Professional Documents
Culture Documents
+ +
4.5 BAO V VA CHNG N MON CHO H THNG
NG NG
2. Cac phng phap kim tra va phat hin n mn:
Mu th: Phng php thng thng nht xc
nh v kim tra n mn bng mu th, mt mu
kim loi tng t kim loi lm ng ng t trong
vng n mn sau em phn tch. Trong k thut
ny bao gm vic s dng spool v thit b c bit
d n mn.
Coupon: Coupon l mt mu kim loi c a vo
trong php o n mn. Nhng Coupon c lm
sch v cn thn a vo h thng. T s chnh
lch khi lng, ngi ta xc nh c tc n
mn mm/nm. Coupon c nhiu hnh dng v kch
thc khc nhau gia b phn cch in hon ton
vi mt phn kim loi cn li.
4.5 BAO V VA CHNG N MON CHO H THNG
NG NG
- Cac yu t nh hng n vic s dng Coupon ph
thuc vao cac yu t sau y:
+ V tr t Coupon: Coupon cn c t gn sat vi v
tr cn ch ni, vung chy ri, co
+ Mi trng: Ph thuc vao lu cht trong ng.
+ Thao tac lp t va thu hi Coupon: phi m bo
Coupon cha b n mn trc khi lp t va hn v s
n mn din ra sau khi thao ra khi h thng. Cn tranh
du tay bam trn b mt Coupon.
+ Thi gian kim tra: thi gian ngn thng cho kt qu
khng chnh xac do mt s dng n mn nh n mn l
cn mt vai tun mi xy ra.
+ Mt s yu t khac nh vic chun b, lam sch cng
nh hng.
4.5 BAO V VA CHNG N MON CHO H THNG
NG NG
- m: la khi lng kim loi b mt, g
- A: tit din b mt (cm2)
- khi lng ring ca kim loi(g/cm3)
- t: thi gian (ngay)
m.3650
mm/ nm
A.p.t
=
+ +
4.5 BAO V VA CHNG N MON CHO H THNG
NG NG
to ra electron, nguyn t kim loi to
thnh con dng tan vo mi trng in
ly:
T , qu trnh n mn din ra. H thng
bo v cathod cung cp mt ngun
electron thay th, ngn chn phn ng
to electron ca kim loi v qu trnh n
mn Ngun cung cp electron c th l
mt ngun ngoi hoc ngun to thnh t
cp pin galvanic gia thp v mt kim loi
khc mnh hn thp nh Mg, Zn . . .
2
Fe 2e Fe
+
CHNG 5
VN HANH VA BAO DNG H
THNG BN B
5.1 TNG QUAN V H THNG BN CHA B CHA
Cc loi thit b tn cha v vn chuyn ng vai tr
quan trng trong cng nghip ho cht ni chung v trong
cng nghip du kh ni ring. Hu nh tt c cc qu trnh
ch bin du kh u c s tham gia ca cc thit b tn cha,
vn chuyn: Tn cha vn chuyn nguyn liu, sn phm
trung gian trong qu trnh ch bin, sn phm thng phm.
Ngoi ra, thit b tn cha cn c s dng vo nhng mc
ch nh: kinh doanh, mc ch quc phng mang tnh chin
lc ca tng quc gia.
Ngi ta c th tn cha xng du vo cc b cha
bng thp, b cha khng phi bng thp (b phi kim loi)
hoc cha du vo cc phuy, can nh. Cc phng tin tn
cha xng du ni chung phi m bo cc yu cu chung
sau:
- Trnh v gim bt hao ht v s lng v cht lng
xng du
- Thao tc thun tin
- m bo an ton phng c v phng chy
5.2 PHN LOAI B CHA B CHA
Phn loi theo p sut
Da vo p sut lm vic ca bn ngi ta chia thnh:
- Bn lm vic p sut kh quyn
- Bn lm vic p sut cao (Cao p): p sut trong bn P > 20
atm.
