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In the first century BC, the Roman architect Vitruvius related a story of how Archimedes, the Greek scientist,

discovered that a goldsmith stole gold from crown of King Hiero II The king had given the goldsmith a particular amount of gold to melt down and make into a crown. When the crown was made and returned to the king, it was of same weight of gold as given to him by king. But the king was suspicious that the goldsmithhad stolen some of the gold and replaced it with an equal weight of silver. The king turned to Archimedes for help

In Vitruviuss own words:


"Archimedes happened to go to
the bath, and on getting into a tub observed that the more his body sank into it the more water ran out over the tub. As this pointed out the way to explain the case in question, he jumped out of the tub and rushed home naked, crying with a loud voice that he had found what he was seeking; for he, as he ran, shouted repeatedly in Greek, Eureka,

Eureka. meaning I have found (it), I have found


(it).

So, what, exactly, had he found?

He realized that if the bath were completely filled in the beginning, the volume of water that would overflow (that was displaced) would have to equal the volume of the person or object placed into the water!!
He now had a way to measure the volume of the irregularly-shaped crown

He discovered that the crown displaced more water than a chunk of gold of equal weight did. Its volume was greater because it contained some silver, a metal less dense than gold!!

Imagine a very light, thinwalled sack filled with water that is in equilibrium in a pool.

upward Clearly, there must be an _______ force exerted on


the sack to balance its weight (the pull of gravity down)

This upward force is actually


the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object due to the surrounding water, and is called buoyant the _________ force.
Pressure is greater on bottom of sack!

Objects that do not have smooth sides to measure are called irregular-shaped.
To measure the volume of these objects we use water displacement.

Water is put into a graduated cylinder and the volume of the water is measured.

50

40

30

20

10

The object is placed in the graduated cylinder.

50

40

30

The volume of the water and the object is determined.

20

10

The first volume is subtracted from the second volume. 40 mL 29 mL = 11 mL The volume of the object is 11mL.

Density does not depend on the amount of the substance.

The density of the block is 16 g/cm3

If it is cut in half, what happens to the density?

Density of block is 16 g/cm3

Density of block is 16 g/cm3

Buoyancy
The pressure on the bottom of a submerged object is greater than the pressure on the top. The result is a net force in the upward direction.

Buoyant Force The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or floating object.

Buoyancy
The buoyant force works opposite the weight of an object.

Archimedes principle:
Buoyant Force on an object immersed in a liquid equals the weight of the liquid displaced and the weight of the object if it floats.

Archimedes Principle
The magnitude of the buoyant force is given by Archimedes Principle. It states that A body fully or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force that is equal to the weight of the ___________________. displaced fluid _______

m m Since ,, mdisplaced fluid Vsubmerged Since mdisplaced fluid Vsubmerged V V

Fbuoyant Fb mdisplaced fluid g

Fb Vsubmerged g

= density of the displaced fluid

An object that is submerged in a liquid will experience an additional upward force (due to the submersion) that is equal to the weight of the amount of liquid that was displaced by the object. This force is often called the buoyant force.

Objects that Float:


0 F ___

Weightobject = Fb=Weightdisplaced fluid

Objects that Sink: Wobject __ Fb >


So

object __ fluid >

An example: What percentage of an


icebergs volume is submerged (assuming it is floating in sea water)? kg kg sea water 1030 ice 920 3 3 m m

Fb Wiceberg
water gVsubmerged ice gVtotal
Vsubmerged Vtotal

ice 920 89% water 1030

A solid block of steel sinks in water. A steel ship with the same mass floats on the surface.

How do boats/ships float?


Obviously the density of a metal rowboat or a concrete canoe is greater than the density of water, but they float because they contain a large amount of empty space. Because of shape their _______, they displace enough water to balance their own weight.

Cross-Sections of a boat floating in water:


Weight of boat = weight of displaced fluid ___________________ (shaded in red)

Boat is just on the verge of sinking!

Weight of boat plus occupants = weight of displaced fluid ___________________ (maximum possible shaded in red)

How much water is actually required to float a ship?


Not as much as wed think generally!!!...

Imagine that the canal is filled with water, and then the ship is slowly lowered into the canal. If the shape of the canal exactly matches the ship, and if the canal is slightly larger than the ship, then all but a thin layer of water all the way around will be displaced. So this thin layer between the ship and the canal is really all that is necessary!!

How do Submarines Dive & Surface?


NO Does the buoyant force change? ____!
A sub has ballast tanks that can water air be filled with _______ or _____.
To dive, a sub must become heavier, so the tanks water air allow _______ in while venting ____ out.

To surface, a sub must become lighter. A supply of water compressed air on the sub is used to force ______ back out of the ballast tanks.

Changes in density cause a submarine to dive, rise, or float.

Changes in density cause a submarine to dive, rise, or float.

Changes in density cause a submarine to dive, rise, or float.

Water Bridge in Germany

Six years to build it, 500 million euros later, and 918 meters long.....
This is a channel-bridge over the River Elbe and joins the former East and West Germany, as part of the unification project. It is located in the city of Magdeburg, near Berlin. The photo was taken on the day of inauguration. Did this bridge have to be designed to withstand the additional weight of ship and barge traffic, or just the weight of the water?

Answer:
It only needs to be designed to withstand the weight of the water!
Why? A ship always displaces an amount of water that weighs the same as the ship, regardless of how heavily a ship may be loaded.

How are density and buoyancy related?


