Chng 9: I CNGV TI NGUYN CY THUC

9.1. CC KHI NIM V TI NGUYN CY THUC: Con ngi t lu bit s dng cy c cha bnh (ngi Iraq c, ngi Mexico, ngi n v Trung Hoa c i) 9.1.1. nh ngha ti nguyn nguyn cy thuc(TNCT): TNCT l mt dng c bit ca ti nguyn sinh vt, thuc nhm ti nguyn c th phc hi, bao gm 2 yu t cu thnh: Cy c + Tri thc s dng chng lm thuc v chm sc sc khe Hai yu t ny lun i km vi nhau. Cc sinh vt quanh ta rt nhiu, nu khng bit s dng chng lm thuc th chng cng ch l nhng sinh vt hoang di trong t nhin. Ngc li, khi mt cy bit dng lm thuc nhng sau li mt tri thc s dng (hoc a n mt ni m khng c 1 ai bit dng) thi n cng ch l nhng cy c hoang di trong t nhin Trong ti nguyn cy thuc, b phn cu thnh th nht (cy c) l kt qu ca qu trnh tin ha lu di di tc ng ca cc yu t t nhin, c lin quan n cc mn KHTN: Sinh hc, Lm hc, Dc hc.... B phn cu thnh th 2 (tri thc) l kt qu ca qu trnh u tranh sinh tn ca loi ngi c t khi loi ngi xut hin trn tri t, c c rt, tch ly v lu truyn qua nhiu th h, chu tc ng ca cc quy lut kinh t - x hi, qun l, do lin quan n cc mn hc x hi nh: Dn tc hc, kinh t x hi, x hi hc....

9.1.2. c im ca ti nguyn cy thuc a. Cc c im lin quan n cy c: Mt loi c nhiu tn gi khc nhau, ty theo dn tc v a phng, nhng c mt tn khoa hc hp php duy nht, c xem l t kha (keyword) trong cc h thng thng tin. Phn c gi tr s dng ca cy thuc l cc cht ha hc c gi l hot cht. Lng hot cht cha trong cy thng chim mt t l rt thp. Thnh phn v hm lng ca hot cht c th thay i theo iu kin sng, do lm thay i, gim hoc mt tc dng cha bnh. Cc bc phn loi ging nhau thng cha cc nhm hot cht nh nhau. B phn s dng a dng, c th l c cy, ton b phn trn mt t, hoc di mt t, c th l c quan dinh dng hay c quan sinh sn. Tron mt loi cc b phn khc nhau c th c tc dng khc nhau.

b. Cc c im lin quan n tri thc s dng: Tri thc s dng cy thuc c c t 2 ngun: tri thc bn a v tri thc khoa hc . Tri thc khoa hc thng dc lu tr trong cc n phm (sch, bo, tp ch khoa hc, cng trnh NCKH...) Tri thc bn a thng c truyn ming, gii hn mc hp, do c nhn, gia nh, dng h hay cng ng nm gi, do c th b mt i. Phn ln tri thc khoa hc bt ngun t tri thc bn a. Tri thc s dng rt a dng, cng mt loi c nhiu cch s dng khc nhau ty theo dn tc v a phng. Tri thc s dng c s tin ha, thng qua kinh nghim thc tin, bi hc tht bi trong qu trnh s dng cy c lm thuc. Tri thc s dng gn lin vi vn ha, tn ngng v tp tc ca tng a phng. Tri thc s dng gn lin vi thu nhp kinh t ca ngi nm gi n. Thu nhp kinh t c th c xc nh trc tip bng tin hay khng. C s khc bit v s lng v cht lng tri thc s dng gia cc thnh vin khc nhau trong cng ng, dn tc, nn vn ha. S khc nhau ny ph thuc vo tui tc, hc vn, gii tnh, tnh trng kinh t, kinh nghim, tc ng ngoi lai, vai tr trch nhim trong gia nh v cng ng, qu thi gian, nng khiu, kh nng i li v mc t lp, kim sot ngun ti nguyn.

c. S khc nhau gia cy thuc v cy trng nng nghip: Cy nng nghip thng l cy ngn ngy, trong khi cy thuc rt a dng v c nhiu cy di ngy. Cc loai cy trng nng nghip thng d c nghin cu kh k, thm ch n mc di loi (th, dng...); cy thuc c s loi rt ln, cha c nghin cu y , c khi cn dng ln ln mc trn loi (chi, h...) Phn ln cy nng nghip c thun ha, gy trng t lu v quen thuc vi con ngi, trong khi hu ht cc loi cy thuc sng trong iu kin hoang di. Cc sn phm ca cy trng nng nghip l hng ha thng dng, c th s dng cho nhiu mc ch do th trng ca chng rng v linh hot hn. Cc sn phm ca cy thuc l hng ha c bit, ch c th s dng cho mt mc ch, do th trng ca chng hp hn.