- Bn lm vic p sut thp (p sut P = 1 - 20 atm)
Da vo chiu cao xy dng
Da vo chiu cao xy dng ngi ta c th chia ra:
- B ngm: B chn di t
- B na ngm na ni: 1/2 chiu cao b nh ln khi mt t
- B ni: Lm trn mt t
Theo hnh dng bn cha
Theo hinh dng v tr ngi ta chia thanh cac loi b:
- Hinh cu:
- Hinh tr:
+ B nm thng ng
+ B nm ngang.
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
Cu to ca mt bn cha, b cha s dng
trong cng nghip du kh ni chung thng
gm ba b phn chnh sau:
- Thn bn cha, b cha
- ay lp bn cha, b cha
- Cac thit b ph tr
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
Vt liu lam bn cha, b cha:
Vt liu ch to bn b cha ch yu la thep
cacbon c cac thng s k thut c bn nh
sau:
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
- Cc sn phm du kh cha trong bn cha thng c p sut hi bo
ha ln, nhit ha hi thp v c tnh c hi.
- Mc n mn ca cc sn phm du kh ny thuc dng trung bnh,
ty thuc vo loi vt liu lm bn, nhit mi trng m mc n
mn cc sn phm ny c s khc nhau.
- Khi xt n yu t n mn, khi tnh ton chiu dy bn, ta tnh ton
thi gian s dng, t tnh c chiu dy cn b sung m bo
cho bn n nh trong thi gian s dng.
- Vic la chn vt liu cn ph thuc vo yu t kinh t, v i vi thp
hp kim c gi thnh t hn nhiu so vi thp cacbon thng, cng
ngh ch to i hi phc tp hn, gi thnh gia cng cng t hn v
i hi trnh tay ngh ca th hn cao.
- Sau khi la chn vt liu lm bn ta s xc nh c ng sut tng
ng ca n, y l mt thng s quan trng tnh ton chiu dy bn.
i vi cc loi vt liu khc nhau th c ng sut khc nhau, tuy nhin
cc gi tr ny thng khng chnh lch nhau nhiu.
- Ngoi ra vic la chn vt liu ch to bn cha cng cn quan tm
n cc yu t khc nh: cc yu t mi trng (sc gi, n mn khng
kh) v cc loi nhin liu cn tn cha.
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
Phng phap thi cng bn b ch yu s
dng phng phap han, g, v, uc...
Cac phng phap hen ch yu c s dng
la:
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
5.2 PHN LOAI B CHA B CHA
ay bn: ay bn b ch yu c thit k bi vic han va
ct gt cac tm kim loi hinh ch nht c chiu day ti thiu
inch (tng ng 10.2 lb per sq ft) va chiu rng nh
nht la 72 inch. Trong trng hp tng quat, chiu day tm
thep c th c tnh toan theo cng thc sau:
Trong :
D: ng knh bn cha, ft
H: Chiu cao bn cha, ft
G: trng lng ring ca cht lng tn cha, thng nh hn
1.
S: ng sut ca thep lam ay bn, psi
E: Hiu sut mi han, thng E = 0.85
9
1, 456.10 D.(H 1).G
t C
S.E
= +
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
Kch thc tiu chun ca tm thep lam ay
bn cng c th chn da trn c s sau:
- Nu bn c D < 40 ft: ft (15,7 ft hoc
4,79 m) dai, 5 ft chiu rng (1,524m) va
chiu day ti thiu t - 3/8 inch ( 6mm
10 mm).
- Nu bn c D > 48 ft: ft (25,13 ft hoc
7,66 m) dai, 6 ft chiu rng (1,829m) va
chiu day ti thiu t - 1 inch ( 6mm
38 mm).
5t
8t
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
Mt im cn chu :
Do ay bn phi chu
c ap sut ca thy
tinh ct cht lng va
ap sut lam vic ca
bn nn b day tm
thep lam ay bn
thng:
ng kinh
bn, ft
Chiu day ti
thiu tm
thep, inch
< 50 3/16
50 - 120 1/4
120 - 200 5/16
> 200 3/8
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
Trong cc thit b tn cha ngoai ay phng ngi ta cn
dung cac loi ay, np c hnh : elip, chm cu, nn (cn).
- Vi cc thit b lm vic p sut thng, nn dng ay
np phng (trn hoc hnh ch nht) v ch to n gin, re
tin.
- ay np hnh cu, hnh elp c dng trong thit b lm
vic vi p sut ln.
