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Refraction of Light

PEMBIASAN CAHAYA

1. Understanding of the Refraction of Light


Refraction of light happens because of the deflection of light when it is passing through the boundary of two different media. The difference in density causes the refraction of light. So, in general, there are two types of refraction; they are : When incident ray comes from a thinner medium to another denser medium, it will be refracted to the normal line ( i > r ) When incident ray comes from a denser medium to another thiner medium, it will be refracted away from the normal line (i < r).

1. Pengertian Pembiasan Cahaya


Pembiasan cahaya terjadi akibat pembelokan cahaya ketika melewati batas dua media yang berbeda. Perbedaan kerapatan menyebabkan terjadinya pembiasan cahaya. Jadi, secara umum ada dua macam pembiasan sebagai berikut : Sinar datang dari media yang lebih renggang ke media yang lebih rapat akan dibiaskan mendekati garis normal ( i > r ). Sinar datang dari media yang lebih rapat ke media yang lebih renggang akan dibiaskan menjauhi garis normal (i < r ).

2. Index of Refraction of a Medium


The index of refraction of a medium is shown in the following equation.

c nmedium v
C = speed of light in the air = 300,000,000 m/s v = speed of light in a medium n = index of refraction The above equation show that index of refraction of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light in the air and the speed of light in that medium.

1 nmedium 2

where 1 = wavelength in the air 2 = wavelength in a medium

2. Indeks Bias Media


Indeks bias suatu media dinyatakan dengan persamaan :

c nmedia v

C v n

= cepat rambat cahaya di udara = 300.000.000 m/s = cepat rambat cahaya pada media = indeks bias

Perasamaan ini menyatakan bahwa indeks bias media adalah perbandingan cepat rambat cahaya udara dengan cepat rambat cahaya di media.

1 nmedia 2

Di mana : 1 = panjang gelombang cahaya di udara 2 = panjang gelombang di media

3. Total Internal Reflection


Total internal reflection happens if : 1. An incident ray comes from a denser medium into the thinner medium. 2. The incident angle is greater than the critical angle. The critical angle is an incident angle in which its refracting angle is 900, or on which the refracted ray is located on the medium boundary.

3. Pemantulan Sempurna

Pemantulan sempurna terjadi apabila : 1. Sinar datang dari media rapat ke media renggang 2. Sudut datang melebihi sudut kritis. Sudut kritis adalah sudut datang yang sudut biasnya 900, atau sinar yang dibiaskan pada bidang batas.

The phenomenon of total internal reflection :


a. Mirage Reflected ray received by us will be seen as a puddle of water on the road. This phenomenon is considered a mirage. b. The sparkling of diamonds Diamond has an index of refraction 2.4 with a critical angle 240 with a critical angle 240. c. Refraction in lenses A lens is a transparent object which is bounded by two optical planes so that the thickness of its middle and edge part is different.

Peristiwa pemantulan sempurna dapat diamati dalam :

a. Fatamorgana Sinar pantul yang diterima oleh kita akan terlihat seperti air yang menggenang di jalan raya. Inilah yang disebut fatamorgana. b. Kilauan Cahaya Berlian mempunyai indeks bias 2,4 dengan sudut kritis 240. c. Pembiasan pada Lensa Lensa adalah benda bening yang dibatasi oleh dua bidang optik sedemikian rupa sehingga ketebalan bagian tengah dan tepinya berbeda.

1) Biconvex (convex lenses)


The three special rays for a convex lens are : 1. An incident ray which is in parallel to the central axis will be refracted through the focal point. 2. An incident ray which is through the focal point will be refracted parallel to the central axis 3. An incident ray which is through the central point the lens plane will not be refracted.

By looking at the special rays, you can conclude that one nature of a convex lens is converging or focusing light. A convex lens is often called a converging lens.

1) Bikonveks (lensa cembung-cembung)


Tiga sinar istimewa pada lensa cembung adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Sinar yang datang sejajar sumbu utama, dibiaskan melalui titik fokus. 2. Sinar yang datang melalui titik fokus, dibiaskan sejajar sumbu utama 3. Sinar datang melalui titik pusat bidang lensa, tidak dibiaskan. Dengan melihat sinar-sinar istimewa tersebut, kamu dapat menyimpulkan bahwa lensa cembung bersifat mengumpulkan sinar. Lensa cembung sering disebut lensa konvergen.

2) Biconcave (concave lens)


To draw the refraction for a concave lens, we need three special rays, they are : 1. An incident ray which is parallel to the central axis will be refracted as if it comes from the focal point. 2. An incident ray which is through the focal point will be refracted parallel to the central axis. 3. An incident ray which is through the central point of the lens plane (O) will not be refracted.

One property of concave lens is diverging light. Concave lens is often called a diverging lens.

2) Bikonkaf (lensa cekung-cekung)


Untuk melukis pembiasan yang terjadi pada lensa cekung, kita menggunakan tiga sinar istimewa, yaitu : 1. Sinar datang sejajar sumbu utama dibiaskan seolaholah berasal dari titik fokus. 2. Sinar datang menuju titik fokus dibiaskan sejajar sumbu utama 3. Sinar datang melalui titik pusat bidang lensa (O) tidak dibiaskan

Lensa cekung mempunyai sifat menyebarkan cahaya. Lensa cekung kita sebut sebagai lensa divergen.

1 1 1 so s i f
Where : So = distance of the object to the lens Si = distance of the image to the lens f = focal length of the lens

1 1 1 so s i f
Where : So = jarak benda ke lensa Si = jarak bayangan ke lensa f = jarak fokus lensa

The power of lens is the ability of a lens to converge rays

for a convex lens, and to diverge rays for a concave lens.

Where : P = the power of lens (dioperts) f = focal length of a lens (meters) The unit of power of lens is diopters.

1 P f

Kekuatan lensa adalah kemampuan sebuah lensa untuk

mengumpulkan cahaya pada lensa cembung dan menyebarkan cahaya pada lensa cekung.

1 P f
Where : P = kekuatan lensa (dioptri) f = jarak fokus lensa (meter) Satuan untuk kekuatan lensa adalah dioptri.

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