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Structural Design 266

Steel Design
Topic 4
Built-up Girders (2)
Plate girders design
Kerri Bland
Built-up Girders (2) 2
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
Copyright Regulation 1969
WARNING
This material has been copied and communicated to you by or on
behalf of Curtin University of Technology pursuant to Part VB
of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act)
The material in this communication may be subject to copyright
under the Act. Any further copying or communication of this
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Do not remove this notice
References:
OneSteel, Hot Rolled and Structural Steel Products, Third Edition
Standards Australia, AS4100-1998 : Steel Structures
Gorenc, Tinyou & Syam, Steel Designers Handbook, 6
th
Edition, UNSW Press Australia
Built-up Girders (2) 3
Castellated Beams

Can be used where


shear requirements
not very high, but high moment capacity required.

Member height increased

higher I, Z, section capacity

Web slenderness increased

previously compact section for bending may not remain compact

Shear capacity may now be limited by web shear buckling rather than yielding

Usually, designed for bending.

Web area ignored in calculation of Z


e
. (Flanges of known area are separated to give Z
e
)

Practical limits: D
s
d of original beam
S
c
1.1D
s

These limits will allow sufficient web to remain for Veerendeel action to carry the shear in the
beam.

Web area available for the shear force can be calculated as the net web area over S
c
.
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
Built-up Girders (2) 4
Plate Girders

Girders fabricated from steel plate.

Traditionally riveted together using angles.

More recently welded together.

Often Axisymmetric not always

Basic principals apply:

Flanges carry normal stresses (axial tension/compression) to resist


moment.

Web carries most of the shear force.


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
Built-up Girders (2) 5
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Need to achieve given capacity for minimum weight,


subject to constraints.

After preliminary sizing, all bending member checks need to carried out.

Step 1: General Dimensions

Usually have height limitations that determine the maximum height of the
member.

Rough rule: Depth


1
/
8
to
1
/
15
of the span
Flange width
1
/
3
to
1
/
5
of the depth

Dont have to adhere to these ratios. They are just a rough starting point.

Girders tend to be more economical when within these ranges.


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
Built-up Girders (2) 6
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Step 2: Web Sizing

Approximate web depth already established (step 1).

Can determine web thickness required so that the yield capacity of the web is
sufficient to resist the design shear forces:

This thickness may result in a thin web that is not compact

ie: it may buckle before full yielding of the whole web.

Usually resolved by adding stiffeners to reduce the tendency to buckle (covered later),
and thus enable it achieve the full shear yield capacity of the web.

Girders often span large distances, resulting in large moments, but comparatively low
shear forces, thus webs are not heavily stressed. So thinner stiffened webs can be used.

A thin, stiffened web can be significantly lighter than a thicker web, however, the weight
savings need to be balanced against the extra fabrication costs of adding the stiffeners.
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
w y
w
w w w w y w
d f 6 . 0
* V
t : rearrange
d t A A f 6 . 0 V * V



;
Built-up Girders (2) 7
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Step 3: Preliminary Flange Sizing beams with FLR

(a) If the maximum shear and moment coincide

eg: cantilevers, continuous beams, fixed ended beams, beams with point loads

Ignore the moment capacity of the web assume the flange takes all of the
moment as the shear is using up most of the web capacity

Then, proportion flange area so that the flange outstand is compact in order to
utilise the steel as fully as possible (ie: get full yielding instead of plate element
buckling)
ie: make
e

ep
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
( ) flange single a of area the is A here w
f
d A f S f * M
f y flanges y

T
a
b
l
e

t
a
k
e
n

f
r
o
m

A
S
4
1
0
0

1
9
9
8
R
e
f
e
r

t
o

s
l
i
d
e

2

f
o
r

c
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t

w
a
r
n
i
n
g
8
888
f
t
b
y

,
_

Built-up Girders (2) 8


Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Step 3: Preliminary Flange Sizing beams with FLR

(b) If the maximum shear and moment do not coincide

eg: Simply supported beams with UDLs

We can use the web to help resist the moment (ie: use the web in the Z
e

calculation if the web is not too slender)

Solve for A
f
(assuming web dimensions already established), then, proportion
flange area so that the flange outstand is compact (ie: get full yielding instead of
plate element buckling) ie: make
e

ep
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
( )

,
_

+ +

4
t d
d A f S S f * M
4
t d
S
w
2
1
f y web flanges y
w
2
1
web

8
250
f
t
b
y

,
_

Built-up Girders (2) 9


Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Step 3: Preliminary Flange Sizing beams with FLR


Note: Very large flange forces may result in unreasonably thick flanges
(if designing to achieve compact flanges).
- May cause difficulty in welding flanges.
- Thinner flanges can be used but the flanges may buckle before full yielding.
- Size flange plates so that yield limit is reached ie: extreme fibres reach
yield:

- Yield moment is used to
determine flange plate area
required
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
14
250
f
t
b
y

,
_

T
a
b
l
e

t
a
k
e
n

f
r
o
m

A
S
4
1
0
0

1
9
9
8
R
e
f
e
r

t
o

s
l
i
d
e

2

f
o
r

c
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t

w
a
r
n
i
n
g
Built-up Girders (2) 10
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Step 3: Preliminary Flange Sizing beams with FLR


Note: Very large flange forces may result in unreasonably thick flanges.
- Size flange plates so that yield limit is reached ie: extreme fibres reach yield:
- Use yield moment instead
of plastic moment to determine A
f
- Stress in flange at yield moment only slightly smaller than
stress in flange at plastic moment. So, rather than
calculating Z
flange
(awkward to work back from Z to get A
flange
), just use
a slightly reduced S
flange
value (S is easier to calculate than Z)

