bin i cm quan v mu
sc, mi, v v bt ca bia trong qu trnh ln men chnh
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168
Thi gian (gi)
m

c
m

q
u
a
n

t
r
u
n
g

b
n
h
Mu sc
V
Mi
bt
b. Qu trnh oxy ho kh lm bin i cht lng cm quan ca dch ln men bia v hnh thnh
hng v mu sc c trng.
3.2.3. Phn ng oxy ho kh trong sn xut ru vang
Qu
p dch Lm dp v
iu chnh thnh phn
iu chnh thnh phn
Ph gia Ph gia
Ln men 2 giai on Ln men
X l X l
Vang trng Vang
1. Phn ng oxy ho nc qu lm gim cht lng ca ru vang.
Khi p, hoc lm dp qu t bo b ph v, cn bng sinh ho trong qu
b ph hu nghim trng. ng thi do tip xc vi oxy khng kh, cc
enzyme trong nc qu hot ng mnh (c bit cc enzyme oxy ho kh
oxydoreductase) lm cho nc qu b oxy ho nhanh chng. Trong qu
trnh oxy ho polyphenol l ng k nht sau n cc vitamine v cc cht
khc.
Polyphenol
O
2

Tanin
Qu trnh oxy ho nc qu s gy ra nhiu bin i lm gim cht lng ca
dch qu trc khi ln men v nh hng mnh n cht lng ca ru vang sau ny.
Cc bin i cht lng c c th v cc hng sau.
Mt mi thm t nhin ca nc qu: do qu trnh oxy ho lm bin i cu trc ho
hc ca cc nhm mang mi t lm mt mi.
Hm lng tanin tng ln do oxy ho polyphenol s lm cho v cht tng ln, nh
hng khng tt n i sng nm men, vi khun, lm cho kh nng ln men yu. V
cht cao s lm cho v ca ru vang khng bo ho.
Mu sc ca nc qu b sm li lm nh hng n mu sc ca ru vang, nht l
trong sn xut vang trng.
Hin tng oxy ho kh xy ra s lm enzyme b kt ta. Cc enzyme thng b kt
ta khi c mt cc mui st, mui ng th oxy ho kh. Cc enzyme ny rt cn
thit cho qu trnh lm chn ru vang sau ny. Qua cho ta thy hin tng oxy
ho kh trong giai on lm dp hoc p qu xy ra s nh hng ln n cht
lng ca ru vang. Do , cn c bin php lm gim thiu hin tng ny bng
mt trong nhng phng php sau:
Khng lm dp qu trong qu trnh thu hi, vn chuyn.
Sau khi p hoc lm dp qu phi tin hnh sn xut ngay. Nu chm d ch
mt vi gi th cht lng ca ru vang cng km i.
Dng bin php ho l hn ch oxy ho.
p lc dch qu trong iu kin khng c oxy.
B sung thm cht chng oxy ho vo dch p. Trong SO
2
l cht chng
oxy ho c s dng ph bin v cho php dng trong sn xut ru
vang hu ht cac nc sn xut ru vang. Tc dng ca SO
2
trn cc
phng din: chng oxy ho, tiu dit vi sinh vt c hi nh khun nm v
vi khun lactic.Tc dng chng oxy ho ca SO
2
ch, SO
2
thu oxy ca
mi trng v lm gim hot ng ca enzyme oxy ho kh. Tuy nhin
cn lu v liu lng SO
2
b sung, thng dng l 30120 mg/lt nc
qu. Nu liu lng SO
2
qu nhiu s cho ru vang c mi kh chu nh
hng n s sng ca nm men v vi khun ln men malolactic sau ny.
C th x l nhit cho dch qu v hot enzyme oxy ho. Tuy nhin phng
php ny cng nh hng ng k n cht lng ca ru vang. Ch cho php
x l nhit trong thi gian ngn v nhit khng qu cao, chng hn nu pH
ca dch qu sn xut vang l = 3.23.6 th ch cn gia nhit 60
0
C trong
thi gian = 1520 pht. Phng php ny thng thc hin trong sn xut
vang da, v ng thi vi qu trnh v hot enzyme oxy ho cn c qu trnh
v hot enzyme bromelain.
Trong qu trnh ln men nu khng c phn ng oxy ho kh th khng th
hnh thnh ru vang c trng. Qu trnh oxy ho kh l yu t m u cho vic
hnh thnh sinh khi t bo, sinh tng hp h thng enzyme ca vi sinh vt v qu
trnh trao i cht (ln men) to sn phm c trng: ethanol, ru cao, aldehyd
thm, acid hu c
Mi trng ln men
Glucose
saccharose
Acid amin
Acid hu c
Dinh dng khc
Nm men
Ru cao
Ethanol
CO
2

Glycerin
Acid lactic
2. Phn ng oxy ho kh trong qu trnh ln men to nn thnh phn v cht lng ca
ru vang.
Hnh 41. th biu din nh hng ca pH n cn cc
hm lng ng khc nhau
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
pH
n