- ay nn c dng vi cc mc ch sau:
+ tho sn phm ri hoc cht lng c hm lng
pha rn cao.
+ phn phi tt cht kh hoc lng theo tt c tit
din thit b.
+ khuych tn lm thay i t t tc cht lng
hoc cht kh nhm mc ch gim bt sc cn thu lc.
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
Thn ca cac thit b tn cha thng la hinh tr hoc hinh
cu, chung c ch to bng phng phap cun, dp, v,
han nhiu tm thep li vi nhau. day ca tm thep tu
thuc vao kch thc ca bn cha.
Thn b hay thanh b bao gm nhiu tm thep ghep han
vi nhau, chiu dai tm thep theo chu vi, chiu rng theo
chiu cao b thng gi la cac tng. Do phi chu ap lc
thu tinh, trng lc du va b ln dn theo su nn nn
tn lam thanh b c b day thay i t 4 8 mm. Vic ga
tn thanh b c cac cach ga sau:
+ Ga kiu ng chui: Tng trn c ng knh nh hn
tng di
+ Ga kiu giao kt: Cac tng tn ga xen k nhau, tng
nay vao trong tng kia ra ngoai va c lun chuyn nh th.
+ Ga hn hp: Phi hp hai kiu ga trn trong mt b.
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
Chiu day ti thiu tm thep ch to thn b c tnh theo
cng thc:
(in)
Trong :
+ C.A h s n mn cho phep, in
+ t = B day ti thiu ca tm thep, in
+ D = ng knh bn cha, ft
+ H = Chiu cao bn cha, ft
+ G = khi lng ring cht lng cn tn cha nhng nh
hn 1
E = Hiu sut mi han, thng thng E = 0,85 khi chiu tia
X c vt m va E = 0,7 khi khng c vt m.
2,6.D.(H 1)G
t C.A
21.E
= +
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
Lp bn cha: Np bn cha thng thng
gm 2 phn: Np bn va mai bn
Np bn c th di ng hoc c nh tuy thuc
vao loi nhin liu cn tn cha. Thng thng
i vi loi np i ng c dung vi cac sn
phm bay hi cao nh: xng, kh ha lng, nhin
liu phn lc nhm gim thiu hao ht do bay
hi, s th ca bn b.
Mai che: Dung bo v bn, cac thit b o
m, gim nhit mi trng nh hng n
bn Mai bn thng c hinh cn hoc hinh
cong, chiu day mai che c th tnh theo:
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
* i vi mai hinh cn
Chiu day ti thiu tm thep ch to mai hinh cn c tnh theo cng
thc:
Trong : = Gc gia mai hinh cn va mt phng ngang,
- Chiu day ti thiu > 3/16 in, ti a < in
- Gc nh nht la 9028 va ln nht la 370.
* i vi mai cong, ban knh R
- Chiu day ti thiu > 3/16 in, ti a < in
- R nh nht la R = 0,8 D va ln nht la R = 1,2 D.
D
t
400.sin
=
u
R
t
200
=
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
Ngoai bn b hinh tr ng hay c s
dng trn, ta cn gp cac dng bn b hinh
cu. Cac b hinh cu thng c s dng
i vi cac cht lng tn cha c ap sut hi
bo ha cao nh: LPG, kh t nhin... Tuy
nhin nhc im ca loi bn b nay la kh
ch to va kh khn trong vic lp t cac
thit b ph tr cng nh cac thit b o m
lu lng ap sut...
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
Cc thit b ph tr
Cc thit b ph tr c s dng trong h thng tn
cha nhm m bo cho thao tc xut nhp ti bn cha xng
du c thun tin v m bo an ton trong vic cha xng
du trong b. Di y l mt s thit b ph tr thng c
s dng trong cc b cha xng du:
1. Cu thang: phc v cho vic i li ln xung bn cha
xng du trong qu trnh thao tc ti bn ca cng nhn giao
nhn.
2. L nh sng: c t trn np b tr ng, c tc dng
thng gi trc khi lau chi bn, sa cha v kim tra bn
trong b.
3. L chui ngi: C tc dng i vo trong bn khi tin
hnh lau chi, sa cha, bo dng bn trong b.
