V Cao m

Nghin cu Khoa hc

ng k bn quyn tc gi Copyright

Phng php

i cng

Khi nim Phn loi Sn phm

Lm ti bt u t u?

5 cu hi quan trng nht?

5 cu hi quan trng nht:

Tn ti ca ti? v 4 cu hi: 2. Ti nh lm (nghin cu) ci g? 3. Ti phi tr li cu hi no? 4. Quan im ca ti ra sao? 5. Ti s chng minh quan im ca ti nh th no?
1.

Din t ca khoa hc
1.

2.
3. 4. 5.

Tn ti Mc tiu nghin cu Cu hi (Vn ) nghin cu Lun im (Gi thuyt) khoa hc Phng php chng minh gi thuyt

2 cu hi quan trng nht?

2 cu hi quan trng nht?

1.

2.

Cu hi no phi tr li trong nghin cu? Lun im khoa hc ca tc gi th no khi tr li cu hi ?

V d: Cu hi: Con h ti ai? Lun im: Con h ti m

1 cu hi quan trng nht ca ti?

1 cu hi quan trng nht?

Tc gi nh gii quyt vn g ca ti?

Ngha l: Tc gi phi tr li cu hi no trong nghin cu?

V d: Con h ti ai?

Sch tham kho Logic hc

1. 2.

Vng Tt t: Logic hc, Nh xut bn gio dc, H Ni L T Thnh: Tm hiu Logic hc, Nh xut bn Tr, Tp. H Ch Minh

Sch tham kho PPL NCKH

V Cao m: Phng php lun Nghin cu khoa hc, Nxb Khoa hc v K thut, 2005 (Xut bn ln th mi mt)

Phn loi Nghin cu khoa hc

Phn loi theo chc nng: - Nghin cu m t: Hin trng - Nghin cu gii thch: Nguyn nhn - Nghin cu gii php: Gii php - Nghin cu d bo: Nhn trc

Nghin cu v Trin khai

Nghin cu v Trin khai (vit tt l R&D)

Nghin cu c bn:

Nghin cu ng dng
Trin khai

Hot ng R&D theo khi nim ca UNESCO (1)

FR R R FR AR & D Nghin cu, trong : Nghin cu c bn

AR D

Nghin cu ng dng Trin khai

(Thut ng ca T Quang Bu, nguyn Tng Th k, Ph ch nhim U ban Khoa hc Nh nc)

Hot ng R&D theo khi nim ca UNESCO (2)

LOI HNH NGHIN CU Nghin cu c bn Nghin cu ng dng SN PHM
L thuyt Vn dng l thuyt m t, gii thch , d bo, xut gii php Prototype (vt mu), pilot v lm th lot u (srie 0)

R & D

Trin khai

Hot ng KH&CN gm:

Nghin cu v Trin khai (R&D) Chuyn giao tri thc, bao gm chuyn giao cng ngh 3. Pht trin cng ngh (UNESCO v UNIDO) 4. Dch v KH&CN
1. 2.

UNESCO: Manuel pour les statistiques relatives aux activits scientifiques et techniques, 1982. De Hemptinne: Questions cles de la politique scientifique et technique, 1982 (Bn dch tm tt ting Vit c 2 ti liu ny ca Vin Qun l KH&KT, 1987)

Hot ng KH&CN theo khi nim ca UNESCO (1)

FR FR AR D T TD STS D T TD STS Nghin cu c bn Nghin cu ng dng Trin khai (Technological Experimental Development) Chuyn giao tri thc (bao gm CGCN) Pht trin cng ngh trong sn xut (Technology Development) Dch v khoa hc v cng ngh AR

Sn phm nghin cu khoa hc

1. 2.

Nghin cu c bn:

Khm ph quy lut & to ra cc l thuyt

Nghin cu ng dng:

Vn dng l thuyt m t, gii thch, d bo v xut cc gii php

3.

Trin khai (Technological Experimental Development; gi tt l Development; ting Nga l Razrabotka, ch khng l Razvitije):
- Ch tc Vt mu : Lm Prototype - Lm Pilot: to cng ngh sn xut vi Prototype - Sn xut lot nh (Srie 0) khng nh tin cy

Mt s thnh tu c tn gi ring
Pht hin (Discovery), nhn ra ci vn c: Quy lut x hi. Quy lut gi tr thng d Vt th / trng. Nguyn t radium; T trng Hin tng. Tri t quay quanh mt tri. Pht minh (Discovery), nhn ra ci vn c: Quy lut t nhin. nh lut vn vt hp dn. Sng ch (Invention), to ra ci cha tng c: mi v nguyn l k thut v c th p dng c. My hi nc; in thoi.*

Trnh t
Nghin cu Khoa hc

Bn cht ca Nghin cu khoa hc

T tng ch o: Hnh thnh & Chng minh Lun im Khoa hc

Trnh t chung
BC I BC II BC III
LA CHN TI KHOA HC

HNH THNH LUN IM KHOA HC

CHNG MINH LUN IM KHOA HC

BC IV

TRNH BY LUN IM KHOA HC

iu lu trong nghin cu
Lun im khoa hc = Gi thuyt c chng minh = Linh hn ca cng trnh khoa hc

La chn ti
Khi nim ti Hnh thnh ti Chun b nghin cu

Bc I

Khi nim ti nghin cu

ti l: Mt hnh thc t chc nghin cu: - Mt nhm nghin cu - Mt nhim v nghin cu Cc loi ti - ti / D n / n - Chng trnh