(
%
)
hm lng
ng 180 g/l
Hm lng
ng 200 g/l
Hm lng
ng 220 g/l
Hm lng
ng 250 g/l
CHNG 4
KH NNG BIN I CA HP
CHT C BN TRONG CNG
NGH THC PHM
4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG V CC NGUYN NHN LM BIN I THC PHM
4.1.1. Thc phm d b bin i do bn cht ca chng cha ng cc cht sng d bin i
4.1.2. Thc phm b bin i do tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng cng ngh
Yu t Mi trng Chiu hng bin i ca thc phm
Ho hc
Acid, kim
Thc phm b mm nhn do phn ng thu phn
Bin mu, kh nng bin tnh ca cc cht hu c
Oxy
Thc phm bin i theo chiu hng oxy ho
Alcol
Kh nng mt nc, bin mu, bin tnh
Cht ph gia
Kh nng ho hp, to mu, mi.
Kh nng gi nc
Cht st trng, ty
ra
Kh nng mt mu
Kh nng bin tnh ca cc cht hu c
Sinh hc
Enzyme
Kh nng thu phn lm mm thc phm
Vi sinh vt
Kh nng ln men
Kh nng to mi
Kh nng phn hu
Kh nng thu phn
Bng 17. Cc hng bin i chung ca thc phm trong cng ngh
Bng 17. Cc hng bin i chung ca thc phm trong cng ngh
Vt l
Nhit cao
Kh nng bin tnh cc cht hu c
Kh nng phn hu cc cht hu c
Kh nng mt nc
Kh nng to mu, to mi
Kh nng a t
Nhit thp
Kh nng mt nc, bin tnh (nhit ng lnh)
Kh nng a t (nhit ng lnh)
Thu phn nh (nhit ng lnh)
nh sng, cc tia
vt l
Kh nng gim thiu vi sinh vt
Bin tnh
Thay i mu, oxy ho
C hc
Nghin trn
Kh nng to gel
Kh nng trn ln, ho hp
p Kh nng mt nc
Kh nng gn kt
Xay nh Kh nng ct nh
Quay mui Kh nng kh tp cht
Tng cng dn, cng
Kh nng mt nc
Kh nng ty trng
4.2. KH NNG BIN I CA PROTEIN TRONG CH BIN V BO QUN
4.2.1. Hin tng bin tnh ca protein (protein degeneration)
1. Khi qut chung v hin tng bin tnh (to denature)
Di tc dng ca cc tc nhn vt l, ho hc, c khi c c hc u lm cho
protein b bin tnh. Ngha l xy ra s sp xp li cc nhm mch bn trong ni ti phn
t protein, cc cu trc bc cao b thay i do cc lin kt th cp, ch yu l lin kt
hydro b ph v. T lm cho protein b bin i tnh cht (to denature). Hin tng
gi l bin tnh protein.
Khi protein b bin tnh, tnh cht ca protein s thay i nh sau:
Mt tnh cht hot ng sinh hc
Mt kh nng ho tan trong nc
Mt kh nng kt tinh v nhng tnh cht l ho hc khc ( nht, sc cng b mt)
Bin i hnh dng v kch thc phn t
Tng cng b thu phn bi enzyme protease trong ng ng tiu ho
Cho n nay cha mt l thuyt no gii thch tho ng c ch ca cc qu trnh bin tnh
protein.
Cc qu trnh bin tnh protein di tc dng ca tc nhn gy bin tnh khc nhau s
khng ging nhau.
Tuy nhin trong s bin tnh ca globulin c nghin cu cn k hn c. Khi b bin
tnh, cc lin kt th cp trong phn t protein b ph v, mch polyPeptide b m,
protein b mt kh nng hp nc km theo gii phng cc nhm chc ( SH, S S ,
OH ) vn trc kia nm n su pha trong mch polyPeptide. V vy protein b bin tnh
cho phn ng mu c trng mnh hn. Cc mch polyPeptide b bin tnh thng lin kt
li vi nhau khng theo mt quy lut no c thnh mt tp hp ln, do bin tnh thng
lm cho protein b vn cc v kt ta.
Bin tnh protein lm vn cc v kt ta
(a): Mch polyPeptide cha b bin
tnh.
(b): Mch polyPeptide bin tnh
(c): Tp hp cc protein bin tnh
(a) (b) (c)
2. Tnh ph bin ca hin tng bin tnh protein v ngha ca vic nghin cu kh
nng bin tnh ca protein trong sn xut thc phm
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein nhit cao
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein nhit ng bng.
T l protein b bin tnh khng thun nghch trong qu trnh
ng lnh ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh:
S lng v kch thc ca tinh th nc
S n nh ca nhit trong khi bo qun
Thi gian bo qun
S c mt ca ph gia
Trng thi thc phm ban u
S m bng, bao gi
Tc tan bng
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein trong mi trng acid, kim
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein trong iu kin mi trng alcol
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein bi tanin
Kh nng bin ca protein di tc dng ca lc c hc nghin
trn
O
O
- piran Flavan Flavon
Flavonol
O
Flavonol
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
Cetaclin
Phenol
Ngng t
Olygome
(Tanin)
Protein
Phc hp khng ho tan
O O O
O
O O
2. Tnh ph bin ca hin tng bin tnh protein v ngha ca vic nghin cu kh
nng bin tnh ca protein trong sn xut thc phm
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein nhit cao
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein nhit ng bng.
T l protein b bin tnh khng thun nghch trong qu trnh
ng lnh ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh:
S lng v kch thc ca tinh th nc
S n nh ca nhit trong khi bo qun
Thi gian bo qun
S c mt ca ph gia
Trng thi thc phm ban u
S m bng, bao gi
Tc tan bng
Kh nng bin tnh ca protein trong iu kin mi trng alcol
Kh nng bin ca protein di tc dng ca lc c hc nghin
trn
Kh nng bin ca protein di tc dng ca lc
c hc nghin trn
Lc gi Lc gi
Protein cu trc
bc I, II, III, IV
hay nghin trn hay nghin trn
Protein cu trc
bc I dui thng
Gel protein
Hnh 42. Kh nng to gel ca protein
4.2.2. Hin tng thu phn protein (decomposition, hydrolysis)
1. Khi qut chung
2. Qu trnh t phn gii (thu phn bng enzyme ni ti)
a. Tc t phn gii protein.
b. Cc yu t nh hng n s t phn gii (autolysis)
Ging loi
pH
Nng NaCl
Nhit
c. Tnh ph bin v ngha ca qu trnh t phn gii ca protein.
Qu trnh t phn gii s xy ra gn cui qu trnh t cng ca c tht. ng vt sau khi git
m, c sau khi nh bt nu khng c bo qun nhit thp (ice) s dn nhanh n qu
trnh t phn gii. Tu vo mc ch cng ngh m khng ch hay xc tin qu trnh ny. Trong
trng hp bo qun sn xut nguyn liu ng lnh th cn c bin php km hm qu trnh t
phn gii. Trng hp sn xut thc n chn th qu trnh t phn gii c ngha nng cao cht
lng mi, v cho sn phm. Bi l khi qu tnh t phn gii xy ra s lm cho thc phm thay
i v mt s tnh cht: c tht mm mi hn, hng v thm ngon hn khi gia nhit, m ln,
enzyme tiu ho d dng tc dng.
Cn lu : iu kin nhit cho qu trnh t phn gii thc phm cn thc hin
14
0
C, nhit ny nhm khng ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt thi ra. Tuy nhin cng c
th thc hin nhit cao hn (nhit thng) nhng c tm thm gia v v thc hin trong
thi gian ngn. V d: c trc khi rn ng hp, ngi ta p c vi ph gia v c t phn
gii trong 2
h
sau mi rn, kt qu lm cho c sau khi rn c v ngt hn, mi thm hn, c
mm mi hn, mu sc p hn
3. S thu phn protein bng cc tc nhn bn ngoi
a. Tc nhn l enzyme
H enzyme protein c chia lm 2 nhm:
Nhm 1: endoprotease: ch tc ng vo cc mi ni Peptide trung tm ca phn
t protein, phn ct phn t protein thnh nhng phn nh hn. Thuc loi enzyme
ny gm c pepsin, tripsin, chimotripsin, papain.
Nhm 2: exopeptidase: l cc loi enzyme thu phn cc mi ni Peptide u
mch, kt qu ln lt gii phng cc acid amin t do. Thuc nhm ny gm c
cacboxypeptindase, aminopeptindase, dipeptindase
b. Thu phn bng tc nhn ho hc (acid, kim)
Thu phn bng acid:
Cc lin kt Peptide l lin nh dng (nh phn tch phn cc phn ng thu
phn) cho nn cc lin kt ny cng b cc yu t acid, kim tc ng thu phn.
Khi cho protein vo mi trng acid, tu theo tng loi acid, nng ca chng,
nhit v thi gian m sn phm s khc nhau (acid amin, Peptide, pepton). Tuy
nhin cn lu rng: khi thu phn trong mi trung acid th khng xy ra hin tng
raxemic ho, triptophan b ph hu, mt phn acid amin c cha lu hunh v mt s
loi oxyt acid b ph hu.
Thu phn bng kim
Khi thu phn trong mi trng kim cn lu hin tng raxemic ho xy ra lm
mt kh nng tiu ho cho ngi v ng vt, arginin b ph hu v phn ln cc acid
amin cha lu hunh b ph hu
V l nhng l do trn m khng ch bin thc phm thu phn bng tc nhn thu
phn l kim.
4. ngha ca phn ng thu phn trong sn xut thc phm
4.2.3. Qu trnh thi ra ca protein
Protein
Protease
H
2
O
Acid amin
Peptide
Vi khun gy thi ra
Sn phm thi ra
Phn ng chm
Phn ng nhanh
1. Khi qut chung v cc qu trnh phn ng thi ra protein
a. Phn ng kh amin ca acid amin
b. Mt s phn ng phn hu acid amin ring bit
S phn hu arginin
S phn hu prolin
S phn hu cystin v cystein
S phn hu triptophan
S phn hu glutamic v acid aspactic
S phn hu histidin thnh histamin, s phn gii lizin thnh cadaverin, s
phn gii phenylalanin thnh phenylethylamin.
c. Phn hu cc cht c m khc
Phn hu creatinin
Phn hu lecithin
Phn hu base purin
Phn hu phosphoproteit v nucleoproteit
2. Tc thi ra v nhn t nh hng
a. Tc thi ra
b. Cc nhn t nh hng n tc thi ra
- Tnh cht c tht.
- nh hng ca nhit
- nh hng ca pH
- nh hng ca s lng vi sinh vt ban u
4.2.4. Chiu hng bin i ca protein di tc ng ca mi trng cng ngh
Yu t Cng ngh Chiu hng bin i c li Chiu hng bin i khng c li
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Nhit
thp
Lnh ng
(Frozen)
- Bin tnh thun nghch
- Nc kt bng - bo qun
protein
- Bin tnh khng thun nghch
- Mt nc protein kh xc.
- Thu phn nh tu thuc thi gian
- To gel thi im nht nh
Lm lnh
(Chilling)
- Bo qun protein - Thu phn tu thuc thi gian.
Nhit
cao
Luc, chn, nu,
hp
- Bin tnh, nng cao kh nng
tiu ho.
- Thu phn to v ngt, mi
thm
- Mi v tng cng
- Mt nc
Sy, nng
- Bin tnh, nng cao kh nng
tiu ho.
- Thu phn nng cao cht
lng mi v v kh nng
tiu ho
- Phn ng chy protein to CO
2
+
H
2
O, lm mt nc.
- Tc phn ng tu thuc vo
phng php v k thut cng
ngh
- Ho hp vi ph gia, a t phn t.
Nhit
thng
- T phn gii tng mi v.
- Ch thc hin thi gian ngn
- Phn hu protein nu thi gian ko
di.
Bng 18. Chiu hng bin i ca protein di tc ng ca mi trng cng ngh
Vi sinh
vt
Bo qun
- Phn hu protein c
mc
Ln men bia, ru
- To ru cao t acid amin (cng ngh ln
men bia)
- To ethanol, acid hu c
- Ln men sn xut cc
sn phm
Ln men sn xut
nc mm
- To mi thm nc mm do vi sinh vt
ym kh trao i cht c acid amin tham
gia (Cng ngh sn xut nc mm)
- Enzyme ca vi sinh vt tham gia.
- Thu phn protein c to acid amin,
Peptide.
- Vi sinh vt phn hu
sn phm thu phn
to sn phm cp thp
gy mi kh chu cho
nc mm.
Tm
gia v
- To phn ng cho mi thm
- Hn ch mt nc ca protein (lm bn
protein)
Lc tc
dng
c hc
Xay nghin - Ct mch protein D phn hu nu thi
gian ko di, nhit
thch hp cho hot ng
ca vi khun gy thi
Nghin gi - Bin tnh - to gel - Mu xm nu thi
gian ko di.
Acid
Sn xut sn
phm thu phn
- Thu phn mnh ,khng xy ra hin
tng raxemic
- Phn hu mt s acid
amin.
Ra kh mi tht
c trong cng
ngh sn xut
surimi
- Mu sc v mi protein thit c c ci
thin
- Thu phn ct mch,
gim to gel
p sut
cao
Hm (ninh) - Bin tnh - tng kh nng tiu ho, lm
mm sn phm
- Phn hu mt phn
acid amin
Bng 18. Chiu hng bin i ca protein di tc ng ca mi trng cng ngh
4.3 KH NNG BIN I CA GLUCID TRONG CH BIN V BO QUN
4.3.1. S thu phn ca glucid
* C ch thu phn tinh bt bng enzyme amylase
* Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh thu phn tinh bt
+ Nhit :
+ pH:
+ Nng c cht :
* C ch thu phn cellulosec Reese 1950 v cng s a ra m hnh sau y
C
x
C
1

Cellulose
t nhin
Cellulose
hot ng
ng ho tan
(Cellobiose)

Cellobiase
Glucose
Theo Rid th s phn hu cellulose nh enzyme theo s sau :
Cellulose t nhin
Mch polyglucozidee hydrat ho
Cellobiose
Glucose
Cellulase C
1