The more denser an object the less buoyancy.
They are related through Archimedes' principle,

FB = gV
where FB is the buoyancy force, is the density of the liquid, g is gravity, V is the volume of water displaced by the object (in other words, the volume of the object that lies underneath the water surface). If FB is greater than the weight of the object, the object will float upwards. If not, the object will sink downwards. SO, THE DENSER THE LIQUID, THE GREATER THE BUOYANCY. HOWEVER, THE GREATER THE OBJECT WEIGHT, THE LESS THE BUOYANCY.

Another way to look at it is that the object itself has a volume and density, the product of which is the weight.

SO IF A TOTALLY SUBMERGED OBJECT HAS LESS DENSITY THAN THE LIQUID, IT WILL BE BUOYANT. IF IT HAS GREATER DENSITY THAN THE LIQUID, IT WILL SINK.

Aluminum Foil in Water


The Density of Aluminum is 2.7 g/cm3 and density of water is is 1 g/cm3

So when we place the Aluminum foil in water will it sink or float?

Average Density is:

The total mass of all objects on board divided by total volume.


useful Average density is __________ because it enables objects sink _____________ that would otherwise __________ to float.

So the Tin Foil floats because the average density is less than water (due to the air)

Calculating Lift
Lift = (Air density outside of the balloon - Air density inside balloon) * Volume of the balloon The lift of a balloon can be calculated by knowing the temperature of the air inside and outside of the balloon and the volume of the balloon. The lift or buoyant force equals the difference in weight of the heated air inside the balloon and the weight of the same volume of air at the surrounding ambient temperature. The table gives the density of air at sea level for various temperatures.

Now let us look at two examples of a typical 4 person balloon which has a volume of 2,200 m3. If the ambient temperature was 10oC and the air inside the balloon was heated to 100oC the balloon would have a lift of: 2,200 * (1.247 - 0.946) kg = 2,200 * 0.301 kg = 662.2 kg. If the same balloon was heated to 90oC the balloon would have a lift of: 2,200 * (1.247 - 0.972)kg = 2,200 * 0.275 kg = 600.5 kg
We can see that the hotter the air is inside the balloon the more lift the balloon will generate. In this example by increasing the ttemperature of the air inside the balloon by 10oC from 90oC to 100oC the balloon can lift an additional 61.7kg.

A balloon that is positively buoyant will climb, a balloon that is negatively buoyant will descend and a neutrally buoyant balloon will remain at the same level. If our example 2,200 m3 sport balloon was loaded so that it weighed 634kg it would maintain level flight if the envelope temperature was 95oC, it would climb if the envelope temperature was hotter than that, say 100oC and it would descend if the envelope temperature was less than 95oC.

Example
A metal ball of volume 50cm3 fully submerged in water will experience a buoyant force of: mass of displaced water

density of water

Fb mw g w V g

( 0.001

kg m 50cm3 9.8 2 0.49 N ) cm3 s

volume of ball

Free Body Diagram (3 forces)


string

density of water

Fb

mw g w V g
volume of ball

W mg m V g

density of metal

Using Newtons Second Law


In this situation: a=0, therefore F 0

T w V g m V g 0

T V g ( m w )

By measuring T and V, and knowing the density of water and the acceleration of gravity, the density of the metal can be calculated.

Specifically for Spheres


4 3 V r 3

4 3 T r g ( w m ) 3

Activity I: Measure T for different size spheres (different radii) and determine the density of the spheres.
measured calculated measured

T
plot

T
What is the slope? Get m from slope.

Equipment
Force sensor Metal tray (place metal balls into tray)

Glass cylinder filled with water.

Only fill water into glass cylinders never any other type of liquid!!!!!!!!!!!!!

What do you measure in this activity (once the tray with ball hang on the force sensor and are submerged in water) if you push the Tare button before you even hang the tray on the force sensor? Wtray + Wball Fbuoyant(ball)- Fbuoyant(tray) after you hang the tray into the water but without the sphere on it. Wball Fbuoyant(ball) The second method measures T as defined before T versus r3 plot should go through the origin.

Using Other Types of Fluids


Activity II: Determine the density of the fluid using a submerged metal mass (made of steel, density given).
Isopropyl Alcohol (70%) Corn Syrup Tap Water Metal mass

Salt Water

Do these measurements in the plastic beakers. Do not pour these fluids into the tall glass cylinder!!!
Do not pour isopropyl alcohol, salt water, or corn syrup into the drain! We reuse these liquids (and it is illegal to pour isopropyl alcohol into the drain). Leave them in the plastic beakers and cover them with the round cardboard when you are done.

Only use the Metal Slugs for Activity II (Do not use metal tray with balls it creates a mess)

Step 1: Hang slug on force sensor

Step 2: Tare the force sensor

Step 3: Hang slug into liquid & measure Fbuoyant

Tare

Liquid Pressure = gh where..


= mass/volume = fluid density g = acceleration of gravity h =height or depth of fluid

The pressure from the weight 1m = 9,800 Pa Fluid Pressure = gh = 1000Kg/m x 9.8m/s x of a column of liquid of area A and height h is

The most remarkable thing about this expression is what it does not include. The fluid pressure at a given depth does not depend upon the total mass or total volume of the liquid. The above pressure expression is easy to see for the straight, Fluid Pressure = gh = 1000Kg/m x 9.8m/s x 3m = 29,400 Pa unobstructed column, but not obvious for the cases of different geometry which are shown.

Get Density of the Liquid


Fb liquid Vslug g

Just measured

Determine the volume of the slug through displacement of water.

Then: Solve for density of the liquid.

Measuring the Fluid DensityAgain


Activity III: Determine the density of the fluid again (as a comparison) using a mass scale and measuring the volume of the fluid.

mass density volume

m V

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