Cc loi ti
ti Nghin cu mang tnh hc thut l ch yu D n ti p dng vi thi hn, a im n nh Chng trnh ti ln, gm mt s ti, d n. n Nghin cu nhm xut mt ti, d n, chng trnh

im xut pht ca ti
La chn s kin khoa hc Nhim v nghin cu Tn ti

S kin khoa hc
S kin khoa hc = S kin thng thng (s kin t nhin / s kin x hi) tn ti nhng mu thun (gia l thuyt v thc t) phi gii quyt bng cc lun c / phng php khoa hc S kin khoa hc - (dn n) Nhim v nghin cu - i tng nghin cu - Tn ti

Pavlov I. P. (1849 - 1936):

S kin khoa hc i vi ngi nghin cu ta nh khng kh nng i cnh chim trn bu tri.

Nhim v nghin cu
Tp hp nhng ni dung khoa hc m ngi nghin cu phi thc hin Ngun nhim v nghin cu: - Cp trn giao (B/Hng/Trng) - Hp ng vi i tc - T ngi nghin cu xut

Tiu ch la chn nhim v nghin cu

Thc

s c ngha khoa hc? Thc s c ngha thc tin? Thc s cp thit? Hi cc ngun lc? Bn thn c hng thu khoa hc?

t tn ti (1)
1.

Tn ti = b mt ca tc gi. - Tn ti phi th hin c t tng khoa hc ca ti. - Tn ti phi c hiu mt ngha.

t tn ti (2)
2.

Trnh dng nhng cm t bt nh t tn ti, chng hn: - Ph rng - Hin trng, Nguyn nhn, Gii php (sai v ngn ng hc) - Hi nhp Thch thc, thi c - Mt s bin php nhm pht trin cng ngh nng thn

Mc tiu nghin cu
Mc tiu (objective) nghin cu Bn cht s vt cn lm r Tr li cu hi: Lm ci g? i tng nghin cu = Tp hp mc tiu Mc ch (aim, purpose, goal) Tr li cu hi: lm ci g?

Cu truc i tng nghin cu:

Cy mc tiu
Mc tiu Cp I Mc tiu Cp II Mc tiu Cp III

Mc tiu Cp IV

Phm vi nghin cu
La chn phm vi nghin cu quyt nh ti: Tnh tin cy ca kt qu nghin cu. Qu thi gian cn thit cho nghin cu. Kinh ph u t cho nghin cu.

Cc loi phm vi nghin cu

Cc loi phm vi cn xc nh: Phm vi ca khch th (mu kho st) Phm vi qung thi gian din bin ca s kin ( nhn bit quy lut) Phm vi gii hn ca ni dung v hn ch v chuyn gia v kinh ph

Mu kho st
Mu (i tng) kho st (sample) Mu c chn t khch th xem xt

Khch th (object / population) Vt mang i tng nghin cu

Khch th nghin cu
Mt

khng gian t nhin Mt khu vc hnh chnh Mt cng ng x hi Mt hot ng x hi Mt qu trnh (t nhin / ha hc / sinh hc / cng ngh / ... / x hi)

Xy dng lun im khoa hc

Bc II

Vn khoa hc Gi thuyt khoa hc L thuyt khoa hc

Trnh t xy dng Lun im khoa hc

S kin Mu thun
Cu hi Vn khoa hc

Cu tr li s b

Gi thuyt Khoa hc
Lun im khoa hc

Vn nghin cu
Vn

khoa hc = Vn nghin cu = Cu hi nghin cu

Cu hI t ra ni xut hin mu thun gia l thuyt ang tn ti vi thc t mI pht sinh

2 lp vn nghin cu
Lun tn ti 2 lp vn khoa hc: Lp vn (cu hi) v bn cht s vt cn lm sng t Lp vn v phng php chng minh bn cht s vt

3 tnh hung vn nghin cu

C vn C nghin cu 2. Khng c vn Khng c nghin cu 3. Gi vn (pseudo-problem) (1) Khng c vn Khng c nghin cu (2) Xut hin vn khc C nghin cu khc
1.

Phng php pht hin vn nghin cu

Nhn dng bt ng trong tranh lun Nhn dng cc vng mc trong hot ng thc t Ngh ngc quan nim thng thng Lng nghe ngi khng am hiu Nhng cu hi xut hin bt cht Phn tch cu truc logic cc cng trnh khoa hc

Gi thuyt nghin cu
Khi nim: - Cu tr li s b vo cu hi nghin cu - Nhn nh s b / Kt lun gi nh ... ... v bn cht s vt Lu : Gi thuyt (Hypothesis)

Gi thit (Assumption)
(Gi thit = iu kin gi nh ca nghin cu)

Quan h Vn - Gi thuyt
Vn 1 (V d: Tr h ti ai?) - Gi thuyt 1.1 (Con h ti m) - Gi thuyt 1.2 (Con h ti cha) - Gi thuyt 1.3 (Chu h ti b) ..........

Bn cht logic ca gi thuyt nghin cu

Gi thuyt khoa hc: Mt phn on cn chng minh v bn cht s vt

Cu truc logic ca gi thuyt nghin cu

Gi thuyt = Mt phn on (S - P) Cc loi phn on: Phn on khng nh: S l P Phn on ph nh: S khng l P Phn on xc sut: S c l l P Phn on hin thc: S ang l P Phn on ko theo: Nu S th P v.v...