Cellulase C
x

Cellobiase
Qu trnh thu phn glucid kh ph bin trong
thc t sn xut thc phm nh :
- Trong cng ngh ln men ru, alcol t tinh bt, r
ng.
- Cng ngh sn xut bnh m.
- Cng ngh sn xut malt v nu dch ln men bia.
- Cng ngh sn xut tng.
- Cng ngh sn xut ng glucose, maltose.
- Cng ngh sn xut Agar, alginat, chitosan
- Cng ngh sn xut ng nghch o.
- Ln men sn xut sa chua
4.3.2. Mt s kiu phn gii khc
Con ng phosphorolise: c th ni theo kiu phn gii ny acid phosphoric s
thay th vai tr ca nc qu trnh thu phn. Phn ng tin hnh theo kiu
phosphorilase ch tc dng vo lin kt 1,4 ca tinh bt v s dng li khi ti lin kt
1,6. Tc dng ca n ch c tip tc khi lin kt 1,6 c gii phng nh enzyme
amilo 1,6-glucozidase. C th coi phosphorilase l loi enzyme glucozidetranspherase.
Qu trnh phn ng c tip din v to nn hng lot cc phn t glucose-1-phosphat.
S phn gii ca glycogen cng tin hnh tng t. Cc disaccarit cng b tc
dng ca enzyme phosphorilase to ln cc dn xut ca monosaccarit tng ng ng
thi gii phng monosaccarit th 2.
O
CH
2
OH
H
OH
H
H H
H
OH
O
CH
2
OH
H
OH
H
H H
H
OH
O
O
CH
2
OH
H
OH
H
H H
H
OH
HO
OPOH
OH
O
+
O
CH
2
OH
H
OH
H
H H
H
OH
OH
HO OH HO
Maltosephotphorilase
Maltose
G P v G
4.3.3. Phn ng mt nc, a t nhit cao ca glucozide (hin tng caramen ho)
* Giai on u :
Khi nhit t n nhit nng chy, saccharose b mt nc ni phn ng thi
ct mch to cc sn phm theo phng trnh sau y:
C
12
H
22
O
11
C
6
H
10
O
5
+ C
6
H
10
O
5
.
Glucosan Levulosan
-H
2
O
* Giai on tip theo:
Khi nhit tng n 185190
0
C, hai sn phm ny li a t vi nhau to
izosaccarosan, ng thi cc izosaccarosan li a t v mt nc to sn phm caramelan
mu vng (tng lng nc mt 10%).
Sn phm caramelan li tip tc ngng t vi izosaccarosan v mt 3 phn t nc to
sn phm caramelen. Tng lng nc mt trong thi k ny l 14%. Caramelen c mu
nu, v ng.
-H
2
O
C
6
H
10
O
5
+ C
6
H
10
O
5
C
12
H
20
O
10
(izosaccarosan)

C
12
H
22
O
11
C
24
H
36
O
18
(caramelan)
-3H
2
O
C
24
H
36
O
18
C
36
H
50
O
35
(caramelen)
* Giai on cui:
Khi nhit tip tc tng, thi gian gia nhit ko di, lng nc mt i 25%, cc sn phm tip
tc a t v mt nc to caramelin c mu nu en, v ng.
Cu trc xon phn t amylose
n
HO
HO HO
HO
OH
OH OH OH
OH
Nghin, gi
hoc t
0
cao
Cc phn t mt
cu trc xon
Gel n hi
HO
Nghin, gi
(hoc ngui)
Xut hin ni
lc ma st
4.3.4. Kh nng to gel ca glucid.
1. Kh nng to gel tinh bt :
Ca
2+

O O O O
Cu trc phn t alginat t do
Cu trc dng li gel alginatcanxi
dng v trng (Egg-box)
NH
3
+

NH
3
+

Chitosan
OOC
OOC
COO
Alginat
NH
3
+

COO
NH
3
+

COO
NH
3
+

COO
Gel alginat-chitozan
2. Kh nng to gel ca alginat
OOC
OOC
COO
Alginat
NH
3
+

COO
NH
3
+

COO
NH
3
+

COO
To gel kp alginat chitosan v Ca
2+

NH
3
+

NH
3
+

NH
3
+

Chitosan
NH
3
+

NH
3
+

OOC
OOC
COO
Chitosan
Alginat
COO
COO
Ca
2
+

NH
3
+

NH
3
+

Chitosan
Alginat
COO
NH
3
+

Kh nng to gel ca alginat
3. Kh nng to gel ca agar:
4. Kh nng to gel ca carrageenan
COO

Protein

Carrageenan

COO

COO

Carrageenan

Protein

Hnh 45. Kh nng trn ln v to gel gia carrageenan v protein
Ca
2+
Ca
2+
Ca
2+

+
3
NH
+
3
NH
+
3
NH
+
3
NH
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
2
4
SO
+
3
NH
+
3
NH
+
3
NH
+
3
NH
Hnh 46. S oxy ho kh sinh hc glucose cung cp nng lng v sn phm ln men

Glucose
Fructose 1,6 diphosphat
Triose
Chu trnh
pentose
Glyxerin
Pentose
A.nucleic Lipid
Xitric
- xetoglutaric
Xuccinic
Fumaric
OxaloAcetic
NAD
NADH + H
+

NAD
NADH + H
+

FAD
FADH
2

Glutamic
Prolin
Arginin
Protein
Aspactic
Lyzin
Treinin
Izoleuxin
NAD
NADH + H
+

Alanin
Glyxin
Cistein
Serin
Leuxin
Valin
Ethanol
Lactic
Acetic
Formic
Butyric
Pyrivic
Acetylco.A Acid bo
4.3.4. Phn ng oxi ho kh glucid
1. S oxy ho kh gin tip (oxy ho kh sinh hc)
2. Oxy ho trc tip
Glucose Gluconic Sn phm thm mu
Oxy ho
4.3.5. Bin i ca glucid trong bo qun rau qu sau thu hoch
1. c tnh sinh hc ca nguyn liu rau qu
2. Cc qu trnh sinh ho xy ra sau khi thu hi v thi gian bo qun rau qu
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ O
2
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + 282.104J
(Glucose)
H
2
O
C
6
H
12
O
6 NAD

NADH
+ H

O
2
O

2

Mch chuyn proton H+, e
ATP

ATP

ATP

Khi d chui h hp hot ng
H hp hiu kh: khi rau qu c tip xc vi oxy khi
Khi 2/3 lng nhit to ra mi trng xung quanh cn 1/3 dng cho vic duy tr
qu trnh sng ca rau qu hoc d tr di dng ATP, lc ny nhit ca khi rau qu s
tng ln.
H hp ym kh xy ra trong mi trng khng c oxy hoc lng oxy trong cc t
bo khng . Qu trnh h hp ny v c bn ging nh qu trnh ln men c phng trnh
ho hc nh sau:
C
6
H
12
O
6
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
+ 11,7.104J
Phn ng ny c sinh nhit nhng nhit lng to ra nh hn gn 24 ln so vi h
hp hiu kh, ru sinh ra t qu trnh ny tch t trong cc t bo, c ch s sng ca chng
v l nguyn nhn gy ng bn trong rau qu.
Mc tin trin ca qu trnh h hp c c trng bng cng h hp, c
biu th bng s miligam CO
2
to ra t 1kg rau qu trong thi gian 1 gi.
Ngi ta thy rng cng h hp ca rau qu thay i theo tng thi k pht
trin ca chng t khi pht trin cho n khi gi, cht. Qua th hnh [47] v trn cho thy,
thi k bt u sinh trng v pht trin ca cc t bo, cng h hp gim nhanh chng
theo thi gian (1). n thi k th (2) khi t bo pht trin mnh, tc ca cng h
hp c chm hn v t ti cc tiu khi qu pht trin y v bt u qu trnh chn (3).
i vi mt s loi qu hch, qu nhiu ht, chui, i, xoi... qu trnh chn bt u
t khi cng h hp t ti cc tiu (3) v tng ln nhanh chng trong qu trnh chn, t
n im cc i (4) khi qu chn hon ton (qu trnh chn t 3 n 4). y l thi k
chuyn ho mnh m cc cht trong thnh phn ho hc ca rau qu lm cho cht lng ca
chng t n gi tr cao nht. Giai on tng cng h hp (t 3 n 4) ny c gi l
s tng climacteric. Nhng loi qu m c s tng nhanh v cng h hp trong qu trnh
chn v t ti gi tr cc i khi chn hon ton gi l qu climacteric
Hnh 47. ng hc ca s h hp trong qu
trnh pht trin ca rau qu.
IV
VIII VII X II
cl
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Thng
m M
1
2
3
4
5
6
C
O
2

(
g
/
1
0
0
g
/
2
4
h
)