4. L o lng ly mu: C tc dng th cc thit b o,
thit b ly mu trong trng hp xc nh cao mc nhin
liu v ly mu nhin liu. L o lng, ly mu nhin liu
c t lp t trn mi b tr ng.
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
5. ng thng hi: chi dng trn cc b tr ng, cha
du nhn v DO, FO, ng ny c tc dng iu ho khng
gian hi nhin liu ca b vi p sut kh quyn.
6. ng tip nhn cp pht: dng u ni vi ng ng
cng ngh tip nhn cp pht nhng ng ny c t
ngay tng thp th nht ca b thp tr ng.
7. Van h hp v van an ton:
- Van h hp: Van h hp kiu c kh dng iu ho p
sut d v p sut chn khng trong b cha.
- Van h hp c lp kt hp vi van ngn tia la: C tc
dng iu chinh bi trong b cha trong gii hn 2 atm n
20 atm v ngn tia la t bn ngoi vo tron b.
- Van an ton kiu thu lc: C tc dng iu ho p sut
d hoc chn khng trong b cha khi van h hp khng
lm vic. Di p sut d t 5,5 atm 6 atm v chn khng
t 3,5 atm 4 atm.
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
8. Hp ngn tia la: c lp trn b cha pha di van h
hp loi khng kt hp tc dng ngn chn s pht sinh
ngn la hoc tia la bn trong b.
9. Van bo v: C tc dng hn ch tn tht mt mt nhin
liu tng trng hp ng ng b v hoc khi van hai
chiu chnh ca b cha b hng hc. Van bo v c lp
u cui ng tip nh cp pht quay vo pha trong b
cha.
10. B iu khin ca van bo v: c lp pha trn ca
ng tip nhn cp pht c tc dng m van bo v,
gi n t th m v ng van bo v li.
11. Van Xi phng: c tc dng nh k x nc lng ln
trong bn cha.
12. Thit b o mc nhin liu trong b cha: Vi mc ch
tit kim thi gian o mc nhin liu trong b cha. ng
thi m bo kim tra d dng c mc nhin liu.
5.3 CU TAO B CHA B CHA
13. Thit b cu ho: Ph thuc vao th tch ca b
cha ngi ta c th lp t trn b n 6 binh bt
cu ho hn hp va cac binh bit c nh. C tac
dng y bt kh c hc vao b khi trong b xy
ra s c chay.
14. h thng tip a: tranh hin tng set
anh vao b. Trn bn cha thng c han t 3
6 ct thu li.
15. H thng ti mat: Dung lam mat b khi tri
nng to gim hao ht xng du do bay hi.
16. H thng thoat nc.
5.4 THI CNG VA BAO DNG BN B CHA
Kim tra kn y b: C th tin hnh bng hai cch:
- Phng php chn khng.
- Phng php thuc th.
Phng php chn khng:
Ngi ta dng thit b gi l ra th chn khng, l
mt hnh hp mt mt trng, mt i din c knh v cc
ng ni n my ht chn khng v n p k.
Ngi ta t thit b ln mt on ng hn cn th,
trt ma tt xung quanh, dng bm chn khng ht khng
kh trong hp to chn khng trong hp. Nu ng
hn khng kn th x phng bi trn ng hn s c bong
bng, ta phi anh du li, tuy vy cng c th nc khi
thng th s c tm kh ni ln.
th kn ay b bng phng php chn khng
vi tn dy 4mm th trong ra cn l 500mm ct thu ngn.
Nu dy hn th to chn khng l 600mm.
5.4 THI CNG VA BAO DNG BN B CHA
Phng php th bng ho cht
Ngi ta p t xung quanh thnh b ngn khng cho
kh thot ra kh nn kh vo ay b, chiu cao t p
khong 100 mm. Ngi ta a 3 4 vi bm kh amnc
vo ay b vi p sut d 8 9 mm ct nc di ay b.
Trn ng hn c anh sch ngi ta qut dung dch
phnol talin. Nu thy ch no chuyn mu ta ghi li.
Cn nu dng dung dch axit HNO3 2,5% th qut dung dch
ln vi mn hoc giy bn ph ln ng hn, ch no
thng cht chi th ng mu en.