Tiu ch kim tra gi thuyt nghin cu

1.

2.
3.

Phi da trn c s quan st Khng tri vi l thuyt khoa hc C th kim chng c

Tiu ch I: Phi da trn c s quan st

Claude Bernard: Gi thuyt phi c im ta trong t nhin

Tiu ch II: Khng tri vi l thuyt

1.

2. 3.

y l L thuyt khoa hc c chng minh ch khng phi l nhng Lp lun b ng nhn l l thuyt C v tri vi l thuyt, nhng l phn b sung ch trng ca l thuyt C v tri vi l thuyt, nhng tr nn trng hp tng qut. Cn l thuyt vn tn ti tr nn trng hp ring

Tiu ch III: C th kim chng c

1.

C th kim chng c

Phn loi gi thuyt nghin cu

2.

Phn loi theo chc nng nghin cu (khng phn bit nghin cu c bn, ng dng, trin khai): Gi thuyt m t: S l P Gi thuyt gii thch: S l do P Gi thuyt gii php: S lm theo cch P Gi thuyt d bo: S s l P

Phn loi gi thuyt nghin cu

1.

Phn loi theo phn on logic (khng phn bit nghin cu c bn, ng dng, trin khai): Gi thuyt khng nh: S l P Gi thuyt ph nh: S khng l P Gi thuyt lng l: S c l l P Gi thuyt iu kin: Nu S th P Gi thuyt la chn: S khng l PI m l PII

L thuyt
Khoa hc

Kt qu chng minh gi thuyt nghin cu

Gi

thuyt khoa hc c chng minh Lun im khoa hc

L thuyt (L lun) khoa hc

L thuyt (L lun) khoa hc L: h thng lun im v mi lin h gia cc s kin khoa hc Gm: - H thng khi nim - Cc mi lin h

Khi nim
Khi

nim l mt hnh thc t duy nhm ch r thuc tnh bn cht, vn c ca s vt nim gm ni hm / ngoi din:

Khi

Ni hm: Mi thuc tnh ca s vt Ngoi din: Mi c th c cha thuc tnh

Phm tr
Phm Phm

tr l Khi nim c m rng n ti a

tr l mt khi nim ln cha ng mt tp hp khi nim c cng thuc tnh tr l cu ni t Khi nim tm n B mn khoa hc ng vai tr c s l thuyt cho nghin cu. S dng phm tr i tm sch

Phm

Cc mi lin h
Tc mi lin h gia cc s kin: Lin h hu hnh Lin h v hnh

Lin h hu hnh (1)

l

nhng lin h c th v thnh s - Lin h ni tip / Lin h song song - Lin h hnh cy / Lin h mng li - Lin h hn hp / v.v... v c th biu din bng m hnh ton

Lin h hu hnh (1)

ni tip

song song

hn hp

Lin h hu hnh (2)

ln h hnh cy

Lin h hu hnh (3)

Lin h mng li

Lin h hu hnh (4)

Lin h c phn hi trong cc h thng ky thut/sinh hc/x hi (v d, h thng qun l)

Lin h hu hnh (5)

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

Biu hnh qut: M t cu truc

M hnh ton hc (1)

Biu thc ton hc Hnh tam gic vung

a2 + b2 = c2
a Cu trc tnh) b

M hnh ton hc (2)

Biu thc ton hc Chuyn ng thng u
s

s = vt
(ng thi)

s = vt

M hnh ton hc (3)

Biu thc ton hc F(X,Y,Z) optimum
G1(X,Y) G(X,Y) G2(X,Y)

M hnh ton kinh t

X1 X X2 Y1 Y Y2

(H thng c iu khin)

Lin h v hnh
L nhng lin h khng th v s : Chc nng ca h thng Quan h tnh cm Trng thi tm l Thi chnh tr

Lin h hn hp
B X

B
Lin h tng tc vi 4 thnh vin: 6 lin h hu hnh, v s lin h v hnh Nu thm thnh vin X?

Me

Con

Lin h hn hp trong h thng c iu khin

H trn
H bn

i tng
b iu khin Input Output

H di H bn

Ch th iu khin

Mi trng

Bc III Chng minh lun im khoa hc

C s logic Lun c Phng php

Logic ca chng minh

1. 2. 3.

Gi thuyt = Lun im cn chng minh

Chng minh ci g?
Lun c = Bng chng chng minh

Chng minh bng ci g?

Phng php = Cch chng minh

Chng minh bng cch no?

Vn : Tm kim lun c

Cc bc chng minh Gi thuyt Khoa hc

2 bc:
Bc I: - Tm lun c - Chng minh bn thn lun c Bc II: Sp xp / T chc lun c chng minh gi thuyt

Lun c khoa hc
Lun c Phn on c chng minh, c s dng lm bng chng chng minh gi thuyt

Lun c gm - L thuyt khoa hc: t nghin cu ti liu - S kin khoa hc: t nghin cu ti liu/ quan st/ phng vn/ hi ngh/ iu tra/ thc nghim

Phn loi Lun c khoa hc

C 2 loi lun c: Lun c l thuyt = C s l lun: Cc khi nim / phm tr / quy lut Lun c thc tin = s kin thu c t Tng kt kinh nghim Ch o th im cc cch lm mi Phng php tm kim lun c thc tin: quan st / phng vn / hi ngh / hi tho iu tra / trc nghim / thc nghim

Tm li:
Ly lun c u? Tng kt kinh nghim trong hot ng thc t ca ngnh mnh v nghin cu kinh nghim ca ngnh khc Ch o th im cc gii php mi Nghin cu l lun do cc nh nghin cu v cc ng nghip i trc tng kt

K thut tm lun c:
Ni

dung ct li: Thu thp thng tin v thc hin cng vic suy lun t cc thng tin thu thp c Vy lm th no thu thp c thng tin?

