LOW COST INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES

Housing is far more than shelter It is both a dwelling and basic community service and facility so essentially required for a wholesome family and community life. The quality of life in human settlements depends on environment, available facilities and resources.

The basc needs of human settlements are ample clean air for breathing, potable water for drinking and efficient system of solid, sullage and waste disposal for hygenic and sanitary surroundings. Infrastructure services catering to above basic needs of human settlements are necessary for any programme related to housing development both in urban and rural areas.

PLUMBING SYSTEMS Sewerage and drainage systems are used to carry waste from building to public sewer system. Where public sewerage does not exist, the disposal is made into septic tank, socking pits etc. (Individual disposal system).

ONE PIPE SYSTEM The pipe of waste water from sinks, baths and wash basins and branches of soil pipes is connected to one main pipe. This main pipe is directly connected to sewerage system. Gulley (gutter) traps and waste pipes are completely distributed but all traps of water closets, basins, etc. are completely ventilated to preserve water seal. ONE PIPE SYSTEM PARTIALLY VENTILATED It is also called single stack, ventilated partially. There is one soil pipe which discharges waste of water closets, baths, sinks and basins. There is a relief vent which ventilates only foul smell of water closet.

SINGLE STACK STSTEM In this system entire soil and waste discharge into a single pipe called soil cum waste pipe. This system is the same as one pipe system, but without trap. SINGLE STACK PARTIALLY VENTILATED SYSTEM In this system there is one soil pipe in which all soil and waste appliances discharge and only the trap of all soil appliances are ventilated through single ventilation pipe. Thus the system has a soil cum waste pipe and one ventilation pipe for soil appliances only.

SIGLE STACK SYSTEM

SOME OPTIONS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LOW COST SANITATION Sulabh International, a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) engaged in the cause of liberation and rehabilitation of scavangers in the country. Under low-cost sanitation programme launched by the central government with HUDCO Sulabh Sauchalaya scheme is launched.

Offset single pit toilet with pour flush

OFFSET SINGLE PIT TOILET WITH POUR FLUSH

The superstructure of an offset single pit toilet with pour flush is half a meter away from the leach pit. A short length of sufficiently sloping (1:10) PVC leads from the U trap down to the pit. SUITABILITY The direct single pit toilet with pour-flush is suitable

-For areas where the water table is high, if the toilet is raised and connected to a soak-pit. -In areas prone to freshwater or tidal flooding, if raised. -For loose soils, if fully lined. -For soils with low permeability, if built with a soak pit.

ADVANTAGES -It is easy to construct, operate, and maintain: -Operation consists of regular water cleansing of the slab (with soap or detergent, if available) to remove any excreta and urine, and daily cleansing of the floor, squatting pan, door handles and other parts of the superstructure. -Maintenance consists of monthly inspections to check for cracks in the floor slab and damage to the vent pipe and fly screen, and digging out of part of the feces at the end of the dry season. These feces should be handled with care and buried in a pit covered with soil. After at least a year, when the contents of the pit have decomposed into harmless humus, the humus can be can be used as fertilizer. -It is relatively inexpensive to construct, operate, and maintain. DISADVANTAGES -The U-trap can easily become blocked because of bad design or improper use, or damages by improper unblocking. -Pour-flush toilets are unsuitable where it is common practice to use bulky materials for anal cleansing which cannot be flushed through the U-trap. Unless those materials are separately collected and safely buried or burned. -The pit sludge is not safe until it has been left to decompose for at least a year.

WATER SUPPLY Pressure of over urbanisation in our urban centres especially metros has led to the situation of extreme inadequacy on water-supply front. The per capita water requirement is 225 litres per day. Chennai has only per capita 78 liters available Delhi has only per capita 172 liters available Mumbai has only per capita 136 liters available In Mumbai water is supplied from various sources located 29 km to 120 km away from the city A special train named 'Water express' brings water for the citizens of Chennai

SOME ATTEMPTS OF WATER SUPPLY ACCELERATED URBAN WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME (AUWSP) Government of India introduced AUWSP during the eighth five year plan for towns having population of less than 20,000.

RURAL WATER SUPPLY Only 41% of the rural population on global scale have convinient access to safe drinking water supplies. Traditional open dugwells continue to be the traditional sources for water for all purposes including drinking water. The handpump comes next. Nearly 10 % of the house hold collects drinking water from exposed sources such as ponds, lakes and canals.

ACCELERATED RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMME (ARWSP) For meeting the requirement of water supply in the villages without no safe sources, the central government introduced ARWSP In order to ensure maximum inflow of scientific and technical input into the rural water supply sector and thus to deal with quality problems of drinking water, the National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) was launched.

ENERGY There is an increasing pressure on the conventional sources of energy due to steep rise of population growth in developing countries. BIO GAS PLANTS SOLAR ENERGY

SMOKELESS CHULHA (HEARTH)

BIO-GAS PLANTS The normal method of disposing of animal dung is to dry it into cakes for burning it, as fuel which not only leads to insanitary conditions in the house and the neighbourhood but also deprives the agricultural land of an exellent inorganic manure. Animal dung contains ingredients which could be exploited for fuel and minerial values. The gas produced out of such plants is used for cooking food in homes and also for the purpose of street lighting.

SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy keep's clock tickling on earth. And in today's times with the energy crunch, eyes are increasingly turning to the giant power house in the sky- the Sun. An awesome source of power, solar energy equivalent to almost 75,000 trillion (10) KWH hits the Earth every day. And a mere 0.1% of this staggering figure is sufficient to meet the world energy needs.

Solar photovoltaic energy systems had been deployed in India's remote areas and the countryside, all designed and made indegneously. The most common systems being promoted are 'stand alone' street lights. Thre is rural electrification programme providing, solar lanterns, solar-powered TV sets and lighting of public buildings like community centres, primary health centres, primary health centres and places where adult literacy classes are held usually at night.

'Stand alone' street light for Rural area By BHEL, New Delhi.

SMOKELESS CHULHA (HEARTH) Cow dung, charcoal and firewood which are most commonly used as fuel in indian villages produce a lot of smoke which is very injurious to health. To avoid this nuisance, exhaustive investigations were taken up by NBO. The study had identified some performance-efficient chulhas which could work without causing any smoke hazards. Each improved chulha saves 700 kg. of fuelwood a year

SMOKELESS CHULHA

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