9.2. Gi tr ca ti nguyn cy thuc:

9.2.1. Gi tr s dng: TNCT ng vai tr quan trng trong chm sc sc khe, phng v cha bnh. c bit l cc nc ngho, ang pht trin v c truyn thng s dng cy c lm thuc Theo bo co ca t chc y t th gii (WHO): ngy nay c khong 80% dn s cc nc ang pht trin vi dn s khong 3,5 n 4 t ngi trn th gii c nhu cu chm sc sc khe ban u ph thuc vo cc nn y hc c truyn. Phn ln trong s ph thuc vo ngun dc liu hoc cc cht chit sut t dc liu. Trung Quc, nhu cu thuc cy c l 1.600.000 tn/nm v tng khong 9%/nm. Chu u v Bc M tng trng 10% mi nm trong vic s dng cy c cha bnh.

9.2.2. Gi tr kinh t: Mc d chim t l nh hn thuc c ngun gc ha hc, cng ngh sinh hc... Cy c lm thuc vn c bun bn khp ni trn th gii. Trn qui m ton cu, doanh s mua bn cy thuc c tnh khong 16 t euro. C 119 cht tinh khit c chit tch t khong 90 loi thc vt bc cao c s dng lm thuc trn th gii, trong c ti 74% cht c mi quan h hay cng c s dng nh cc cng ng s dng, v d : Theophyllin t cy Ch, Reserpin t cy Ba gc; Rotudin t cy Bnh vi... . Ring Trung Quc trong giai on 1979-1990, c 42 ch phm thuc mi t cy thuc a ra th trng... D on nu pht trin ti a cc thuc cy c t cc nc nhit i, c th lm ra khong 900 t USD mi nm cho nn kinh t cc nc th gii th ba. Ti Nht Bn, c n 42,7% dn s dng thuc c truyn trong cc hot ng cha bnh vi tng chi tiu cho y hc c truyn

9.2.3. Gi tr tim nng: Ti nguyn cy c l i tng sng lc tm cc loi thuc mi, c nhiu hp cht ha hc c ngun gc t thin nhin. Ngun ti nguyn cy c v tri thc s dng chng lm thuc l mt kho tng khng l, trong phn khm ph cn qu t i. Cc vng nhit i trn th gii: lu vc sng Amazn ca chu M, ng nam ; n - M Lai, Ty Phi cha ng kho tng cy c khng l cng nh giu c v tri thc s dng, c tim nng ln trong nghin cu v pht trin dc phm mi t cy c 9.2.4. Gi tr vn ha: S dng cy c lm thuc l mt trong nhng b phn cu thnh cc nn vn ha, to nn c trng vn ha ca cc dn tc khc nhau.

9.3. Ti nguyn cy thuc trn th gii v Vit nam

9.3.1. Ti nguyn cy thuc trn th gii: Ngy nay c lng c khong 35.000- 70.000 loi trong tng s 250.000 -300.000 loi cy c c s dng vo mc ch cha bnh khp ni trn th gii. Trong Trung Quc c trn 10.000 loi; n c khong 7500 loi; Indonesia c khong 7500 loi: Malaysia c khong 2000 loi; Nepan c khong 700 loi; Srilanca c khong 550-700 loi Theo Jukovski (1971) C 12 trung tm a dng sinh hc cy trng trn th gii: Trung Quc- Nht bn; ng dng- Indonesia; Chu c; n ; Trung ; Cn ng; a Trung Hi, Chu Phi; Chu u-Siberi; Nam Mexico; nam M v Bc M ( bng 9.2. trang 364) 9.3.2. Ti nguyn cy thuc Vit Nam: S loi cy thuc chnh thc c thng k hin nay l 3.850 loi. S loi cy thuc c pht hin VN tng lin tc theo thi gian. Theo ti liu ca Php trc nm 1952, ton ng Dng c 1350 loi cy lm thuc, thuc 160 h thc vt. B sch Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam ca GS Tt Li c gii thiu 800 cy, con v v thuc (in nm 1999); B sch Cy thuc Vit Nam ca Lng Y L Trn c (1997) c ghi 830 loi cy thuc. V Vn Chi trong cun T in cy thuc Vit Nam (1997) thng k khong 3.200 loi lm thuc (k c nm). Theo s liu iu tra ca Vin Dc Liu (2003) VN c khong 3850 loi cy thuc. D on nu kho st y c th ln ti 6000 loi.

 Trong s 1863 loi cy thuc pht hin trong cc t iu tra su tm t 1961-1985; c n l cc loi cy mc hoang di, phn b ch yu vng rng ni (khong 700 loi); vng i v Trung Du (400 loi). Cc loi cy thuc phn b 8 vng sinh thi trong nc l: ng Bc- Bc B; Vit Bc- Hong Lin Sn; Ty Bc; ng bng Sng Hng; Bc Trung B; ng Trng Sn v Nam Trung B; Ty Nguyn; ng Nam B v ng bng sng Cu Long. Cc loi cy thuc tp trung ch yu 5 trung tm a dng sinh vt l: Hong Lin Sn; Cc Phng; Bch M; Yok n; Lm Vin v Ct Tin. Tri thc s dng cy thuc Vit Nam c th c chia thnh 2 loi chnh: +Trong nn y hc c truyn chnh thng c ngun gc t Trung y +Trong nn y hc nhn dn hay y hc c truyn dn tc - thng c gi l thuc nam