Phng php tm kim lun c

Phng

vn Hi ngh iu tra chn mu Ch o th im Nghin cu ti liu l lun

V d chng minh
Gi thuyt
(Lun im) Lun c
Khng th loi b cy bch n ra khi c cu cy trng rng
1) 2) 3)

Phng php

1) 2)

Th gii c trn 100 nc nhp ni bch n t 200 nm nay. Sc tng trng sinh hc ca bch n hn hn cc cy khc Hiu qu kinh t ca bch n cng hn hn cc cy khc Quan st Ly s liu ca FAO

Lun c L thuyt

Tm kim lun c l thuyt

Lun

c l thuyt = C s l lun B phn hp thnh c s l thuyt (l lun): - Cc khi nim - Cc phm tr - Cc mi lin h Nghin cu ti liu v cc thnh tu l thuyt ca ng nghip

Phng php lp lun

Phng

php lp lun (s dng / sp xp / t chc lun c) chng minh gi thuyt

3 Phng php lp lun

DIN DCH

t ci chung n ring

QUY NP

t ci ring n chung

LOI SUY

t ci ring n ring

Kt qu chng minh gi thuyt khoa hc

Gi

thuyt khoa hc c chng minh Lun im khoa hc

Xy dng c s l thuyt
1.

Xy dng Khi nim, bao gm Chun xc ha cc khi nim Thng nht ha cc khi nim B sung ni hm/ngoi din cc k/n Mn k/nim ca cc khoa hc khc t cc khi nim hon ton mi

Xy dng c s l thuyt
2.

Nhn dng cc Phm tr H thng ha cc khi nim theo nhng tiu ch no Nhn dng cc phm tr (category) cha ng cc khi nim Tm kim cc b mn khoa hc (discipline) cha ng cc phm tr y t phm tr mi (khi cn thit)

Xy dng c s l thuyt (3)

3.

Xc lp cc Lin h S ha cc lin h hu hnh M t ton hc mt s lin h c th s dng cu truc ton hc M t bng ngn ng logic cc lin h cn li khng th thc hin nh trn

Lun c

Thc t

Tng kt kinh nghim (1)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Nghin cu cc bo co nghip v ca ngnh Kho st thc a Phng vn chuyn gia Hi ngh tng kt/Hi ngh khoa hc iu tra chn mu Ch o th im / Thc nghim / Tng kt cc in hnh

Tng kt kinh nghim (2)

Mc ch: Tm kim cc lun c thc t chng minh lun im khoa hc (tc gi thuyt khoa hc) ca tc gi.

Tng kt kinh nghim (3)

Sn phm: Kinh nghim thc t rt phong phu v a dng. Vy ngi nghin cu chn lc g t kinh nghim thc t? C 2 loi: Chn nhng s kin c kt lun l ph hp vi lun im (tc gi thuyt) ca tc gi. Chn nhng s kin c kt lun l tri ngc vi lun im ca tc gi

Tng kt kinh nghim (4)

S dng kt qu: C 2 kt qu u c s dng trong nghin cu: S kin ph hp: Dng lm lun c chng minh lun im ca tc gi S kin tri ngc: Gi ngi nghin cu kim tra li lun im ca mnh. Nu lun im c chng minh l sai th y l tin a lun im mi

Phng php

Thu thp thng tin

Khi nim thu thp thng tin

Khi nim: Nghin cu khoa hc l qu trnh thu thp v ch bin thng tin Thng tin va l nguyn liu, va l sn phm ca nghin cu khoa hc

Mc ch thu thp thng tin

Xc

nhn l do nghin cu Tm hiu lch s nghin cu Xc nh mc tiu nghin cu Pht hin vn nghin cu t gi thuyt nghin cu tm kim, pht hin,chng minh lun c Cui cng chng minh gi thuyt

Qu trnh thu thp thng tin:

Chn phng php tip cn 2. Thu thp thng tin 3. X l thng tin 4. Thc hin cc php suy lun logic
1.