Th ng hn ay v tn thnh th nht c th th
bng ra vung gc hoc th bng du ho qut bn ngoi,
bn trong b qut vi hoc phn ln ng hn.
5.4 THI CNG VA BAO DNG BN B CHA
Kim tra kn mi hn thnh b
Cc mi hnh thnh b kim tra kn bng cch qut
hoc phun du ho pha trong, pha bn ngoi qut nc
vi hoc qut phn. Qut 2 ln du ho cch nhau 1 pht
sau theo di nu khng c vt du loang coi nh l
c.
Mi hn gi u thnh b m bn trong hn ngt
qung th dng my hoc en kh phun du vo k 2 tm
tn ri quan st bn ngoi.
Nhng ch ming v tn chng ln nhau th kn
phi khoan 1 l nh ri bm du vo trong gia hai lp tn
y vi p xut 1 2kg/m2. Bn ngoi ng hn qut nc
vi hoc phn theo di sau 12 gi nu khng c vt du
loang l tt
5.4 THI CNG VA BAO DNG BN B CHA
Th kn mi b
Th bng phng php nn kh trong b
v bi nc x phng ln ng hn mi b,
tn gip thnh b. Nu ng hn khng kn
bt x phng s ni ln (p xut th bng
15% p xut lm vic ca b).
C th th kn mi b bng cch phun
du ho vo phn tip gip mi b v pha
ngoi b, trn ng hn ta bi phn hoc
qut nc vi ri quan st theo di xem lp
vi c qut c b thm t hay khng.
5.4 THI CNG VA BAO DNG BN B CHA
Th cng ca b
Th cng ca b bng cch bm y nc
vo b cha trong b t 3 n 7 ngy nu ln
ca b khng ang k, b khng b bin dng th
c th kt thc vic th, coi nh l tt. Cn nu b
c s bin dng ln phi tm cch khc phc.
Th bn mi b
Th bn ca b l th hai ch p xut,
p xut dng v p xut chn khng bng cch:
bm nc hoc nn kh vo trong b, hoc rt
nc ra khi phi c van khng ch p xut trong
b v p k theo di.
p xut khng ch nh phn th kn nhng thi
gian gia p xut l 2 3 gi.
5.5 LUN B NGUYN NHN SA CHA
Cc dng Ln b
- Ln u: Nn b sau khi xy dng vo
cha du do x l nn khng tt b b ln
khng nghing lch nhng ln y gi tr
s qui nh.
- Ln lch: Sau khi a vo cha du
th b b ln cc b tng phn lm cho b b
nghing i mt gc theo phng thng ng
i vi b tr ng. Vi b tr nm do mt
b b ln lm cho b b nghing.
5.5 LUN B NGUYN NHN SA CHA
Nguyn nhn
Hin tng ln u ch yu l do nn t
khng chu lc, m vic gia c mng b
khng m bo nn thng xy ra ln hoc do
thay i cc yu t thu vn nh mc nc ngm
t nhin ln cao mt thi gian di cng lm cho
b b ln.
Hin tng ln lch l do x l mng khng u
ch m k, ch m khng k hoc mng b thi
cng mt phn t nn mt phn trn lng t
mn phi m nn. Trong qu trnh cha du s
gy nn ln lch. Cng c th mng b xy trn
nn, t p nhng chu lc khc nhau cng
gy ra ln lch b.
5.5 LUN B NGUYN NHN SA CHA
Kim tra ln b
Kim tra lun theo chu vi b
- Phng phap o thu chun xung quanh chu vi ca b.
- o nghing lch ca b bng phng phap dy di.
B o thu chun c ng cao su vngchu vi b.
* Nhng qui nh va cach o:
+ Tu theo chu vi b ma chia cac im o xung quanh b
nhiu hay t s im o nhng khng c nh hn 8 im va
khong cach gia cac im khng nh hn 6m.
+ Vi b 2000 3000 m3 sau 4 nm s dng s dng
chnh lch hai im o cnh nhau khng qua 40mm, hai
im i din nm trn ng knh khng qua 180 mm. Nu
b s dng qua 4 nm chnh lch cho phep ln lt 60mm
v 150mm.