When max shear and moment coincide use:

When max shear and moment dont coincide use:


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
( )

,
_

+
+
6
t d
d A 9 . 0 f
Z Z f * M
w
2
1
f y
web flanges y

14
250
f
t
b
y

,
_

stress at
plastic moment
stress at
yield moment
( ) d A 9 . 0 f * M
f y

Built-up Girders (2) 11
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Step 4: Preliminary Flange Sizing beams without FLR

Potential lateral torsional buckling

need to use <5.6>

incorporate
m
and
s
into calculations

Estimate
s
and size member as for step 3, but use:

Determine
s
for designed section (involves calculating M
o
, etc), or use
graphs (p39 of notes) to approximate some values. Will probably need to
go through a few iterations to determine reasonable plate sizes.
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
( )
coincide moment max and shear max the where re whe
d A f * M
f y s m

coincide t don' moment max and shear max the where here w

,
_

+
4
t d
d A f * M
w
2
f y s m

Built-up Girders (2) 12
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Step 4: Preliminary Flange Sizing beams without FLR

A low value of
s
will reduce the design capacity of a beam of a given mass.
(ie: if it buckles at a much lower load that the full plastic failure, much of the
steel mass is not being used to its fullest potential). Therefore the cost
efficiency of the girder is also greatly reduced.

It is usual to use lateral bracing to increase the capacity of a beam (or to get
a smaller beam to carry the same design actions).

It is common for a designer to ensure lateral restraints are close enough


together to provide full lateral restraint in order to fully utilise the full
capacity of the beam. (Also makes the beam MUCH easier to design!)
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
Built-up Girders (2) 13
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
(ie: 8kN/m)
Note: old loading code factor. Would use
1.2G in accordance with current Structural
Design Actions Code (AS1170:2002)
BMD
SFD
Built-up Girders (2) 14
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
To re-phrase:
Choose the web thickness assuming it will be able to achieve full shear yield capacity.
Dont worry about web buckling until later (we can fix web buckling with stiffeners).
y 1 w
y w w
f d t 6 . 0
5.11.4 f A 6 . 0 V * V

> <
Built-up Girders (2) 15
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
Later we will be specifying the lateral restraint spacing to ensure we do have
full lateral restraint. Therefore we can design beam so that M* M
s

So we can assume the maximum moment can be resisted by the flanges and the web.
Therefore use S (plastic modulus) for Z
e
(effective modulus) in capacity calculations.
Built-up Girders (2) 16
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders

f
y

Z
e

Web thickness
d A
2
d
A 2
S
f
f
flanges

,
_

4
bd
S
2
web

Built-up Girders (2) 17


Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
Table taken from AS4100 1998
Refer to slide 2 for copyright warning
buckle. t won' and compact, is outstand flange then
8
888
f
t
b
: if So,
y
flange
outstand flange
outstand flange . e

,
_

,
_


From <5.2.2>:
If the plate element slenderness
e
< Plasticity limit
ep
Then plate element is compact (ie wont buckle before full plastic yielding occurs)
We can make the flange outstand compact to ensure we get the greatest possible capacity
out of the section (ie: capacity not reduced by premature buckling)
Built-up Girders (2) 18
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
8
250
f
t
b
y
flange
outstand flange
outstand flange . e

,
_

,
_


b
flange outstand
total flange width/2
f
y
= 250 MPa
total flange area = flange width*flange thickness
Built-up Girders (2) 19
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
ie: flange compact as designed/intended

e
>
ey

ie: web is slender

ep
<
e
<
ey

ie: web is non-compact
Built-up Girders (2) 20
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
(between S and Z)
max
x
x
y
I
Z

,
_

2
d
A 2 S
f flanges
4
bd
S
2
web

Should actually be (1900+50)/2
Built-up Girders (2) 21
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
(between S and Z)
( ) Z Z Z Z : 5.2.4
c
sp sy
s sy
e

1
]
1

+ > <


Where Z
c
=Z
e
for compact section
= min of S and 1.5Z
= S
f
y
Z
e

M*
Built-up Girders (2) 22
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
Built-up Girders (2) 23
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
Actually, if , then we can use <5.11.4>.
However, we have

We should use 5.11.5 as buckling of the web will occur before shear yielding.
But, we have assumed that we will be adding sufficient stiffeners to the web to
make sure no web buckling due to shear can occur (ie: force web yielding to be the
critical failure mechanism), therefore, we can justify use of <5.11.4> in calculation
of the shear capacity of the web.
250
f
82
t
d
y w
p

82 95
20
1900
t
d
w
p
>
Shear yield capacity V
w
= 0.6A
w
f
y

Shear yield capacity V
w
> V*, so shear capacity is sufficient
Interaction Method:
Built-up Girders (2) 24
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
Proportioning Method:
centroids flange between distance d and
flange tension the of
f
f
0.85A and
area) gross (flange A of lesser
area effective flange A where
f d A M Moment Flange
f
y
u
fn
fg
fm
y f fm f

lesser of these
f
y
A
fn
d
f

Built-up Girders (2) 25
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
Built-up Girders (2) 26
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing

Example: p116-119 Steel Design Notes


Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders

,
_

+
y
m
y
f
250
) 50 80 (
r
L
for an equal flanged I-section
Values for
m
given in <5.3.2.4>

m
= -0.8 for segments with transverse loads
A
I
r
y
y

Total beam length = 19.8m, so if restraints are a third points, segment length = 6.6m

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