Lin h logic ca cc bc:

1. Hnh thnh lun im khoa hc: S kin Vn Gi thuyt 2. Chng minh lun im khoa hc Tip cn (Kho hng), Thu thp thng tin X l thng tin Suy lun a ra kt lun ca nghin cu

Cc phng php thu thp thng tin

Nghin cu ti liu Phi thc nghim Thc nghim Trc nghim / th nghim

Cc phng php thu thp thng tin

Cc phng php
Nghin cu ti liu Phi thc nghim Thc nghim Trc nghim
Gy bin i Gy bin i trng thi mi trng

Khng Khng C Khng

Khng Khng C C

Phng php

Tip cn

Phng php tip cn

Khi nim: Tip cn = Approach (E) / Approche (F) T in Oxford (1994): A way of dealing with person or thing T in Le Petit Larousse (2002): Maniere d aborder un sujet Mc ch tip cn: thu thp thng tin

Cc phng php tip cn

TIP CN Ni quan / Ngoi quan Lch s / Logic H thng / Cu truc Phn tch / Tng hp C bit / So snh T di / T trn nh lng/nh tnh KT LUN Ni quan Logic H thng Tng hp C bit T trn nh tnh

Ni quan / Ngoi quan

Khi nim: Ni quan: T mnh suy ra Ngoi quan: T khch quan xem xt li lun im ca mnh

Ni quan / Ngoi quan

Claude Bernard:
Khng c ni quan th khng c bt c nghin cu no c bt u; Nhng ch vi ni quan th khng c bt c nghin cu no c kt thuc

Phng php

Nghin cu ti liu

Phng php nghin cu ti liu

Mc ch nghin cu ti liu: K tha l thuyt v kinh nghim Nghin cu ti liu ca ng nghip Nghin cu ti liu ni b ca ta: Tng kt kinh nghim

Phng php nghin cu ti liu

Thu thp ti liu Phn tch ti liu Tng hp ti liu

Thu thp ti liu

1.

2.

Ngun ti liu Ti liu khoa hc trong ngnh Ti liu khoa hc ngoi ngnh Ti liu truyn thng i chung Cp ti liu Ti liu cp I (ti liu s cp) Ti liu cp II, III, (ti liu th cp)

Phn tch ti liu (1)

1.

1.

Phn tch theo cp ti liu Ti liu cp I (nguyn gc ca tc gi) Ti liu cp II, III, (x l t ti liu cp trn) Phn tch ti liu theo chuyn mn Ti liu chuyn mn trong/ngoi ngnh Ti liu chuyn mn trong/ngoi nc Ti liu truyn thng i chung

Phn tch ti liu (2)

3.

Phn tch ti liu theo tc gi: Tc gi trong/ngoi ngnh Tc gi trong/ngoi cuc Tc gi trong/ngoi nc Tc gi ng thi / hu th so vi thi im pht sinh s kin

Phn tch ti liu (3)

4.

Phn tch ti liu theo ni dung: ung / Sai Tht / Gi / Thiu Xc thc / Mo m / Gian ln x l / Ti liu th cha qua x l

Phn tch ti liu (4)

Phn tch cu truc logic ca ti liu Lun im (Lun ): (Mnh/Yu) (Tc gi mun chng minh iu g?) Lun c (Bng chng): (Mnh/Yu) (Tc gi ly ci g chng minh?) Phng php (Lun chng): (Tc gi chng minh bng cch no?) (Mnh/Yu)

Tng hp ti liu (1)

1.

2.

Chnh l ti liu Thiu: b tuc Mo m / Gian ln: chnh l Sai: Phn tch phng php Sp xp ti liu ng i: Nhn dng tng quan Lch i: Nhn dng ng thi Nhn qu: Nhn dng tng tc.

Tng hp ti liu (2)

3.

Nhn dng cc lin h: Lin h so snh tng quan Lin h ng cp Lin h ng thi Lin h nhn qu

Tng hp ti liu (3)

X l kt qu phn tch cu truc logic:

Ci mnh c s dng lm:

Lun c ( chng minh lun im ca ta)

Phng php ( chng minh lun im ca ta)

Ci yu c s dng :
Nhn dng Vn mi (cho ti ca ta) Xy dng Lun im mi (cho ti ca ta)

Phng php Phi thc nghim

Cc phng php phi thc nghim

Quan st Phng vn Hi ngh / Hi ng iu tra chn mu

Phng php

Quan st

Phn loi quan st

Phn loi quan st: Theo quan h vi i tng b quan st: Quan st khch quan Quan st c tham d / Nghin cu tham d Theo t chc quan st Quan st nh ky Quan st chu ky Quan st bt thng

Phng tin quan st

- Quan st bng trc tip nghe / nhn - Quan st bng phng tin nghe nhn - Quan st bng phng tin o lng

Phng php

Phng vn

Phng vn (1)
Khi nim: Phng vn l quan st gin tip
iu

kin thnh cng ca phng vn

Thit k b cu hi phng vn La chn v phn tch i tc

Phng vn (2)
Cc hnh thc phng vn: Tr chuyn (thut ng c s dng trong nghin cu gio dc hc) Phng vn chnh thc Phng vn ngu nhin Phng vn su

Ngi nghin cu c th ghi m cuc phng vn, nhng phi c s tha thun v xin php i tc trc khi tin hnh phng vn

Phng php

Hi ngh

Phng php hi ngh (1)

Bn cht: a cu hi cho mt nhm chuyn gia tho lun Hnh thc Cc loi hi ngh khoa hc

Phng php hi ngh (2)

u im: c nghe kin tranh lun Nhc im: Quan im c nhn chuyn gia d b chi phi bi nhng ngi: - c ti hng bin - c ti ngy bin - c uy tn khoa hc - c a v x hi cao

Tn cng no v Delphi
Tn cng no (Brainstorming): Khai thc trit no chuyn gia bng cch: Nu cu hi Hn ch thi gian tr li hoc s ch vit Chng nhiu chuyn gia c t do t tng Phng php Delphi: Chia nhm chuyn gia thnh cc nhm nh Kt qu tn cng no nhm ny c x l nu cu hi cho nhm sau