+ Nhng b be 400 5000m3 chch lch cao bng
50% gia tr ca b ln.
5.5 LUN B NGUYN NHN SA CHA
Kim tra ln trong nn b
C th nc vo ay b cho ph khp c
ni cao nht sau o chiu cao nc nhng
ch lm. Hoc c th o kh ay b bng phng
php thu chun s im.
- S o phi ln hn 8 im trn b mt.
- Chiu cao vt li lm trn ay b khng c li
qu 150mm, din tch vt li lm khng qu 2m2.
5.5 LUN B NGUYN NHN SA CHA
X l ln b
Vic x l lun b tu theo mc lun, nguyn
nhn lun ta c cach x l khac nhau:
Nu do nn t c chu lc khng tt ma lun
b thi c th phi kch b, ao mng b ln, ng
cac cc tre, cc g, cc b tng hoc cac cc cat
xung mng b sau phc hi mng b theo
thit k. y la cng vic x l toan b li mng b
la cng vic kha phc tp va tn nhiu cng sc.
Nu do lun cc b thi ta c th chi cn kch
phn lun qua nhiu tin hanh ng cc, lam li nn
mng, gia c cc cat v.v phc hi li phn mng
b la c
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
Nguyn nhn gy hao ht:
- Cc mt mt do h hp
Hin tng th ca cc b cha l s th xen k khng kh
bn ngoi v s x khng kh c cacbon ra ca cht lng c
gy ra bi cc thay i nhit hng ngy m cc b phi chu.
Vo gi nng trong ngy cc b cha hp th nhit :
+Lm tng nhit b mt cht lng: Sc cng hi ca cht
lng tng v tr ln cao hn p sut hydrocacbon trong pha hi
s lm bay hi cht lng c tn cha v p sut ca cc
hydrocacbon ny cng tng ln.
+ Lm tng nhit ca pha hi v lm tng p sut b
phn kh m n tn cha.
Tng cng p sut bn trong b cha s tng n gi tr cn ti
ca van, khi p sut ny tng cao hn van s t ng m v x
hi ra bn ngoi b cho n khi cn bng p sut trong b v
khng kh.
Vo cc gi lnh cc hin tng ngc li s xy ra v b
cha s ht khng kh vo trong b.
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
Cc mt mt do h hp ph thuc vo cc yu t:
+ iu kin thi tit: nhit trung bnh tn cha, bin cc
thay i nhit hng ngy, ch ma
+ iu kin tn cha: lng nhit hp th hay mt i trn b cha
theo kch thc, hng ca b, lp sn ngoi
+ p sut cn ca van an ton v mc np ca b cha
+ Sn phm tn cha: Ph thuc vo bay hi ca cht lng
c tn cha.
Nghin cu l thuyt lng t ca hin tng h hp l rt kh
khn bi mt s ln cc bin s m n ph thuc, c bit l cc bin
s trung gian gia chng cng nh nhit b mt t do quyt nh
sc cng ca hi. Hn na pha lng v pha hi khng bao gi trng
thi cn bng (do s bo ho ca hi khng bao gi t c). Cc nh
lut Raoult v Dalton khng th p dng c cho cn bng lng hi vi
cc pha trong cc b tn cha c th tch ln. V vy, trong thc t
tnh ton mt mt do tn cha thng c xc nh bng s theo di
thc t.
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
Cc mt mt do cha y
Nguyn nhn ca chng l hon ton c
hc. S h thp th tch dnh cho pha hi
gy ra hin tng x bt mt phn hi khi
p sut trong b cha t n gi tr cn ca
van an ton. Vic np y c thc hin
cc nhit khng i do vy khng c s
thay i nng kh thi ra. Tng t nh
vy khi tho cn b cha ngi ta cn phi
a theo mt dng khng kh vo trnh
hin tng e bp thnh b.
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
nh gi v o lng cc hao ht trong tn
cha:
Ngi ta c th anh gi mt mt trong qu trnh
tn cha mt cch gn ung bng cc tnh ton
thng k hoc bng o lng.