9.4. Bo tn v pht trin ti nguyn cy thuc:

9.4.1. Bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc: 9.4.1.1.Cc l do chnh cn bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc gm: Cn bng sinh thi: pht trin v bo tn cy thuc cn ch n cn bng sinh thi Kinh t: Ti nguyn cy thuc l ngun mu sinh ca nhiu cng ng, nhm ngi Bo v tim nng: Cho n nay ch c khong cha n 5% s loi cy thuc c nghin cu, s cn li chc chn cha mt tim nng rt ln cn c khm ph. o c: Cc sinh vt sng trn tri t cn bnh ng, loi ngi khng c quyn bt cc sinh vt phi phc v mnh v quyt nh sinh vt no c tn ti. Cc sinh vt phi nng ta vo nhau sng. Vn ha: Cy thuc v tri thc thc hnh s dng cy c lm thuc l mt b phn cu thnh cc nn vn ha khc nhau. Bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc l gp phn bo tn cc nn vn ha v bn sc cc dn tc

9.4.1.2. Cc mi e da i vi ti nguyn cy thuc: a. Cc mi e da i vi cy thuc: - Tn ph thm thc vt - Khai thc qu mc ti nguyn cy thuc - Lng ph ti nguyn cy thuc - Nhu cu s dng cy thuc tng ln - Thay i c cu cy trng b. Cc mi e da i vi tri thc s dng: - Tri thc s dng cy c lm thuc khng c t liu ha - S ph v cc ngun thng tin truyn khu truyn thng - Xi mn a dng cc nn vn ha - S pht trin ca cc ch phm hin i v tm l coi thng tri thc truyn thng

9.4.1.3. Cc phng php bo tn ti nguyn cy thuc:

a. Bo tn nguyn v (in situ): L hnh thc bo v cy thuc ni sng t nhin ca chng; gi nguyn trng cc mi quan h sinh thi gia cc loi v mi quan h gia cc loi vi mi trng sng v nn vn ha Bo tn chuyn v (ex situ): L hnh thc di chuyn cy ra khi ni sng t nhin chuyn n ch c iu kin tp trung qun l Bo tn trn trang tri (on farm): Bo tn trn trang tri (hay bo tn trn ng rung) l trng trt v qun l lin tc s a dng ca cc qun th cy thuc, c ngi nng dn thc hin trong cc h sinh thi nng nghip, ni cy trng tin ha. Cc phng php khc: - Ngn hng gen ng rung (Field genebank): i vi cc loi cy c i sng di, nh cc loi cy g, cy bi... Cch bo tn chuyn v tt nht l bo v ngn hng gen ng rung ti cc cng vin, vn thc tp, tp on cy trng trn ng rung - Ngn hng gen in vitro: tp on cc vt liu di truyn c bo qun trong cc mi trng dinh dng nhn to, iu kin v trng. i tng bo tn in vitro l nhng vt liu sinh sn v tnh, ht pht, DNA, cc vt liu dng nhn nhanh phc v cc chng trnh chn to v nhn ging.

a. a.

a.

9.4.2. S dng v pht trin bn vng ti nguyn cy thuc: 9.4.2.1. S dng bn vng ti nguyn cy thuc: Theo WHO, ti nguyn cy thuc ch c s dng mt cch bn vng v an ton thng qua cc hot ng: C ch lut php: Nh nc iu ha hot ng thu hi, khai thc cy thuc t hoang di; nghim cm thu hi cc loi cy thuc hoang di ang b e da; kim sot hot ng bun bn cy thuc v cc sn phm ca chng. Nghin cu v pht trin trng cy thuc: Thit lp cc vn m cy thuc; chn to cc ging cy thuc thun chng, c nng sut v cht lng cao; hn ch s dng thuc ha hc trong trng cy thuc; o to v cung cp thng tin v k hut trng cy thuc cho cng ng. Ci tin k thut thu hi, bo qun v sn xut thuc.

9.4.2.2.Pht trin ti nguyn cy thuc: a. Trng trt cy thuc:

Trng cy thuc theo qui trnh GAP (good agricultural practice) (thc hnh trng trt tt) tiu chun ha dc liu cho sn xut thuc v s dng. Ni dung ca GAP bao gm: - iu kin mi trng t nhin - Ging cy thuc - Trng trt v chm sc - Thu hi v s ch - Bao gi, vn chuyn v bo qun - H s ca dc liu

b. Hin i ha y hc c truyn:
Ni dung c bn ca hin i ha y hc c truyn bao gm: - Tng cng nghin cu c bn v l thuyt, l lun y hc truyn thng. - Nng cao trnh k thut ca nn cng nghip thuc y hc c truyn - Thc y thuc y hc truyn thng v y hc hin i cng pht trin - Xc tin hi nhp Quc t.