Cc loi hi ngh khoa hc

Ta m Bn trn Seminar Symposium Workshop Conference Congress 5 - 10 ngi; 1,5 2 ngy 5 - 10 ngi; 1,5 2 ngy 15 - 20 ngi; 1,5 2 ngy 15 - 20 ngi; 1,5 2 ngy 20 - trm ngi; tun / thng 50 - ngn ngi; 1,5 5 ngy Hng ngn ngi; 1,5 5 ngy

Ky yu hi ngh khoa hc
1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Ba chnh / Ba lt / Ba ph Thng tin v xut x hi ngh Chng trnh ca hi ngh Bi pht biu ca chnh gii Cc tham lun khoa hc Bin bn v ti liu kt thuc hi ngh Danh sch v a ch cc i biu

Phng php

iu tra chn mu

iu tra chn mu (1)

Cc cng vic cn lm: Nhn dng vn (t cu hi) iu tra t gi thuyt iu tra Xy dng bng cu hi Chn mu iu tra Chn k thut iu tra Chn phng php x l kt qu iu tra

iu tra chn mu (2)

Nguyn tc xy dng bng cu hi: Cn a nhng cu hi mt ngha Nn hi vo vic lm ca i tc Khng yu cu i tc nh gi
Nhn vin y c yn tm cng tc khng?

Trnh ng nhng ch nhy cm

ng/B b can n bao gi cha?

iu tra chn mu (3)

Nguyn tc chn mu: Mu qu ln: chi ph ln Mu qu nh : Thiu tin cy. Mu phi c chn ngu nhin, theo ung ch dn v phng php: - Ngu nhin / Ngu nhin h thng - Ngu nhin h thng phn tng - v.v...

iu tra chn mu (4)

X l kt qu iu tra: Mu nh nn x l tay Mu ln x l trn my vi phn mm SPSS (Statistic Package for Social Studies)

Case Study No 3 Xy dng bng hi gin tip

V d: Tm hiu trch nhim cc c quan hu quan trong vic a ni dung gio dc mi trng vo nh trng Cu hi: Thy/C bit ch trng gio dc mi trng bng con ng no:

Nghe ni Qua cc phng tin truyn thng i chung D hi ngh tp hun Nhn mt vn bn theo knh chnh thc Con ng khc

Phng php

Thc nghim

Cc phng php thc nghim

Th v sai Heuristic Tng t

Phng php

Thc nghim Th v Sai

Th v sai (1)
Bn cht: Thc nghim ng thi trn mt h thng a mc tiu Lp li mt kiu thc nghim: th - sai; li th - li sai ..., cho n khi hon ton ung hoc hon ton sai so vi gi thuyt thc nghim.

Th v sai (2)
Nhc im: M mm lp li cc thc nghim ging ht nhau Nhiu ri ro; Tn km, nht l th v sai trong cc thc nghim x hi

Phng php
Thc nghim Phn on (Heuristic)

Heuristic
Bn cht: Th v sai theo nhiu bc. Mi bc ch th v sai 1 mc tiu Thc hin: Phn chia h thc nghim a mc tiu thnh cc h n mc tiu Xc lp thm iu kin th v sai trn cc h n mc tiu

Phng php

Thc nghim M hnh

Tng t (1)
Bn cht: Dng m hnh thc nghim thay th vic thc nghim trn i tng thc (v kh khn v k thut, nguy him, c

hi, v nhng nguyn nhn bt kh khng khc)

Tng t (2)
iu kin thc nghim tng t:

Gia m hnh v i tng thc phi co:

Tnh

ng cu (isomorphism), ngha l ging nhau trn nhng lin h cn bn nht. ng cu l tng s tin ti tnh ng cu (homomorphism)

Tng t (3)
Cc loi m hnh: M hnh ton M hnh vt l M hnh sinh hc M hnh sinh thi M hnh x hi

X l

Thng tin

Phn loi x l thng tin

X l thng tin nh lng X l thng tin nh tnh

X l Thng tin nh lng

X l thng tin nh lng

4 cp x l thng tin nh lng: S liu c lp Bng s liu Biu th

X l thng tin nh lng

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Qtr Qtr Qtr Qtr East West North

Biu hnh ct: So snh cc i lng

X l thng tin nh lng

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

Biu hnh qut:

M t cu truc

X l thng tin nh lng

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr East 3rd Qtr West North 4th Qtr

Biu tuyn tnh: Quan st ng thi

X l thng tin nh lng

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5 East West North

th hm s: Quan st ng thi

X l sai s
Cc loi sai s: Sai s ngu nhin Sai s k thut Sai s h thng Sai li ph bin khi x l sai s: H thng ln sai s nh v ngc li Ly sai s khc nhau trong cng mt h thng

X l Thng tin nh tnh

Lin h hu hnh (1)

l nhng lin h c th v thnh s Lin h ni tip / Lin h song song Lin h hnh cy / Lin h mng li Lin h hn hp

Lin h v hnh
Nhng lin h khng th trnh by bng s hoc biu thc ton hc: Chc nng ca h thng Quan h tnh cm Trng thi tm l Thi chnh tr