- Do h hp:
Nh trnh by trn, nu xt v bn cht
ca s h hp th khng th tnh ton mt cch
chnh xc cc mt mt do h hp, do vy y chi
tnh ton c mt lng mt mt ang xp xi
ang tin cy. Cng thc ny c rt gn t nh
lut Mariotte v p dng tnh ton cho mt b cha
xng mt mt do h hp:
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
Cng thc trn c gia tr i vi cac b tn cha
nhit trung binh la 270C. Trong :
L mt mat hang ngay ca xng, m3/ngy
- la cac sc cng b mt cui cung ca
xng trn b mt bay hi; kg/cm3.
T
M
; T
m
- la cac nhit tuyt i ca pha hi
trong ngy.
e; i - la cac ap sut cn tuyt i
- th tch bu kh quyn hi; m3.
t
= t + t
t
g
M M
M m
M m
V
i T
L 2,15( )( . 1)
e T 1000
t t
M m
;
g
V
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
Mt cch gn ung, ta c th tnh
lng hao ht do y bng
cng thc sau:
F = P.V.K
f
/A
Trong :
P: p sut hi bo ha nhin
liu tn cha
V: Th tch nhin liu tn cha
F: Lng mt mt do y
A: Hng s chuyn i:
22740(SI); 3300(E)
Hng s K
f
c th xc nh t
bng di y:
S lun
chuyn
bn/nm
Qu trnh
ch bin
Sn
phm
thng
phm
0-10 1.0 1.0
12 0.91 1.0
15 0.75 1.0
20 0.59 1.0
25 0.50 1.0
30 0.47 1.0
40 0.44 1.0
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
Do y:
Ap dng nh lut Mariotte vi khng kh cha trong b
cha vi nhit trung binh tn cha xng nhit 270C
va cho mt mat xng tng ng vi vic np y b phn
mt b cha:
Trong :
F mt mat xng trong khi np y b phn b cha;
m3.
C Dung tch cha ca b cha, m3.
Q lng xng a vao, m3.
- sc cng b mt hi ca xng 270C
e; i - ap sut cn tuyt i cho cac van khi x va khi
ht; kg/cm3.
( t
| |
=
| (
t
\ .
e i
F Q C. .
e 230
t
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
Mt mat do s th ca bn
cng c th tnh theo:
B= (1,8.P.D.F
0
.F
p
)/A
- B: Mt mat do s th/nm
- P: Ap sut hi bo ha
- A: H s: 74 (SI); 14.5(E)
- F
p
: H s sn b: AL=1; sng
mu = 1.1
- F
0
: H s i vi ng knh
l thng hi
L thng hi F
0
m ft
0,31 0.39
1,53 0.55
3,05 0.72
4,58 0.87
6,10 1.0
7,63 1.12
9,15 1.23
10,68 1.33
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
nh gi cc hao ht
xc nh mt cch chnh xc lng nhin liu mt mt trong
qu trnh tn cha th l mt cng vic rt kh khn. Tuy nhin,
da vo vic o lng v kho st cc thay i c tnh ca sn
phm tn cha ngi ta c th xc nh mt cch tng i lng
nhin liu tn cha mt mt:
- o kho st lng nhin liu vo v ra trong qua trnh tn
cha vi thit b cha c gn cc thit b hiu chinh nhit .
- o th tch v nng kh thot ra.
- S dng phng php Cheniceck v Whitman: Ly hai ng
mu sn phm, mt mu dc ly phn u chu k tn cha, mu
kia ly sau khi lu li trong b cha. Tin hnh o trong phng th
nghim sc cng b mt ca hi trong hai mu c ly ra , sau
ngi ta lm bay hi nhn to nhin liu trong cc ng mu
thot ra khng kh, da vo sc cng b mt ca hi trong hai ng
nghim ngi ta v c hai ng cong song song theo % bay hi.
chnh lch ngang trung bnh gia hai ng cong l gi tr mt
mt do bay hi.
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
Cc bin php gim hao ht
1. Tng ap sut lam vic ca cac van lam vic: gim
hao ht bin phap n gin nht la ngi ta iu chinh tng
ap sut cn bng lam vic ca cac van trn h thng b
cha. iu nay gim thiu cac hao ht do h hp. Da vao
cng thc di y cho phep ta anh gia li ch ca phng
phap em li nhm gim hao ht trong tn cha:
= t + t
M
M m
m
T
e (i ).
