ANGLE MODULATION

Angle Modulation
Introduction Types of Angle Modulation FM & PM Definition FM & PM Signal Representation of FM & PM

Generation of PM using FM
Generation of FM using PM

Angle Modulation
Consider again the general carrier vc t = Vc cosc t + c

c t + c

represents the angle of the carrier.

There are two ways of varying the angle of the carrier.

a) By varying the frequency, c Frequency Modulation. b) By varying the phase, c Phase Modulation

Frequency Modulation

Phase Modulation
One of the properties of a sinusoidal wave is its phase, the offset from a reference time at which the sine wave begins. We use the term phase shift to characterize such changes. If phase changes after cycle k, the next sinusoidal wave will start slightly later than the time at which cycle k completes.

Introduction to Angle Modulation

High degree of noise immunity by bandwidth expansion. They are widely used in high-fidelity music broadcasting.
They are of constant envelope, which is beneficial when amplified by nonlinear amplifiers.

Introduction to Angle Modulation

FM and PM

FREQUENCY MODULATION

Frequency Modulation (FM)

Types of FM

Spectrum of FM
Transmission Bandwidth of FM

Deviation Ratio
Generation of FM Detection of FM Signal to Noise Ratio of FM Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis in FM

Types of FM
Basically 2 types of FM:
NBFM (Narrow Band Frequency Modulation) WBFM (Wide Band Frequency Modulation)

NBFM
Derivation Difference between NBFM & AM DSB FC Generation of NBFM

WBFM
Generating WBFM from NBFM Derivation
Bessel Function

Spectrum of FM

Transmission Bandwidth of FM

Carsons Rule

Deviation Ratio

Power in FM

Generation of FM
Mainly there are 2 methods to generate FM Signal. They are:
1. Direct Method
1. Hartley Oscillator 2. Basic Reactance Modulator

2. Indirect Method
1. Amstrong Modulator (Using NB Phase Modulator) 2. Frequency Multiplier

Generation of FM
Basically two methods:
1. Direct method
Build a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) where the frequency is varied in response to an applied modulating voltage by using a voltage-variable capacitor The main difficulty is that it is very difficult to maintain the stability of the carrier frequency of the VCO when used to generate wide-band FM.

2. Indirect method
Use a narrow-band FM modulator followed by frequency multiplier and mixer for up conversion. Allows to decouple the problem of carrier frequency stability from the FM modulation.

Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890 - 1954)

Edwin Howard Armstrong received his engineering degree in 1913 at the Columbia University. He was the inventor of the following basic electronic circuits underlying all modern radio, radar, and television: Regenerative Circuit (1912) Superheterodyne Circuit (1918) Superregenerative Circuit (1922) FM System (1933).

Indirect Method Amstrong Modulator

Indirect Method

Narrow Band Phase Modulator (NBPM)

Detection of FM
Types of FM Detectors:
1. 2. 3. 4. RL Discriminator Tuned FM Discriminator Balanced Slope Detector Centre Tuned Discriminator / Phase Discriminator / Foster Seeley Discriminator 5. Phase Locked Loop (PLL) Demodulator 6. Ratio Detector

RL Discriminator

Signal to Noise Ratio of FM

Introduction to Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

Noise in FM
Capture Effect FM Threshold Effect FM Threshold Reduction Pre-Emphasis & De-Emphasis in FM