Professional Documents
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Steel Design
Topic 4
Built-up Girders (2)
Plate girders design
Kerri Bland
Built-up Girders (2) 2
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
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References:
OneSteel, Hot Rolled and Structural Steel Products, Third Edition
Standards Australia, AS4100-1998 : Steel Structures
Gorenc, Tinyou & Syam, Steel Designers Handbook, 6
th
Edition, UNSW Press Australia
Built-up Girders (2) 3
Castellated Beams
Shear capacity may now be limited by web shear buckling rather than yielding
Practical limits: D
s
d of original beam
S
c
1.1D
s
These limits will allow sufficient web to remain for Veerendeel action to carry the shear in the
beam.
Web area available for the shear force can be calculated as the net web area over S
c
.
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
Built-up Girders (2) 4
Plate Girders
After preliminary sizing, all bending member checks need to carried out.
Usually have height limitations that determine the maximum height of the
member.
Dont have to adhere to these ratios. They are just a rough starting point.
Can determine web thickness required so that the yield capacity of the web is
sufficient to resist the design shear forces:
Usually resolved by adding stiffeners to reduce the tendency to buckle (covered later),
and thus enable it achieve the full shear yield capacity of the web.
Girders often span large distances, resulting in large moments, but comparatively low
shear forces, thus webs are not heavily stressed. So thinner stiffened webs can be used.
A thin, stiffened web can be significantly lighter than a thicker web, however, the weight
savings need to be balanced against the extra fabrication costs of adding the stiffeners.
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
w y
w
w w w w y w
d f 6 . 0
* V
t : rearrange
d t A A f 6 . 0 V * V
;
Built-up Girders (2) 7
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
eg: cantilevers, continuous beams, fixed ended beams, beams with point loads
Ignore the moment capacity of the web assume the flange takes all of the
moment as the shear is using up most of the web capacity
Then, proportion flange area so that the flange outstand is compact in order to
utilise the steel as fully as possible (ie: get full yielding instead of plate element
buckling)
ie: make
e
ep
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
( ) flange single a of area the is A here w
f
d A f S f * M
f y flanges y
T
a
b
l
e
t
a
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
A
S
4
1
0
0
1
9
9
8
R
e
f
e
r
t
o
s
l
i
d
e
2
f
o
r
c
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
w
a
r
n
i
n
g
8
888
f
t
b
y
,
_
We can use the web to help resist the moment (ie: use the web in the Z
e
calculation if the web is not too slender)
Solve for A
f
(assuming web dimensions already established), then, proportion
flange area so that the flange outstand is compact (ie: get full yielding instead of
plate element buckling) ie: make
e
ep
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
( )
,
_
+ +
4
t d
d A f S S f * M
4
t d
S
w
2
1
f y web flanges y
w
2
1
web
8
250
f
t
b
y
,
_
,
_
T
a
b
l
e
t
a
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
A
S
4
1
0
0
1
9
9
8
R
e
f
e
r
t
o
s
l
i
d
e
2
f
o
r
c
o
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
w
a
r
n
i
n
g
Built-up Girders (2) 10
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
,
_
+
+
6
t d
d A 9 . 0 f
Z Z f * M
w
2
1
f y
web flanges y
14
250
f
t
b
y
,
_
stress at
plastic moment
stress at
yield moment
( ) d A 9 . 0 f * M
f y
Built-up Girders (2) 11
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
incorporate
m
and
s
into calculations
Estimate
s
and size member as for step 3, but use:
Determine
s
for designed section (involves calculating M
o
, etc), or use
graphs (p39 of notes) to approximate some values. Will probably need to
go through a few iterations to determine reasonable plate sizes.
Structural Design 266 (Steel)
Design of: Built-up Girders
( )
coincide moment max and shear max the where re whe
d A f * M
f y s m
coincide t don' moment max and shear max the where here w
,
_
+
4
t d
d A f * M
w
2
f y s m
Built-up Girders (2) 12
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
A low value of
s
will reduce the design capacity of a beam of a given mass.
(ie: if it buckles at a much lower load that the full plastic failure, much of the
steel mass is not being used to its fullest potential). Therefore the cost
efficiency of the girder is also greatly reduced.
It is usual to use lateral bracing to increase the capacity of a beam (or to get
a smaller beam to carry the same design actions).
> <
Built-up Girders (2) 15
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
f
y
Z
e
Web thickness
d A
2
d
A 2
S
f
f
flanges
,
_
4
bd
S
2
web
,
_
From <5.2.2>:
If the plate element slenderness
e
< Plasticity limit
ep
Then plate element is compact (ie wont buckle before full plastic yielding occurs)
We can make the flange outstand compact to ensure we get the greatest possible capacity
out of the section (ie: capacity not reduced by premature buckling)
Built-up Girders (2) 18
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
,
_
b
flange outstand
total flange width/2
f
y
= 250 MPa
total flange area = flange width*flange thickness
Built-up Girders (2) 19
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
e
>
ey
ie: web is slender
ep
<
e
<
ey
ie: web is non-compact
Built-up Girders (2) 20
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
,
_
2
d
A 2 S
f flanges
4
bd
S
2
web
Should actually be (1900+50)/2
Built-up Girders (2) 21
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
+ > <
Where Z
c
=Z
e
for compact section
= min of S and 1.5Z
= S
f
y
Z
e
M*
Built-up Girders (2) 22
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
82 95
20
1900
t
d
w
p
>
Shear yield capacity V
w
= 0.6A
w
f
y
Shear yield capacity V
w
> V*, so shear capacity is sufficient
Interaction Method:
Built-up Girders (2) 24
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
lesser of these
f
y
A
fn
d
f
Built-up Girders (2) 25
Plate Girders: Preliminary Sizing
,
_
+
y
m
y
f
250
) 50 80 (
r
L
for an equal flanged I-section
Values for
m
given in <5.3.2.4>
m
= -0.8 for segments with transverse loads
A
I
r
y
y
Total beam length = 19.8m, so if restraints are a third points, segment length = 6.6m