T
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
2. Ni trong cc pha hi nhiu b tn cha cng mt loi
nhin liu vi nhau: Bin php ny cng c th lm gim
ang k hao ht trong cc b cha nh vic b tr th tch
hi gia cc b thng nhau trong qu trnh np y v tho
kit nhin liu ca cc b tn cha. Tuy nhin bin php
ny c nhc im l d b nhim bn t b ny sang b
khc v chi c th ni thng nhau phn th tch hi cc b
cha cng mt loi nhin liu tn cha giing nhau.
3. Ni cc pha hi vi mt kh k: Kh k l loi thit b hot
ng da trn nguyn tc p sut khng i v th tch
thay i. Kh k c nhiu loi khc nhau nh:
- Hnh cu hi
- Kh k vi khp ni cht lng
- Kh k kh hay phi h hp (h thng Wiggins)
5.6 HAO HUT VA CAC BIN PHAP GIAM HAO HUT
4. S dng mng chn ni: l cc mng trn bng cht
deo, ging trn b mt ca cht lng tn cha. Cc mng
chn ny c tc dng ngn cch pha lng v pha hi, nng
nhin liu trong pha hi khi gim ang k v ngi ta
c th thu c mt s rt gim t 80% - 90% cc mt
mt nhin liu tng.
5. S dng cc vi hnh cu: L cc hnh cu nh lm bng cht
deo m ng knh t 20 - 40. Cc vi hnh cu ny c
a vo b cha to trn b mt cht lng mt lp bt
mng (t 0,5 inch 1 inch). Lp mng mng ny cng ngn
cch s tip xuac pha gia lng v hi v cng c th rt
gim c 80 90% cc hao ht tng.
6. S dng cc b nc ni: y l bin php thng c
dng nhiu nht i vi cc b tn cha c ng knh ln
v cc loi nhin liu c kh nng bay hi cao.
5.7 CAC THIT BI O M VA AN TOAN TRN NG
NG B CHA
Trong cac b cha du th va cac sn phm du m, ngi
ta thng s dng cac dng c o xac nh:
- Cac thng s hoa l ca sn phm nh nhit , ap sut
- Cac thng s ni ln tinh an toan ca sn phm trong tn
tr nh bay hi, ap sut hi bo hoa trn b mt, nhit
ca sn phm . . .
- Cac thng s lin quan n vn vn chuyn nh lu
lng, khi lng, mc cht lng
- Tt c cac thng s trn c nhiu hinh thc hin th khac
nhau tu theo loi dng c s dng: thang chia vch
(scale), dng s (digital), lu (recorder) hay trn mn
hnh my tnh (monotor).
- Cac tnh cht bt bin nh: chnh xac, n nh . . .
- Cac tnh cht ng nh: nhy, tin cy, . . .
5.7 CAC THIT BI O M VA AN TOAN TRN NG
NG B CHA
Thit b o nhit :
- Nhit k lng kim (bimetallic thermometer):
C ch hot ng ca loi nhit k lng kim da trn
nguyn tc hai kim loi khac nhau s c gin n nhit
khc nhau.
5.7 CAC THIT BI O M VA AN TOAN TRN NG
NG B CHA
Mt s nguyn t lng kim c to ra bng cch
nung chy cho hai thanh kim loi dnh li vi nhau sau
to thnh mt thanh hnh xon c. Di tc dng ca nhit
, hai thanh kim loi gin n nhit khc nhau v lm cho
thanh xon c co gin. Chuyn ng ca thanh xon c ny
tc ng ln kim chi th trn mt ng h thng qua mt
thanh kim loi khc. Tm li, nguyn tc hot ng ca loi
nhit k lng kim l: Nhit nguyn t lng kim co
gin kim ng h quay.
Nhit k lng kim dng xc nh nhit trong khong
150
0
C n 420
0
C. nhit cao hn na th kim loi c
xu hng gin n qu lm cho php o khng cn chnh
xc na. Loi nhit k ny rt ph bin trong cc bn b
cha sn phm du m.