Hnh 48. S v cng h hp qua cc thi k
pht trin ca rau qu
C
n
g

p

G
i
a
i

n

p
h
t

t
r
i
n

G
i
a
i

n

s
p

c
h
n

C
h
u

k

C
l
i
m
a
c
t
e
v
i
c

q
u
i

t
r
n
h

c
h
n

G
i
a
i

n

g
i

Giai on
3. Nhng yu t nh hng n tc ca cc qu trnh sinh ho trong rau qu
a. Nhit
b. m tng i ca khng kh
c. Thnh phn khng kh ca mi trng
4. chn ca rau qu
- chn thu hi
- chn k thut
- chn s dng
- chn sinh l
5. Nhng bin i ca rau qu trong qu trnh chn
* Nhng bin i glucid trong thnh phn ho hc ca qu trnh chn.
* Nhng bin i v trng thi vt l, sinh l, ho l
* Nhng bin i v ch tiu cm quan
* Mt s p dng vic nghin cu qu trnh bin i sinh ho glucid ca rau qu sau thu
hoch bo qun v dm chn
4.4. KH NNG BIN I CA LIPIT TRONG CH BIN V BO QUN
4.4.1. S thu phn lipit
Triglycerit axit bo + glycerin
Leuxithin
Xfalin
Axit bo + baz nit + glycerin + axit phosphoric
Trng hp thu phn bng kim s to thnh x phng v glycerin (qu trnh x
phng ho).
Ch s Xa ca lipit tng dn theo thi gian do acid bo hnh thnh ngy cng tng.
Hin tng du m ho chua trong bo qun cng do qu trnh thu phn lipit gy
nn.
Trong sn xut thc phm thng phi phng trnh hin tng ny, bi v qu
trnh thu phn l qu trnh m u cho phn ng oxy ho cht bo lm gim nhanh
cht lng thc phm.
Di tc dng ca cc yu t nhit , ho cht kim, acid, enzyme lipase, lipit
thng b thu phn to thnh cc sn phm n gin nh acid bo, glycerin, baz nit,
acid phosphoric
4.4.2. S nh ho lipit
Hnh 48. S to nh tng bn ca lipit trong mi trng kim
4.4.3. S i ho lipit
1. i ho do phn ng thu phn
2. i ho do phn ng oxy ho kh
a. i ho ho hc
b. i ho sinh hc
4.5. NHNG BIN I C BN CA VITAMINE
4.5.1. Gii thiu chung v vitamine v kh nng bin i ca chng
1.Gii thiu chung v vitamine
2. Cc chiu hng bin i chung ca vitamine
Cc yu t mi trng Chiu hng bin i
Loi
Vitamine
O
2
, t
0
cao, acid, cht oxy ho - Oxy ho mt hot tnh sinh hc.
- Mc ph thuc vo thi gian tc dng
Vitamine A
Vitamine B6
nh sng, m, khng kh, pH
kim
- Phn gii phn t mt hot tnh sinh hc
- Mc ph thuc vo thi gian tc dng
Vitamine B1
Vitamine B12
Vitamine B3
Hydrogen trong mi trng t
0

cao, p sut cao
- S no ho lm thay i cu trc - mt
hot tnh sinh hc.
Vitamine A
Nhit , cht oxy ho, pH acid. - Bn, t thay i
- L cht chng oxy ho
Vitamine E
Vitamine C
Mi trng kim, tia t ngoi. - B ph hy mt hot tnh sinh hc. Vitamine E
Vitamine B1
4.5.2. Nhng tnh cht, chc nng v s bin i ca mt s vitamine trong cng ngh
thc phm.
1. Viamin A
a. Cu to, tnh cht, chc nng.
b. Vitamine A v provitamin A trong thc phm - nh hng ca cc qu trnh bo
qun v ch bin ti hm lng vitamm A.
Ngun gc
Hm lng vitamine A trong mt s sn phm
2. Vitamime D:
b. Vitamine D trong thc phm v kh nng bin i ca chung trong bo qun v ch
bin thc phm
3. Vitamm E (tocoferol)
4. Vitamine B
1
:
b. S tn ti ca vitamine B
1
trong t nhin.
5. Vitamine B
6

b. Bo qun v ch bin
6. Vitamine C:(acid ascocbic)
b. Tnh cht cng ngh
c. Bin php bo v vitamine C trong ch bin v bo qun
7. Vitamine B
12
:
CHNG 5
KH NNG BIN I CA CHT MU
THC PHM TRONG QU TRNH
CNG NGH
5.1. NGHA CA CC SC T TRONG SN XUT THC PHM
C th thc hin iu bng nhng cch sau:
1. Xy dng mt quy trnh gia cng nguyn liu bn thnh phm bo
ton c ti a cc mu c sn trong nguyn liu.
2. Tch ra, c c v bo qun cc cht mu t chnh nguyn liu thc vt
hoc t cc nguyn liu khc giu mu sc. Sau t cc cht mu t
nhin c c ny c th dng nhum mu cho chnh nguyn liu
m thu c cht mu hoc cho nhng dng nguyn liu hon ton
khc.
3. Tng hp nhn to cc cht mu ging cht mu t nhin ca sn phm
thc phm ri dng chng nhum mu cho cc sn phm khc m
dng t nhin khng mnh hoc b mt mu ban u do qu trnh ch
bin.
4. Dng cc bin php k thut thch hp iu chnh cc phn ng theo
chiu to ra nhng cht mu mi t nhng hp phn c trong nguyn
liu.
5. Tm bin php k thut ty ra cc mu sc khng thch hp lm tng
cht lng to iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh tip theo nh ty mu
dung dch ng, nc qu, du n, rong bin, du c, agar
5.2. CC SC T T NHIN
5.2.1. Dip lc t (Clorofil)
Cu to ca 2 loi clorofil nh sau:
C
55
H
72
O
5
N
4
Mg - Clorofil A
C
55
H
70
O
6
N
4
Mg - Clorofil B
Clorofil B c mu sc nht hn clorofil A, t l clorofil B/clorofil A l 1/3.
* Mt s tnh cht ca clorofil:
Clorofil protein
T
0
cao
Clorofil + Protein bin tnh
Dch bo cha acid thot ra pH +
XH
2

Kh
Feofitin + MgX
2

(tc nhn kh)
Mu xm Oliu
Clorofil-A + Kim (C
32
H
30
ON
4
Mg)(COONa)
2
+ CH
3
OH + Ru fitol
Clorofil-B + Kim (C
32
H
28
O
2
N
4
Mg)(COONa)
2
+ CH
3
OH + Ru fitol
O
H
3
C
CH
3

O
NH
3
+
NH
3
+

Protein
CH
3
CH
3

CH
3
CH
3

O
O
CH
3
H
3
C
CH
3
+
CH
3
+

Protein
Dng lin kt ca astaxantin vi protein
5.2.2. Carotenoid
* Tnh cht
* Licopin
* Xantofil
* Capxantin
* Criptoxantin.
* Bicxin
* Xitroxantin
5.2.3. Cc sc t flavonoid
* Antoxian
* Flavonol
5.3. MU SC THC PHM C HNH THNH TRONG QU TRNH CNG
NGH
Phn ng gia ng v acid amin (malanoidin)
Phn ng dehydrat ho cc ng hay phn ng caramen ho.
Phn ng phn hu acid ascobic, limonic, maleic, tactric v mt s acid hu c
khc.
Phn ng hp cht phenol + acid amin (quinonamin)
Phn ng oxy ho cc hp cht ca st v to thnh phc c mu.
Phn ng to nn cc sunfua kim loi c mu
Phn ng oxy ho phenol, phn ng chy ca lipid.
5.3.1. To mu mi do phn ng caramen
5.3.2. S to mu mi do phn ng melanoidin`
1. Mt s giai on ch yu ca Melanoidin
a. Giai on u
C
CH
O
H
1
2
R
HN C R
H
COOH
Phc ng amin
R C CH
2
HN CH R
2 1
O
COOH
1-amin-1-dexoxi-2-xetose
(dng xeton)
R C = CH HN CH R
OH
COOH
(dng enon)
1-amin-1-dexoxi-2-xetose
Mt s giai on ch yu ca Melanoidin
C
C OH
O
H
1
2
R
+
H
2
N C R
H
COOH
Acid amin
C
CH
O
H
1
2
R
HN C R
H
COOH
Phc ng amin
ng glucose
* Chuyn v amadori
Hnh 49. Cc ng hng phn ng giai on trung gian ca melanoidin
1-amin-1-dezoxi-2-xetose
Fufurol Aldehyd
Ketone
DiAcetyl
P
h
n

h
u
n
g

Reducton Ozon Sn phm
trung gian
1 2 3 4 5
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
Acid amin
Aldehyd
Sn phm
trung gian
Acid amin
Aldehyd
Sn phm
trung gian
Acid amin
Aldehyd
To
mu
a t
a t
b. Giai on trung gian
R C C R
O O
+ 2 NH
3

R CHO
3 H
2
O
NH
R
R
R
Dn xut imidazol
V d 2:
NH
2

CH
2

CHO
+
NH
2

CH
2

CHO
+
3H
2
O
aldehydaminAcetic
Pirazin
N
N
+ [O]
V d 1:
Phn ng ngng t
Phn ng trng hp
Polyme khng no
ho tan trong nc
Mu m
Polyme khng no
khng ho tan trong nc
Mu m
Sn phm Melanoidin
CH
3
C
O
H
+
H CH
2
C CH
3
CH CH
2
C
OH
Axetaldehyd Axetaldehyd Andol
O
H
O
H
* Phn ng ngng t aldol
* Phn ng trng hp ha to sn phm vng
* Phn ng to nn cc melanoidin c mu nu, khng tan trong nc
c. Giai on cui cng ca phn ng melanoidin
Bn cht acid amin
Bn cht cc loi ng
T l acid amin so vi ng
nh hng ca hm m
Nhit
pH mi trng
Mt s iu kin khc
nh hng ca hm m
nh hng ca cht km hm
2. Cc yu t nh hng v iu kin xy ra phn ng melanoidin
Cng mi thm, mu sc ca phn ng ph thuc vo cc yu t sau y.
3. Tnh ph bin ca melanoidin
5.3.3. S to thnh cc cht mu do s oxy ho cc phenol
1. Cc hp phn ca phenol
a. ng phn thun nghch do C
3
gy ra
b. ng phn d cu th do C
2
gy ra
2. Tnh cht chung ca hp cht polyphenol
a. Phn ng oxy ho kh
a. Phn ng oxy ho
Polyphenol
Octoquinol
O
2

