Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research Problem
It is a Problem that requires a Researcher to pursue it with a view to find out the best solution in a scientific manner.
Organization Analysis
Qualitative analysis
Theoretical Framework
A conceptual model of how one makes logical sense of the relationship among several factors that have been identified as important to the problem. Elaborates the relationship between the variables, explains the theory underlying these relations, and describes the nature and direction of relationship. A foundation on which entire research work is based. Logically developed, described through the process of interview, observation and literature survey, experience and intuition.
Variables
A Variable is a characteristic of a person, object or
It is an attribute that takes different values (for the same object at different times or different objects at the same time). These may be in the form of numbers (e.g., age) or nonnumerical characteristics (e.g., gender).
e.g. age, attitude, absenteeism, profits, production units, job satisfaction, attrition
Patients who were admitted in the advance stage of cancer did not respond to the treatment even though doctors diagnosis was done immediately on arrival, nurses were there & there was peace and quiet.
Types of Variables
Extraneous Control Independent Dependent Moderating (Context) Intervening
Independent Variable
It influences the dependent variable. It is manipulated by the researcher in experimental research. Also known as treatment variable in experimental research. Research may have more than one independent variable.
Dependent Variable
It is affected by the changes in the independent variable. It is not manipulated by the researcher. Research may have more than one dependent variables.
Extraneous Variables
Control It is controlled by the researcher by keeping the values constant in both the groups especially in experimental research. Moderating It is studied by the researcher along with the other variables. Intervening It can neither be controlled nor studied. Its effect is to be inferred from the results.
Confounding Variable.
In scientific language we prefer to speak of ASSOCIATIONS between variables, unless a causal relationship can be proven. If we find an association between smoking and cancer, we can conclude that smoking causes cancer only if we can both demonstrate that the cancer was developed after the patient started smoking and that there are no other factors that could have caused both the cancer and the habit of smoking. A variable that is associated with the problem and with a possible cause of the problem is a potential CONFOUNDING VARIABLE. A confounding variable may either strengthen or weaken the apparent relationship between the problem and a possible cause.
Coordination between ground control and cockpit Decentralization Training of cockpit crew
Independent variables
Dependable variable
Lower levels of communication among cockpit crew would fail to alert the pilot. Inadequate training of cockpit crew would fail to build survival skills.
Hypothesis
A logical relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement. It is an intelligent guess of the probable solution to the problem. They are derived from the theoretical framework formulated for the research.
Research Hypothesis
Research Hypothesis A proposition or generalisation which needs to be tested. Descriptive Hypothesis These are propositions that typically state the existence, size, form or distribution of some variable Relational Hypothesis Propositions that describe a relationship between two variables. A predictive statement that relates an independent variable to a dependent variable.
Types of Hypothesis
Null Alternate Non directional Directional
Null Hypothesis
Null hypothesis assumes no difference or no relationship between the two hypothesized variables. It indicates unbiased attitude of the researcher to the research. It is represented as Ho. When previous research literature does not give a clear direction, it is better to frame a hypothesis in null form.
Examples
There is no significant difference in the sales of the product before & after new packaging. M1=M2
There is no significant relationship between TV viewer ship & aggression among teenagers.
Alternate Hypothesis
It assumes some difference or some relationship between the hypothesized variables. When sufficient research literature is available indicating definite difference or relationship, alternate hypothesis is formulated. It is represented as H1
Examples
The performance of motivated employees is significantly different than those who are not motivated. The sales of a product is significantly related to the expenditure on the advertisement. The debt equity ratio of org. ABC is significantly higher than that of org. XYZ . The level of motivation of male employees is significantly lower than that of female employees.
Directional Hypotheses
In examples 3 & 4 we know that the variables mentioned therein are not equal in magnitude. It tells us which variable is having a higher magnitude . They provide us the DIRECTION of the magnitude .
Frame Hypothesis
A study of relationship between interest rates & the investment habits. A study of relationship between e-shopping habits & some demographic variables. A study of effectiveness of sachet & bottle packaging of shampoo in terms of consumer preference.