Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Major Classes
Growth Promotion and Feed Efficiency
Antibiotics
Medicinal Uses
Coccidiostats, worming agents
Others
Buffers and Neutralizers Antioxidants Preservatives Binders Direct Fed Microbials Coloring Agents Flavorings
Hormonelike products
Feed Additives Implants
Examples
Antibiotics: disease prevention Coccidiostats: control parasites Xanthophyll: makes egg yolks yellow Cantaxanthin Hormones (hormone like): increases growth Yeast, Fungi, Direct fed microbials: Buffers: HCO3 etc.. Prevent rumen acidosis Antioxidants: prevents feed from getting rancid Pellet Binders: keeps feed in pellet form Flavoring Agents: makes feed taste better Surfactants: lipid digestion, increase milk production, yield Anionic salts: acidify diet to increase Ca absorption
FEED ADDITIVES
Use of feed additives is strictly regulated in the developed countries, and many others, to ensure:
Human food safety
Animal safety Additive efficacy Minimal environmental impact
Dramatic increase in globalization of marketing of animal products has led to more uniformity in regulations among countries.
Animal products must comply with the laws of the countries to which they are being sold.
FEED ADDITIVES
AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials) provides the U.S. mechanism for developing/implementing uniform & equitable laws, regulations, standards, and enforcement policies.
Regulating manufacture, distribution, and sale of safe and effective animal feeds.
FEED ADDITIVES
In practice, feed additives are defined as feed ingredients of a nonnutritive nature that
Stimulate growth or other types of performance. Improve the efficiency of feed utilization. Are beneficial in some manner to health or metabolism of the animal.
FEED ADDITIVES
Of the groups of additives classed as drugs, the major groups include many different compounds:
Antibiotics, nitrofurans and sulfa compounds. Coccidiostats, wormers (antihelminthics & others), and hormone-like compounds.
Feed additives have been used extensively in the U.S. and many other countries since the discovery & commercial production of antibiotics and sulfa drugs in the late 1940s.
The European Union recently banned feeding of antibiotics to animals meant for human consumption.
FEED ADDITIVES
Animal products are routinely tested to ensure that feed additives are being used correctly.
Use of feed additives has been beneficial to livestock producers under our modern methods of production.
Development of intense systems of management and concentration of animals has been made possible only because additives could be used to help control various diseases and/or parasites.
Broilers, laying hens, growing-finishing pigs, and fattening cattle and sheep.
Federal law states no animal drug can be used in feed until adequate research submitted to the FDA proves the drug is both safe and effective.
In developing a new drug for use with animals, manufacturers must go through extensive testing.
FDA requirements for medicated feed focus on mixers who use human-risk drug sources.
Mixers who do not use human-risk drug sources are subject to less demanding regulation.
All antibiotics used commercially for growth promotion are produced by fermentation processes using fungi or bacteria.
In most instances, the higher levels are not approved for long-term additive feeding usage.
Very few antibiotic additives are approved for horses, rabbits, sheep, goats, ducks, pheasants & quail.
No approvals are given for geese, dogs, cats, exotics.
The primary reason is the cost of obtaining approval in relation to potential sales volumes.
It is illegal to feed antibiotics at different levels or in different combinations from those previously approved.
Several arsenicals have claims of improved growth production as well as improved feed efficiency for chickens, turkeys, or swine.
And control of blackhead in poultry & diarrhea in swine.
These drugs are of considerable importance to the poultry producer because close confinement methods used in modern facilities accentuate the possibility of coccidiosis outbreaks.
Evidence suggests coccidiosis is becoming a greater problem with sheep & cattle in close confinement.
A high percentage of growing- finishing cattle are treated with one or another of these implants.
-agonists
Molecules that structurally resemble epinephrine
Caffeine, ephedrine, aspirin
Fat
Decrease in lipogenesis Increase in lipolysis
Ractopamine (Paylean)
Agonist summary
Structurally resembles epinephrine Increases muscle synthesis
Need to increase the protein % of diet
Decreases fat content Orally active Desensitization Recently approved for pigs and beef cattle
Antioxidants
Used to prevent rancidity of unsaturated fatty acids Inclusion rates up to 0.25 Lb per ton BHA/BHT (Butylated hydroxyanisole or toluene) Ethyoxiquin Vitamin E Rosemary
Preservatives
Used to prevent feed deterioration (mold/bacteria inhibitors)
Vitamin C Calcium sorbate Citric acid Phosphoric acid Propylene glycol (toxic in cats) Sodium propionate Sodium metabisulfate
Available forms
Feed additives Water dispensing Bolus/gel form
Pet food, including dry and canned food and pet treats, is considered to be animal feed. Like other animal feed, FDA regulates pet food and establishes standards for labeling. Pet food labeling is regulated at two levels: federal and state. The federal regulations, enforced by FDAs Center for Veterinary Medicine, establish standards that apply to all animal feeds:
proper identification of the product net quantity statement manufacturers address proper listing of ingredients
Pet Food
FDA carries out its animal feed regulatory responsibilities in cooperation with state and local partners, and works together with AAFCO on uniform feed ingredient definitions and proper labeling.
Lab Assignment
Find a research article (journals only) additive Cite the study Indicate species, number animals used, treatments (doses/inclusion rates) Intended benefit Outcome