SURGERY

Source:[ Schwartzs Principles of Surgery]

ONCOGENE
is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.

Normal cellular genes that contribute to cancer when abnormal.

Abbreviation: myc or ras Prefix: v- virus c- cell or chromosome

Oncogenes
May be GF, GFR, Intracellular signal transduction molecules, nuclear transcription factors, or other molecules involved in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation.

PROTO-ONCOGENES
Normal counterpart of the oncogene. a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression.

Proto-oncogenes
Can be activated or over expressed by: - Translocation (abl) - Promoter insertion (c-myc) - Mutation (ras)

HER2 and ras

HER2 (Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2) neu or c-erb B-2 -member of EGFR family -one of the best characterized tyrosine kinase
AKA

HER2 and ras

ras -encodes small GTP- binding proteins that regulates several cellular pocesses. - The H- and K- ras genes were first identified as the cellular counterparts of the oncogenes of the Harvery and Kirsten rat sarcoma viruses, whereas N-ras was isolated from Neuroblastoma.

HER2 and ras

NHK~ras genes are located on Chromosomes 1, 11 and 12

ALTERATIONS IN APOPTOSIS IN CANCER CELLS

Apoptosis is genetically regulated program to
dispose of cells. - Cancer cells must avoid apoptosis if tumor are to arise. - The growth of a tumor mass is dependent on a decrease in their apoptotic rate. - Apoptotic cells are then engulfed and degraded by phagocytic cells.

AUTOPHAGY IN CANCER CELLS

Self-eating is a major cellular pathway for protein and organelle turnover. Helps maintain a balance between anabolism and catabolism for normal cell growth and development

AUTOPHAGY IN CANCER CELLS

2nd form of programmed cell death Involves in the elimination of cancer cells by triggering non-apoptotic cell death program, which suggests a negative role in tumor development.

CANCER INVASION
Ability of malignant cells to invade the surrounding normal tissue.

In situ cancer tumors in which the malignant cells appear to lie exclusively above the basement membrane. Invasive cancer tumors in which malignant cells are demonstrated to breach the basement membrance, penetrating into surrounding stroma.

METASTASIS
Metastases arise from the spread of cancer cells from the primary site and the formation of new tumors in distant sites.

METASTATIC PROCESS

Thank you.