H
2
O
A
AH
2

Polyphenol
Octoquinol
O
2

H
2
O
b. Phn ng cng
O
Acid amin Cistein
O
+ CH
2
CH COOH
SH NH
2

OH
OH
CH CH COOH
SH NH
2

Octoquinon
c. Phn ng ngng t
Polyphenol + O
2
Octoquinon

Polyphenoloxydase
Octoquinon + Glucose

Polyphenol + CO
2
+ H
2
O
n(Octoquinon) Flobafen (c mu nu hoc nu en)
(1)

(2)

(3)

3. Chc nng cc polyphenol
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
Polyphenoloxydase
O
2

O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
Octoquinon
O
OH
HO
OH
O
O
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
O
O
OH
N
g
n
g

t

O
HO
OH
O
O
Diphenolquinon
OH
OH
OH
4. C ch ca phn ng to mu do oxy ho kh cc polyphenol
a. Oxy ho
b. Ngng t to thnh dime
O
HO
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
OH
O
CHOH
HO
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
O
O
OH
OH
+
O
HO
OH
O
O
OH
+
OH
OH
OH
T
n
g

t
c

Octoquinon
Diphenolquinon
Bisflavanol
c. S to thnh bisflavanol
O
HO
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
O
O
OH
OH
Polyphenol
OH
OH
HO
O
Teaflavin
2
OH
OH
HO
O
Teaflavin
OH
COOH H
2
C
O
Tearubigin
COOH
d. S to thnh teaflavin
e. Phn ng to thnh tearubigin
S tng qut v s to mu do phn ng oxy ho kh
enzyme v phi enzyme ca polyphenol
Polyphenol [Octoquinon]
2

Polyphenoloxydase
[O
2
]
Ngng t
Diphenolquinon
Diphenolquinon
Teaflavin (vng)
Oxy ho phi enzyme
Tearubigin ()
Oxy ho phi enzyme
Otoquinon
Biflavonol
Oxy ho phi enzyme
Kh
Cc sn phm c mu mi khng nhng do phn ng oxy ho v ngng t
cc polyphenol m cn do phn ng ngng t octoquinon v acid amin. Do
ngi ta thng gi l phn ng polyphenolamin hay l phn ng quinonamin.
Phn ng ngng t quinon v acid amin c th xy ra theo 2 giai on
* Giai on I.
Cc octodiphenol b oxy ho di tc dng ca polyphenoloxydase v s c
mt oxy to thnh parahydroxyoctobenzoquinon.
* Giai on II
Parahydroxyoctobenzoquinon tip tc ngng t vi acid amin to thnh
polyphenolamin. Sau cc cht trung gian ny bin i tip tc, kt qu to thnh
cc aldehyd c gc R ca acid amin c mi thm v cc sn phm quinonamin a
t cho mu t vng da cam n tu theo acid tham gia. S tng qut ca phn
ng quinon amin c trnh by trn hnh [50].
5.3.4. S to mu mi do phn ng quinonamin
O
HO
OH
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
O
O
Polyphenol
OH
H
O
2

Enzyme
OH
H
H
H
Quinon
O
HO
OH
OH
OH
H
+ R
1
CH COOH
NH
2

NH CH COOH
R
1

O
2

Enzyme
H
2
O
NH
3

O
HO
OH
NH
2

H
NH CH COOH
R
1

OH
H
2
O
R
2
CHO
O
HO
OH
N = CH R
2

H
NH CH COOH
R
1

OH
+ R
2
CH COOH
NH
2

O
HO
OH
NH CH COOH
O
H
NH CH COOH
R
1

R
2

- H
2
O
O HO
OH
NH CH COOH
OH
H
NH CH COOH
R
1

R
2

Decacboxylase
- CO
2

O
HO
OH
O
O
H
NH CH COOH
R
1

Hnh 50. S phn ng quinonamin
* C s khoa hc v cc bin php k thut gi mu xanh ca dip lc t
Mu xanh dip lc t thng c nhiu trong rau xanh, ch xanh, u xanh
Trong qu trnh gia cng k thut nh luc rau, xo rau, thanh trng hp rau,
u, sy ch thng mu xanh b bin i, nu khng c bin php k thut
tng ng gi mu xanh
C s khoa hc cc bin php k thut da vo tnh cht ca clorofil.
Clorofil Protein
Clorofil
Thu phn
T
0
cao acid dch bo thot ra, pH
gim, protein bin tnh
Nu
Fe
Xm Feofitin (mu xm oliu) Xanh sng Xanh m
Al
H
2
X, pH thp
Cu
Kim
5.4. K THUT GI MU HOC LM THAY I MU THC PHM
5.4.1. K thut gi mu thc phm
Nh vy, vn mu cht lm mt mu clorofil l do mi trng pH thp
ca dch bo thot ra. Do vy cn c bin php khng ch yu t ny l.
Gia nhit nhanh trn mi trng nc ln khong 34 lt/Kg nhm khng ch s
gim pH.
Gia nhit trong mi trng c cacbonat kim hoc kim th (nhm trung ho acid
dch bo, tng pH), mt khc clorofil trong kim cho mu xanh.
B sung dinatriglutamat vo mi trng nc nu.
Nhum mu clorofil kim cho u trc khi vo hp.
i vi sn xut ch xanh: bin php chn ch xanh trc khi sy, mc ch tiu dit
enzyme polyphenoloxydase hn ch s hnh thnh mu nu , vng ca phn ng
mu do oxy ho polyphenol. Tuy nhin phi ch iu kin chn vi thi gian nhanh,
nc ln lm mu xanh khng b bin i hoc b sung cacbonat kim hoc kim
th vo mi trng nc chn ch.
* Trong sn xut hp, bin php quan trng l thm rutin bo v mu , vng
ca anh o, mn. B sung thm tanin, ascobic bo v mu ca du ty, anh
o.
5.4.2. K thut lm thay i mu thc phm
1. Tc nhn vt l
* nh sng
nh sng c kh nng lm tng cng hay lm mt mu, chng hn
Lm mt mu rong , agar khi phi nng
Lm thm mu nc mm, nc ng, mt ma khi phi nng
Nhit cao c kh nng lm thay i mu ca thc phm. V d nhit cao lm
mt mu xanh xm ca tm v chuyn sang mu . Nhit cao lm tng cng mu thuc
l, ch en khi sy. Nhit cao iu chnh mu ca malt vng v malt thm khi sy.
Qua cho thy tc ng ca nhit cao ln cc phng din sau
Phn hu cht mu, hoc xc tin phn ng kh cht mu.
Xc tin cc phn ng to mu polyphenolamin, melanoidin, quinonamin,
caramen
Tng cng oxy ho cht mu c sn trn nguyn liu lm thay i mu (hin
tng tm khi gia nhit).
* Nhit cao
2. Tc nhn ho hc
* m
nh hng ln n qu trnh thay i mu. m khc nhau cho cng mu khc
nhau (v d qu trnh sy malt, qu trnh c c mt qu)
* pH mi trng.
pH ca mi trng nh hng n cu trc phn t cht mu do vy c vai tr lm
thay i mu ca cht mu. V d: mu xm ca tm s chuyn sang mu khi a tm
vo mi trng acid. Mu xanh dip lc t s mt i v chuyn thnh mu xm oliu khi
c mt acid, ngc li mu xanh s gi c khi mi trng c kim.

C
12
H
22
O
11

H
2
O
C
12
H
20
O
10

H
2
O
C
12
H
18
O
9

H
2
O
Trng hp
C
36
H
50
O
25

H
2
O
C
36
H
48
O
24

Trng hp
C
96
H
102
O
51

19H
2
O
(C
3
H
2
O)
x

(Caramenlan)
(Caramenlen) (Caramenlin) (cht mu humin)
* S hin din ca cc phn ng ho hc
Phn ng caramen ho
Hoc vit cng thc: C
m
(H
2
O)
n
Khi t l m/n = 1.3 th sn phm c mu.
Tng qut:
Khi mt 12% H
2
O to sn phm l caramenlan (vng)
Khi mt 15% H
2
O to sn phm l caramenlen (vng m)
Khi mt 20% H
2
O to sn phm l caramenlin (vng nu)
Khi mt > 20% H
2
O to sn phm l humin (mu en)
T
0
= 120
0
C: phn ng bt u
T
0
= 160200
0
C: phn ng tng nhanh
T
0
= 400
0
C chy thnh than

C
O
H
n. HO C H
C
O
H
HO C
C
O
H
HO C
C C = C
O
H
OH
n
Phn ng ny ph bin trong cc qu trnh nh
* Sy sn phm gia v nhit cao
* Sy malt c bit (170220
0
C)
Phn ng phn hu ng nhit cao thnh hp cht humin ging sn phm caramen ho
Phn ng Maye Melanoidin
C cht tham gia phn ng ny gm c
ng hoc sn phm phn hu ng nhit cao.
Nhm amin trong cc cht (amit, acid amin, Peptide, amoniac).
iu kin ca phn ng nh sau
T l ng/amin.
Nhit (nhit bt u l 30
0
C, t = 60
0
C tng nhanh, t = 120
0
C tng rt nhanh).
Mi trng kim hay acid u xy ra.
m: W 90% th khng phn ng, W 30% phn ng rt thun li.
(Phn ng ny thng gp trong ch bin thc phm: cc qu trnh gia nhit, qu trnh
c c cc sn phm mt qu, ng, c chua, sy malt, sy sn phm gia v, nng sn
phm gia v).
Dioxiphenylamin
Phenylalamin
Tyrozin
Fe
3+