Lin h hn hp trong h thng c iu khin

H trn
H bn

i tng
b iu khin Input Output

H di H bn

Ch th iu khin

Mi trng

3 Phng php lp lun

DIN DCH

t ci chung n ring

QUY NP

t ci ring n chung

LOI SUY

t ci ring n ring

Trnh by lun im khoa hc

Bc IV

Th loi Logic Ngn ng

Vit cng trnh khoa hc

Bi bo khoa hc Bo co khoa hc Chuyn kho khoa hc

Vit bo khoa hc
5 LOI BI BO
Cng b tng khoa hc Cng b kt qu nghin cu dn tho lun khoa hc

Vn Lun Lun Phng im c php

x (x) x x (x) (x) o x o o x o

Tham lun khoa hc

Thng bo khoa hc

(x)
o

(x)
o

x
o

x
o

 cng nghin cu
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Tn ti . . Mc tiu nghin cu (Ti s lm g?) . . Cu hi (Vn ) nghin cu (Ti cn tr lI cu hi no

trong nghin cu)

Gi thuyt khoa hc (Lun im ca ti ra sao?) Phng php chng minh lun im Ti chng minh lun

im ca ti bng cch no?)

.

 cng nghin cu
1.

2.
3. 4. 5.

6.
7. 8. 9. 10.

Tn ti L do nghin cu (V sao ti nghin cu?) Lch s nghin cu (Ai lm g?) Mc tiu nghin cu (Ti s lm g?) Phm vi nghin cu (Ti lm n u) Mu kho st (Ti lm u) Cu hi (Vn ) nghin cu (Ti cn tr lI cu hi no

trong nghin cu)

Gi thuyt khoa hc (Lun im ca ti ra sao?) D kin lun c (Ti ly g chng minh?) Phng php chng minh lun im Ti chng minh lun

im ca ti bng cch no?)

Cu truc bo co khoa hc
DN BI PHN I CC MUN L do nghin cu Lch s nghin cu Mc tiu nghin cu Phm vi nghin cu Mu kho st Vn khoa hc Lun im khoa hc Phng php chng minh C s l lun / Bin lun Lun c thc t / Bin lun Kt lun/Khuyn ngh LOGIC

PHN II PHN III PHN IV

Cu hi Lun im Phng php Lun c l thuyt Lun c thc t

Thuyt trnh khoa hc (1)

B cc: Ni quan
Ti hnh dung s vt (gi thuyt) nh sau ...

Ngoi Ni

quan

Kt qu quan st / phng vn / iu tra/ trc nghim / th nghim / thc nghim /.../ nh sau ....

quan

Ti kt lun nh sau ...

Ngn ng khoa hc
1.

Vn phong-Ngn ng logic:
Thng dng th b ng Phn on hin thc

2.

Ngn ng ton hc-Lin h ton hc:

1. S liu c lp/Bng s liu 2. Biu / th

S -Lin h s 4. Hnh v-M hnh ng cu 5. nh

3.

Trch dn khoa hc (1)

ngha ca trch dn khoa hc: ngha khoa hc ngha trch nhim ngha php l ngha o c

Trch dn khoa hc (2)

Mt s ngi khng tn trng nguyn tc trch dn (Zuckerman): Ngi tr mun nhanh chng ni danh Ngi gi (lo lng) mun nu ko nh ho quang tt Tm l k, mc cm b thua km ngi c mnh trch dn

Trch dn khoa hc (3)

Mt s mu vit trch dn: 1. Bernal J.: The Social Functions of Science, Roudlege, London, 1939, p. 29.
2.

Bernal J. (1939), The Social Functions of Science, Roudlege, London, p. 29.

Thuyt trnh khoa hc (1)

Cn t cho mnh nguyn tc rt nghim ngt: Ni... ni... v... PHI...

NI !

Khng c trn giy vit sn Khng c trn mn hnh chiu

overhead/projector

Thuyt trnh khoa hc (2)

K thut thuyt trnh:

Phi lm ch thi gian Chia ni dung thnh cc nh

Chng hn:
Chia bn trnh by thnh 10 Mi bnh qun c trnh by 1-2 pht trong tng 20 phut quy nh cho mt bo co

Thuyt trnh khoa hc (3)

Khng

trnh by theo chng mc Trnh by theo cu truc logic

 cng thuyt trnh

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

(25-30 slides)
1 slide 1-2 1 1 1-2 1-2 1 1-3 1 10-15

Tn ti Lch s nghin cu L do nghin cu Mc tiu nghin cu Phm vi nghin cu Mu kho st Vn (Cu hi) nghin cu Lun im (Gi thuyt) khoa hc Phng php chng minh lun im Kt qu nghin cu:

Lun c l thuyt Lun c thc t (Kho st/Phng vn/iu tra/Thc nghim)

Lun c l thuyt
Cc khi nim Cc lin h Cc phm tr Cc l thuyt khoa hc khc c c lin quan

1 - 2 slides 1 - 2 slides

1 - 2 slides

Lun c thc t

Kt Kt Kt Kt Kt Kt Kt

qu qu qu qu qu qu qu

nghin cu ti liu quan st phng vn hi tho iu tra trc nghim/th nghim thc nghim

1-2 slides 1-2 slides 1-2 slides 1-2 slides 1-2 slides 1-2 slides 1-2 slides

Thit k mt slide ?
Cc kiu thit k slide ph bin:
nh

my cc trang ch chiu ln c Gii thiu mt dn Trnh by mt t tng Mt slide = Phi trnh by mt t tng

Chiu mt trang ch (1)

Cn c c ch v y mnh vic t vn

v phn bin chnh sch khoa hc, gio dc.