Mu tm xm
Fe2+ to phc mu xanh vi hp cht cha amin v hydroxin
C C H
O N OH
Fe
2+

C = C
N OH
(Mu xanh)
Phn ng to hp cht phenol vi ion st
Phn ng oxy ha kh: ch yu do hp cht phenol
Hp cht phenol
[O
2
]
Oxydase
Quinon
Ngng t
Flobaphen ( nu hoc nu en)
Phn ng ny ph bin trong cc qu trnh sau:
Tm bin en
Bt m thm en
To ct thm en
Qu trnh bin mu thm ca dch ln men bia khi lm lnh
To mu ca nc mm
Sn xut ch en, ch
3. Tc nhn ho l
4. Tc nhn vi sinh vt
5. Tc nhn sinh hc khc
Thay i cu trc phn t (v d: carotenoid trong du c b mt mu khi chng c
cng hydro lm thay i cu to.
+ H
2

(C mu)
C = C C = C
(Khng mu)
Cc nhm mu c to thnh hay b bao vy. Astaxanthin c nhm mang mu trn 2
vng thm, khi nhm mang mu gn vi protein, chng c mu xm.
Cc cht mu b phn hu - thay i tnh cht, v d: mu tan mu khng tan (ch
v b ch).
C th b hp th dn n thay i mu
Mu thay i ko theo thay i mi, v v mt s tnh cht sinh hc khc
5.4.3. Cc bin i c bn ca cht mu khi c tc dng ca cc tc nhn lm thay i mu
1. Bin php to mu
To mu bng phn ng ho hc melanoidin quinonamin, polyphenolamin
To mu bng cch b sung mu t ngoi.
To mu bng cch chuyn t mu ny sang mu khc nh cc yu t cng ngh
2. Ty mu cho thc phm
* Cc bin php vt l.
Dng cc phng php: lng, lc, khuy, o trn lm mu trng ra
(nh bin php qut ko, ty mu ko. Dng nng lng h (t ngoi) ty
mu rong , agar).
* Cc bin php ho l.
S hp ph: dng cht hp ph c kh nng hp ph cc cht mu ln b
mt cht hp ph v loi cht mu ra khi sn phm bng phng php lc b
cht hp ph sau khi hp ph. Phng php ny thch hp cho dng dung dch,
v d: ty mu cho du c, nc mm xut khu, dch alginat, agar
Cc trng hp hp ph
Hp ph phn t: ton b phn t cht khng in ly b hp ph
Ad + M AdM
Ad: Cht hp ph M: Cht mu hp ph
5.4.4. Cc bin php k thut lm thay i mu thc phm
Hp ph ion:
Hp ph ion n gin: l s hp ph ch xy ra vi mt loi ion trn b mt cht hp
ph cha in tch.
+
+ + + AC AdB AC B Ad ) (
+ +
+ + + + + OH B AdHAC O H AC B Ad
2
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
+ + + +
+ + + + AC X B Ad AC B X Ad
V d:
Hp ph thu ho: trn b mt cht hp ph trung ho in.
V d:
Hp th trao i ion: trn b mt hp ph v chuyn tn vo dung dch mt lng
ion c cng din tch.
Trong X+ v B+ l nhng ion c trao i.
tnh ton trong qu trnh hp ph, trong cng ngh thc phm thng p dng phng
trnh ng nhit thc nghim ca Freundlich.
n
C k
M
X
1
. =
Trong : X: l lng cht b hp ph
M: lng cht hp ph
C: nng cn bng ca cht b hp ph
k, n: l hng s thc nghim cho mi cht b hp ph,
cht b hp ph v mi nhit khc nhau.
i vi vic kim tra sn xut thng s dng phng trnh di dng logarit
k C
n M
X
lg lg
1
lg + =
o . .C
m
x
= hay
x: l lng cht b hp ph khi cn bng %,
m: lng cht hp ph
C: nng cui (cn bng) ca cht b hp ph %
,: hng s ph thuc vo cht lng cht hp
ph.
Trong :
c b
c a
m
x
+
=
.
m
b x
c
b
c a
m
x . .
= =
Trong :
x: lng cht b hp ph
m: lng cht hp ph
a: h s b hp ph
b: h s hp ph
c: lng cht mang mu cn li sau khi qu trnh hp ph
cn bng
Khi mun kh mu trit th c phi l v cng b. Khi phng trnh (1) s
tng ng
(1)
mun cho c tin n v cng b th m tin n v cng ln.
Tnh cht ca cht hp ph l n c th ht 4050% sn phm theo trng
lng ca n, do s gy hao tn du hoc cht dinh dng trong nc qu cn ty
mu.
Hnh 51. Quy trnh cng ngh ty mu bng t st trng
t st
trng
Acid ho
H
2
SO
4

(15% W du)
Sy kh
Tn nh
Nc mm, du n,
du c c mu m
Nng nhit
Thc hin hp ph
(6080%)
Lc tch cht hp ph
Du sch mu sng
T
0
, pH,
khuy o
* Cc bin php ho hc
Dng tc nhn kh: tng tc vi cht mu lm thay i cu to ca cht mu t
lm mt mu hoc lm gim cng mu.
Trong thc t thng dng cc cht cha S dng kh, bt: SO
2
, NaHSO
3
, Na
2
SO
4

hoc dng H
2.
. Na
2
SO
4
c dng nhiu trong sn xut ng trng giai on nu ng,
ty mu cho dch ng.
Tc dng ca chng trn cc phng din sau:
(Cht mu)
C = C C = C
(Khng mu)
+ HSO
3

H H
H H
H SO
3

(Cht mang mu)
C = C C = C
(Khng mu)
+ H
2

H H
H H
H H
Kh cht mu khng mu theo c ch
hoc
2 4 2 3
2 H HSO O H HSO + +

Ngn nga to mu trn c s bao vy nhm cacbonyl c kh nng sinh mu
SO
2
c tc dng nh cht xc tc chng oxy ho, v d SO
2
km hm tc dng xc tc oxy
ho ca Fe trong vic to mu ca cc polyphenol.
Vi H2 c tc dng l no ho cc ni i ca cht mu t lm mt mu do thay i cu
trc. V d: qu trnh hydrogen ho du c sn xut margarin th du c cng b mt mu.
* Cc bin php ho hc
Dng tc nhn oxy ho: oxy ho cc cht mu thnh khng mu hay mu
nht hn. Tc nhn oxy ho thng dng l O
2
, O
3
, H
2
O, peroxit kim loi, pesunfat, clo, iod,
brom
V d trng hp dng Cl
2
: c ch ty mu nh sau:
HClO HCl O H Cl + +
2 2
sau
2
2
1
O HCl HClO +
O2 c tc dng oxy ho cht mu to thnh dng kh khng mu
O O H O H
2
1
2 2 2
+
[O] oxy ho chuyn cht mu sang dng kh khng mu
hoc: cht mu trc tip tc dng vi HClO
(Cht mang mu)
C = C CH CH
2
Cl
(Khng mu)
+ HClO
OH
R
R
* Cc phng php khc
Dng mi trng pH kh mu
Mi trng kim: kh mu cho du c, rong bin. Mi trng kim c kh
nng lm tng qu trnh oxy ho cht mu v c kh nng lm tng qu trnh
ho tan cht mu v loi ra.
Mi trng acid: c tc dng
Ho tan cht mu
Lm thay i phn b din tch trn nhm mang mu t lm mt mu
(kh mu ca mc, kh mu xanh ca c thu).
OH
R
Monophenol khng mu
O
2

Polyphenoloxydase
OH
R
OH
O
R
O
O
2

H
2
O
E
Acid amin
E
Phc hp polymer mu nu
5.5. MT S HIN TNG BIN MU CA THU SN V CC BIN PHP
PHNG CHNG
5.5.1. Hin tng bin en ca tm
1. C ch chung
2. iu kin ca qu trnh bin en
pH
th(E)
= 6 th vn tc oxy ho cao tm s (monodon)
pH
th (E)
= 8 vi tm he trng (theo Simpson v cng s)
pH
th (E)
= 6.5 i vi tm hm (theo Chen v cng s)
t
0
= 40
0
C vi tm s (monodon) Khnh Ho
t
0
= 3035
0
C v tm hm
t
0
= 45
0
C vi tm s i Loan
Bo qun nc kt hp ho cht (Nguyn Vit Dng, nm 1998)
Nu bo qun bng nc t l 2:1 th thi gian bo qun l 3 ngy.
Nu bo qun bng nc kt hp vi Kaliascobat 0.1% th thi gian bo qun l
6 ngy.
Nu bo qun trong hn hp sau th thi gian bo qun c 17 ngy.
Kaliascobat (KS) 0.1%
Natritripolyphosphat (Na
5
P
3
O
10
) 0.05%
NaCl 3%
Nc 2/1
Nu bo qun bng hn hp
4hexylResol (hexylResolcinol) 50 ppm
Thi gian bo qun c 20 ngy
Acid citric 1%
KS 0.1%
Na
5
P
3
O
10
0.05%
Nc 2/1
Ngoi ra c th bo qun bng BL7P, NaHSO
3
, acid citric
3. Cc bin php chng bin en
1. Hin tng
2. Mt s kt qu iu tra ban u
Mu xanh xut hin hay t nguyn liu sau khi thu mua. Nu x nghip pht hin th
loi b l hng. Nhng thc t rt kh pht hin bi v lc u ch l xanh nht, sau khi
bo qun ng lnh mu xanh m dn. Do vy vic pht hin tht c thu bin xanh thng
c pht hin sau khi bo qun ng lnh. Vn ny nh hng ln n hiu qu kinh
t ca x nghip.
Qua iu tra cho thy, c thu nh bt vng bin Nha Trang c t l bin xanh cao
hn. C thu khai thc vng bin Phan Thit, Cam Ranh cha thy c xut hin mu
xanh. Mt khc c cng bo qun lu hin tng bin xanh cng nhiu. Phn bng thng
b bin xanh nhiu hn mc d c cn ti nguyn cha c du hiu h hng.
3. Mt s kt qu bc u thm d nguyn nhn hnh thnh mu xanh trn tht bng c thu
a. Thm d s c mt ion ng trong phc mu xanh
Cu(OH)
2
+ NH
4
OH [Cu(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
+ H
2
O
KCN
(ng amonicat mu xanh)
[Cu(CN)
4
]
3

(Khng mu)
5.5.2. Hin tng bin xanh ca tht c thu v mt s bin php ty mu xanh
b. Thm d nguyn nhn vi sinh vt
Phn lp vi khun t cc ming c b bin xanh sau nui cy quan st mu.
Cy li vi khun va nui sang ming c cha b bin xanh v quan st. Kt qu ming c
khng c xut hin mu xanh sau mt thi gian . Nh vy nguyn nhn do vi sinh vt
cng cha chc chn.
c. Thm do nguyn nhn do sc t mt
d. Tm hiu nguyn nhn do sc t ca c
D ho tan
Mu sc thay i ph thuc vo nhit , cc sc t c mt v nhiu yu t khc.
Khi tng s lng nhm (OH) th mu xanh m ln.
Nu nhm (OH) c thay th bng nhm metyl th mu sc chuyn thnh mu
Antoxian + Kim loi mu xanh khc nhau
+ Kali mu
+ Ca, Mg xanh veOOHCu to ca antoxian
Mu sc ph thuc vo pH mi trng
pH 7 antoxian: xanh
pH < 7
Khi gia nhit mt mu
Ly mt t mt c em p tm cng ming c cha b bin xanh, quan st cho thy
mu vng nht ch khng thy mu xanh ca mu c thu bin xanh.
Th nghim tnh cht ho tan sc t xanh
Ngm trong nc lnh 5
0
C, 10
0
C th thy sc t khng tan
Nc c nhit 20
0
C, 30
0
C sc t cng khng tan, hoc tan rt t
Ngm trong ru ethylic c cc nng khc nhau sc t xanh khng tan
Ngm trong dung dch ete, thi gian khc nhau th sc t xanh cng khng tan
Ngm trong dung dch Keton 10 pht: mu xanh ho tan, ming c b gim cht lng.
Ngm trong dung dch HCl 15 pht cc nng khc nhu th thy sc t khng ho tan.
Ngm trong H
2
SO
4
nng khc nhau, mu xanh khng tan.
Ngm trong mi trng ho cht ty mu khc
Ngm trong dung dch H
2
O
2
10% th mu xanh mt hon ton
Ngm trong dung dch H
2
O
2
1%, 2% th mu xanh mt gn hon ton
Ngm trong dung dch Acetic 1%, = 10 pht mu xanh ho tan.
Qua kt qu th nghim cho thy vi Acetic nng 1%. Thi gian ngm ngm =
10 pht, nhit thng c kh nng ty mu xanh ca c thu hon ton. Sau khi kh mu
em bo qun ng mt thng thy mu xanh khng c xut hin tr li.
Trn y l mt s kt qu nghin c bc u v hin tng bin xanh ca c thu.
Vn ny cn c tip tc nghin cu tm nguyn nhn v bin php phng cha.
CHNG 6
CC QU TRNH HNH THNH V
BIN I MI CA THC PHM
TRONG GIA CNG K THUT
Cng nh mu sc, mi l mt tnh cht cm quan quan trng ca thc phm, v
chng c nhng tc ng sinh l rt r rt. Cht mi c nh hng ln n h tun hon,
nhp tim, h h hp, nhp th, n s tiu ho, thnh gic, th gic v c xc gic.
V vy trong sn xut thc phm cn nghin cu tm mi bin php k thu bo
v mi thm t nhin, to ra cc mi thm mi hoc kh i nhng mi kh chu khng c
li cho thc phm.
* Cc bin php gi mi
Cc cht thm thng d bay hi v khng bn, c th dng cc bin php thu cc cht
thm khi cc cht thm b tch ra ca qu trnh gia nhit (un nng, c c, nu chn) v
hp ph tr li thc phm.
Chng thu tinh du thm ca cc ngun giu cht thm sau b sung vo thc phm: tinh
du thm, vani.
B sung cc ph gia gi mi thm, chng hn c th thm cumarin gi mi vani.
* Cc bin php to cc mi thm mi
Tng hp cc cht thm nhn to c mi thm thch ng b sung vo cc thc phm
(mi hoa hng).
Chit tch cht mi ca ph liu tm, cua b sung vo surimi sn xut sn phm m
phng.
Sinh tng hp cht thm bng phng php sinh hc (biotechnology) to mi thm c
trng (mi thm ca nc mm).
Tng cng cc iu kin: cho cc phn ng to mi thc hin ti a cc phn ng to mi
nh melanoidin, quinonamin (trong sn xut malt, sn xut thc phm gia v sy kh)
ng thi vi cc qu trnh gi mu, to mi c trng, c nhiu trng hp cn phi ty
mi kh chu ca thc phm, chng hn vic ty mi tanh, khai ca c nhm trong sn xut
cc thc phm t c nhm, hay ty mi cho bt c thc phm. Cc phng php ty mi
thng l phng php hp ph, phng php bay hi v phng php ho hc.
6.1. NGHA CA VIC NGHIN CU CC CHT MI TRONG SN XUT
THC PHM
6.2.1. Nhng c im v bn cht ca mi
1. Bn cht ca mi do nhm mang mu quyt nh
2. Mi thng chu nh hng ln nhau
3. Mi c th c th c tng ln hay mt i bi mt s cht khc, yu t khc.
4. Mi cn ph thuc vo gc R m nhm mang mi nh vo
5. Mi cn ph thuc vo cc nhm th xung quanh nhm mang mi c bn
6. Mi cn ph thuc vo nng ca cht mang mi trong khng kh
6.2.2. S lc mt s cht mi t nhin
1. Tinh du v nha
2. Sesquitecpen
3. Ditecpen
4. Tritecpen
6.2.3. S qua tnh cht chung ca tinh du
6.2.4. Phng php khai thc tinh du
6.2. VI NT V MI
Mt s thc phm khi qua cc cng on gia cng k thut, mi b mt i
hoc mi c tng cng. V d:
Malt ti: mi hng kh chu, malt sy kh c mi thm c trng.
* Malt Sy Malt kh
Mi hng Bin i Mi thm
* C Nu C chn
Mi tanh Mi thm + tanh
* Go, u phng Rang Go rang, u rang
Mi t nhin Bin i Mi thm c trng
Mt s thc phm khi gia nhit mi thm yu i, v d: nc mm nu th
mi thm mt mi thm.
a. S hnh thnh cc mi thm do gia cng k thut
Hu ht cc cht thm hnh thnh trong gia cng k thut u l hp cht c
nhm cacbonyl (aldehyd). Do vy nghin cu i vo con ng tm kim phn
ng to ra cc aldehyd ny (t cc cht no, c ch ra sao, kt qu phn ng, iu
kin phn ng).
6.3. CC QU TRNH LM THAY I MI CA THC PHM
6.3.1. S thay i mi do gia cng k thut.
Acid amin + hexose + pentose
Fucfurol
Oximetylfucfurol
aldehyd
Cc reducton
- Fucfurol, Oximetylfucfurol u cng l cc aldehyd.
- Fucfurol c mi to do phn ng pentose.
- Oximetylfucfurol c mi mt do phn ng c hexeose.
- Hai fucfurol ny cn c th c to ra do
Ngoi ra cc aldehyd khc c th c ti to do tng tc ca acid amin v fucfurol.
* Phn ng maillard l ngun to ra cc aldehyd (melanoidin) gc R ca acid amin.
Acid amin + 1-amin-1-dezoxi-2-xetose (c ch phn trc)
Acid amin
Acidimin
Fucfurol
Fucfurolic
aldehyd + CO
2
+ NH
3

+ H
2
O
O
C
O
H
Fucfurol
O
2

O
C
O
OOH
Acid peroxifucfurol
R CH COOH
NH
2

R C COOH
NH
+ H
2
O
R CHO + CO
2
+ NH
3

Acid amin
O
C
O
H
Acid Fucfurol
H
2
O
R CH COOH
NH
2

Acid amin
R CHO
aldehyd
R CO CO R
Reducton
R CH CO R
NH
2

CO
2

V d:
Aldehyd t leuxin cho mi bnh m
Aldehyd t glixin cho mi mt
Aldehyd t valin cho mi thm hoa
hng
Aldehyd t phenylalanin cho mi
thm hoa hng
Acid amin + polyphenol
Sn phm mu + aldehyd
Polyphenoloxydase
* Phn ng quinonamin l ngun tn to aldehyd
* Phn ng tng tc gia acid amin v ascobic l ngun tn to ra cc aldehyd.
Acid amin

Ascobic
Aldehyd
Sn phm dn xut ca ascobic
Polyphenol
(Ion Cu
2+
, hoc t
0
= 8090
0
C)

C
C OH
C OH
C
HO C
CH
2
OH
O
O
C
C = O
C = O
C
HO C
CH
2
OH
O
O
H H
H
2

Ascobic
H H
DehydroAscobic
R
1
CHO
Acid amin
C
CH NH
2

C = O
C
HO C
CH
2
COOH
O
O
H
H
C
6
H
5
CH
2
C
O
H
+ 2C
2
H
5
OH C
6
H
5
CH
2
CH
OC
2
H
5

OC
2
H
5

Mi d hng
Mi hoa hng
C
6
H
5
CH
2
O C
O
H
Mi hoa nhi
+ 2C
2
H
5
OH
C
6
H
5
CH
2
OH
Mi hnh nhn
+ C
2
H
5
O C
O
H
Mi qu
b. Thay i mi do phn ng gia dung mi vi cu t thm
* Phn ng oxy ho
+ O
2
C
6
H
5
C
O
H
C
6
H
5
CH
2
OH
Mi hnh nhn
Khng mi
* Phn ng t oxy ho (khi mi trng c vt kim)
C
6
H
5
CH
2
C
O
H
Mi d hng
+ [OH]
C
6
H
5
CH
2
C
O
O
Mi mt
CH
2
CH
2
C
6
H
5