Tng cng vai tr ca cc trng i hc, vin nghin cu trong nh gi, phn bin chnh sch ni chung v chnh sch khoa hc, gio dc ni ring

Chiu mt trang ch (2)

- C hi i vi cc doanh nghip l bit tn dng thi c

v mi trng. Nu bit tn dng thi c v mi trng hay duy tr c mi quan h gia th v lc ca h thng th h thng tn ti v pht trin bn vng. - Thch thc i vi cc h thng l phi bo m tn ti pht trin vng mnh. V y l i hi h thng phi lun tn ti, pht trin vng mnh v nhanh chng, t c mc tiu ca h thng. Tuy nhin, i vi mt n v doanh nghip a chc nng, a lnh vc v a ngnh th hot ng qun l s gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vic phi hp, ch o v qun l thng nht.

Chiu mt trang ch (3)

Trong thi i hin nay, thi i ca nn kinh t tri thc v x hi hc tp, KH&CN pht trin mnh m vai tr ca cng ngh thng tin ng hng u, lm cho qu trnh lc hu nhanh chng v kin thc v kinh nghim con ngi. Mt l thuyt khoa hc t ch hng nghn nm tn ti, n nay ch cn tnh bng nm, thng. i ng tr thc trong trng i hc phi l nhng ngi tiu biu cho lc lng x hi sng to nhng tri thc mi v hin i. V vy, quy hoch o to v bi dng cn b, hnh thnh i ng c nng cp nht tri thc, hn ch s thiu ht i ng cn b khoa hc c trnh cao l yu cu khch quan, tt yu c tnh quy lut trong tt c cc c quan, n v o to v khoa hc-cng ngh hin nay.

Chiu mt trang ch (4)

It is particularly evident
that the river basin management regimes and institutions committed to bilateral and/or multilateral management of transboundary water resources have been increased.

The International Network of Basin Organization was

established in 1996.

The International Conference on Water and Sustainable

Development was held in 1998, which declared that a common vision of riverine countries is needed for the efficient management and effective protection of transbondary water resources. (Tc gi Trung Quc)

Chiu mt trang ch (5)

Todays world requires problem solving skills and flexibility. The higher education must teach their student not only what is known, but also how to keep their knowledge up to date. The new paradigm good university governance such as academic freedom, autonomy, the need for monitoring and accountability (Tc gi Vng Quc Anh)

Mu thit k cc slides

Nu mt dn

(Trng Quang Hc)

K nng giao tip (communication skills);

K nng lp k hch, t chc v lnh o (planning, organizing & leadership skills);

K nng cng gii quyt vn (cooperative problem solving); K nng m phn v cng gii quyt mu thun; 2/3 khi lng kin thc ny ch c c qua hot ng NCKH v thc tin

Trnh by mt t tng
(Trng Quang Hc)

Cht lng sn phm gio dc: Kin thc chuyn mn (academic intelligence); Kin thc x hi (social intelligence)
Khi kin thc x hi, ngy cng c vai tr quyt nh trong cht lng ca sn phm gio dc.

Cht Lng Gio Dc v qun l CLGD (Trng Quang Hc)

Cht lng c nh gi bng u vo;

Cht lng c nh gi bng u ra;

Cht lng c nh gi bng gi tr gia tng; Cht lng c nh gi bng gi tr hc thut; Cht lng c nh gi bng vn ha t chc ring;

Cht lng l nh gi bng mc ton Cht lng c s ph hp vikim tiu tng; v; C s gia tng

M hnh qun l cht lng tng hp (Trng Quang Hc)

u vo
S mnh, chin lc, chnh sch, nhim v Nng lc i ng cn b * Nng lc ti chnh * Nng lc C s vt cht, trang thit b * Tuyn sinh (qui m, c cu, cht lng) X hi ha, u t u tin

Qu trnh T
Mi trng o to * Chng trnh, gio trnh * T chc o to Phng php dy v hc * Ch , chnh sch Khuyn khch Cng tc qun l *

u ra
Kt qu hc tp *
Kh nng tm vic lm v nng lc p ng nhu cu ca thc t *

Trong m hnh ny, rt nhiu yu t u vo, u ra v qu trnh o to u chu s tc ng mnh m ca

Cu trc chc nng ca trng i hc (Trng Quang Hc)

Ging dy + Nghin cu + Dch v (Cn b GD, NC v sinh vin)

Kin thc chuyn mn

Mi trng h tr
(Cng tc HS,SV, Th vin, c s vt cht trang thit b, dch v)

Phm cht nhn vn

T chc hot ng hnh chnh

Thuyt minh mt slide

Thuyt

minh mt slide cng theo cu trc logic:

Cu truc logic ca bn thuyt trnh

1. Lun im: 2. Lun c: nguyn l chung k thut & logic
Mi ngi trnh by ni dung nh nhau

Quyt nh tnh phong ph ca thuyt trnh

3. Phng php: ngh thut & logic

Quyt nh tnh hp dn ca thuyt trnh

3 Phng php thuyt trnh

DIN DCH

t ci chung n ring

QUY NP

t ci ring n chung

LOI SUY

t ci ring n ring

Chc cc bn ng nghip hnh phc v thnh t trong hoi bo nghin cu v xy dng l thuyt khoa hc ca mnh.
V Cao m

H T