OH
C
H
O
OCH
3

OH
C
H
O
OCH
3

+
OH
C
H
O
O CH
2
CH
OH
OH
Mi vani Mi vani yu
C
6
H
5
CH
2
OC
O
H
Mi hoa nhi
C
5
H
11
O C
O
H
Mi anbro
+
C
5
H
11
O C
O
CH
3

Mi anbro
C
6
H
5
CH
2
OC
O
C
6
H
5

+
* Thay i mi bng phn ng ngng t
* Phn ng chuyn este
NH
3
+ R COOH NH
4
+
COO
R

Mi khai Mi khai nh
O
NH
2

H
2
N C
+ R COOH
O
NH
2

R COO
NH
3
+
C
Mi khai
Mi khai nh
N (CH)
3
+ R COOH (CH)
3
NH
+
OOC R
Mi tanh Mi tanh nh
* Tng tc ca cht mi vi mi trng acid hoc kim, lm thay i mt electron
trong nhm mang mi
Nc mm dung dch
(khng mi)
Vi sinh vt gy hng
C mi thm c trng
6.3.2. Thay i mi do vi sinh vt
6.3.3. Thay i mi do qu trnh sinh hc (s chn ca qu)
Qu xanh
(khng mi thm)
Bin i
(Qu trnh sinh hc)
Qu chn
(Mi thm c trng)
6.3.4. Qu trnh ty mi
a. Phng php vt l: hp ph cc cht mi trn cc cht c kh nng hp ph - ph hp
cho kh mi nc mm, kh mi du c.
b. Lm bay hi cht mi: do cht mi d bay hi (sc hi nc kt hp p sut cao) y cht
mi. V d: kh mi cho bt c thc phm thng thc hin theo phng php ny.
c. Ho tan mi trong dung mi v tch ra: kh mi ca nhuyn th, c bng ho tan mi
trong ru
d. Phng php ho hc (trung ho). V d: kh mi cho surimi, c, nhuyn th bng dung
dch
* C ch kh mi.
Da vo bn cht ca cc cht mang mi tanh khai c tnh kim nh, c th tng tc
vi acid, sau tng tc lm cho mt in t xung quanh Nit thay i dn n lm yu
hoc mt mi.
O
NH
2

H
2
N C
+
H
2
O
O
OH
HO C
+
2NH
3

i vi Ure (tht c nhm)
Trong mi trng acid ure b thu phn to NH
3

Vi NH
3
(mi khai)
NH
3
+ R COOH R COONH
3
Khi nhm nguyn t nh vo N c bn cht khc lm cho in t phn b xung quanh
Nit b thay i, nhm mang mi khai b bin dng dn n b mt mi hoc yu i.
i vi trimetylamin (mi tanh)
N (CH)
3
+ R COOH (CH)
3
NH
+
OOC
R
H
3
C N CH
3

CH
3

+ R COOH H
3
C N
+
CH
3

CH
3

COO

R
CH
3

Nhm mang mi tanh
Mt mi
Mi tanh cn do acid bo phn t lng cao hnh thnh. Acid bo ny c tnh cht kh bay
hi, nhng li d b a t nhit cao. Sau khi a t tp hp ln chng li b mt mi. Do
vy, vic kh mi cho du c bng phng php sc hi p lc cao, t
0
cao l hiu qu hn c.
e. Phng php dng cht mi ny kh cht mi khc
CH
2
OH
R CH
2
OH
Cu to ca cht mi trong tinh du
R N R
R
* Khi tng tc vi NH
3

R CH2OH R NH2 + H2O (trong R l R CH2 )
R CH2OH + R NH2 R CH2 NH R + H2O
R CH2OH + R CH2 NH R R CH2 N R + H2O
CH
2

R
Thay R CH
2
bng R ta c cng thc sn phm gn hn
H N H
H
3R CH
2
OH 3H
2
O
R N R
R
Cui cng ta c th thay ba ha tr ca Nit trong NH
3
bng 3 gc R. Ta c th
vit gn nh sau.
Nh vy s phn b in t trn nhm mang mi phn t Nit b thay i, t lm
cho NH
3
b mt mi khai, hoc yu mi khai.
R CH
2
OH + R CH
2
CH
2
N = (CH
3
)
2

H
2
O
R CH
2
CH
2
N
CH
2

CH
3

CH
2

R
* Khi cht thm ca tinh du tng tc vi TMA s xy ra qu trnh phn ng:
R CH2OH + N (CH3)3 R CH2 CH2 N = (CH3)2
H
2
O
Tip tc phn ng gia phn t cht thm vi sn phm trung gian
R CH
2
OH + R CH
2
CH
2
N
CH
3

R
CH
2

CH
2

H
2
O
R CH
2
CH
2
N
CH
2

R
CH
2

CH
2

CH
2

R
t R bng R CH
2
CH
2
ta c th vit gn qu trnh phn ng nh sau
R CH
2
OH + N (CH
3
)
3
N (R)
3

g. Kh mi bng h vi sinh vt
Nh c kh nng trao i cht ca vi sinh vt c th lm bin i cc cht mang mi v
chng mt mi. Hin nay vic kh mi bng phng php vi sinh (phng php EM) ang
c p dng vo vic kh mi nc thi, chung tri c ch ca phng php cn ang tip
tc nghin cu.
Dch chit trong cc loi dung mi Cng mi trung bnh
Ru 0.275x2
10

Dung dch NaCl 0.9% 0.300x2
10

Sorbitol 0.450x2
10

Du n 0.350x2
10

Glycerin 0.500x2
10

Nc ct 0.350x2
10

Bng 18. Cng mi ca cc dch cht mi t ph liu
tm trong cc dung mi khc nhau
6.3.5. Tch chit ch phm mi t, v t ph liu tm, gh
1. Khi qut chung v cht mi t nhin ca tm, gh v ngha ca vic chit rt cht
mi t ph liu tm gh.
2. Gii thiu mt s dung mi dng chit cht mi tm, gh t nhin.
Bng 19. Hm lng nit ca cc dch chit cht mi
(gN/l) trong cc dung mi khc nhau
Dch chit trong cc
loi dung mi
Mu tm
N
TS
N
aa

Ru 61.25 0.327 1.574
Dung dch NaCl 0.9% 62.789 0.1633 1.215
Sorbitol 59.21 0.175 1.647
Du n 54.94 0.239 1.423
Glycerin 52.79 0.182 1.695
Nc ct 60.67 0.309 1.612
3
NH
N
Bng 20. thnh phn amino acid t do ca dch chit cht mi t ph liu
tm trong dung mi sorbitol, glycerin v mui sinh l (g/l)
STT Amino acid Glycerin Sorbitol Dung dich mui sinh l
1 Alanine 267.4 58.2 26.4
2 Glycerin 445.1 199.5 106.2
3 Aminobutyric acid 145.3 33.7 3.4
4 Valine 152.8 174.0 31.6
5 Leucine 189.1 41.0 32.3
6 Isoleucine 18.2 51.8 5.1
7 Norleucine 0.5 - -
8 Threonine 61.5 23.5 10.5
9 Serine 138.4 11.1 4.8
10 Methionine 39.6 24.4 7.7
11 Aspartic acid 45.3 21.1 6.8
12 Phenylalanine 97.9 61.9 30.7
13 Hydroxyproline 36.2 2.8 16.7
14 Glutamic acid 17.8 5.2 7.9
15 Ornithine 11.3 4.9 15.5
16 Lysine 350.9 219.9 23.6
17 Histidine 1172.0 806.4 214.5
18 Tyrosine 3089.6 2291.9 508.8
19 Tryptophane 222.5 149.0 25.0
Tng cng 6510.4 4180.3 1077.5
Bng 20. nh hng ca t l dung mi, nhit , thi
gian ly tm v thi gian chit n cng mi
Dung mi
Cc yu
t
T l dung mi
W/V
Cng mi
Nhit
(
0
C)
Cng mi
Thi gian ho tan
(pht)
Cng mi
Thi gian chit
(pht)
Cng mi
1.4x2
7
4.8x2
5

Nc Ru Sorbitol Du n NaCl Glycerin
2.4x2
7
2.4x2
6
1.2x2
7
2.8x2
7

55 60 65 65 60 60
1.6x2
7
6.4x2
5
2.8x2
7
3.2x2
6
1.8x2
7
3.2x2
7

15 15 15 20 15 20
15 15 20 20 15 15
2.4x2
7

7.2x2
5

3.2x2
7
5.2x2
6
2.2x2
7
3.6x2
7

2.8x2
7

8.8x2
5

3.6x2
7
5.6x2
6
2.4x2
7
4.0x2
7

Hnh 51. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ch phm hng v tm, cua, gh t ph liu
Nguyn liu
Ra
Nghin gi
Chit rt
Dch chit
Li tm
Phn tch lp
Tn dng SX chitin
T
0
= -50-60
0
C
t = 15
h

ng kh
Sn phm
Bao gi, bo qun
Dung mi
B Hn hp du + Sc t
Li tm ln II Tch bt
Sy chn khng
Tn dng sn xut
Sn phm dng bt

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