AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY: SANJIB KUMAR MANDAL ROLL NO: 97/ELM/104011

INTRODUCTION TO AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

(a) Air conditioning is the removal of heat from indoor air for thermal comfort. (b) Air conditioning means conditioning of air for maintaining specific conditions of temperature, relative humidity and low dust levels inside an enclosed space. (c) An air conditioner is an appliance, system or machine designed to change the air temperature and humidity within an area (Used for cooling as well as heating depending on the air properties at a given time) typically using a refrigeration cycle but sometimes using evaporation, commonly for comfort cooling in buildings and motor vehicles.

PURPOSE OF AIR CONDITIONING

To control the temperature To control the humidity To filtering the air to minimize dust To provide moisture free dry air To remove air-borne bacteria

METHODS OF REFRIGERATION
CHANGE OF PHASE EXPANSION OF A LIQUID STEADY FLOW OF EXPANSION OF A PERFECT GAS EMPTYING PROCESS ELECTRICAL PROCESSES

CYCLES USED FOR AIR CONDITIONING

Vapor compression cycle Carnot refrigeration cycle

REFRIGERANT AND ITS PROPERTIES

WHAT IS A REFRIGERANT ? BASIS OF SELECTION OF A REFRIGERANT It depends upon three factors: (A)Thermodynamics (B) Chemical (C) Physical

COMPARISION OF FREEZING TEMPERATURE OF DIFFERENT REFRIGERANT

Refrigerants must operate above its freezing point temperature, making a low freezing point desirable. Freezing temperature of different refrigerants are given below Ammonia -107F (-77.22 C) Carbon dioxide -69.9F (-56.61 C) Refrigerant 11 -168F (-111.11 C) Refrigerant 22 -256F (-160 C) Refrigerant 113 -31F (-35 C) Water 32F (0C)

COMMONLY USED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

(1) ROOM AIR CONDITIONER(RAC) (2) SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER(SAC) (3) PACKAGE AIR CONDITIONER (4) CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING PLANTS

ROOM AIR CONDITIONER

HOW TO AVOID PROBLEM OF INEFFICIENT FUNCTION OF RAC

1. Measure the air velocity per minute of the supply grill air by using Anemometer and take 5 readings. Average air velocity = ((i) + (ii) + (iii) + (iv) + (v))/5 (Say 959 ft. /min.) 2. Measure the Area of the supply Grill (say 0.5 sq. ft.) 3. Calculate the Air volume coming out of the supply grill (say 480 cfm)

 4. Read the wet bulbs and Dry bulb temperature of the supply air wet bulb 52.7F (11.5C) Dry bulb 55.4F(13C) 5. Corresponding to the said wet bulb and dry bulb temperature/ read the specific volume of the supply air in the cubic feet per pound from the enclosed psychometric chart. 13.1 cft/lb. (If chart is not available, 13.5 cft/lb may be taken for practical purpose) 6. Calculate the Mass of the supply air by dividing 3 by 5.(480/13.1)= 37 lbs/minute.

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 7. Read the Wet bulb temperature of the Return air 66.2F (19C)WB. 8. Calculate the total heat of the Return air and supply air corresponding to wet bulb temperature of Return air and supply air from the enclosed Table. Return air 30.9 BTU/lb Say 31 BTU/lb. Supply air 21.9 BTU/lb and 22 BTU/lb. Drop in the total heat = 30.9 21.9 = 9 BTU/lb.

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9. Capacity is equal to: Mass of the supply air x Drop in total heat =37 x 9 BTU / min.= 333 x 60 BTU / lb. =(333 x 60)/12000 = 1.6 Refrigeration Tons. But to be sure regarding the capacity under any situation,care to be taken whether the difference in wet bulb temperature of the supply air and return air is not less than 12F and also the air volume of the supply air is not less than 400-500 cfm. for 1.5 Ton and 300350 cfm for 1 Ton machine.

CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING PLANT

DEVICE USED IN CENTRAL AC PLANT AND ITS FUNCTIONING

1. evaporator 2. compressor 3. condenser 4. receiver 5. expansion device

THE VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE

Evaporator

Expansion Device

Compressor

Receiver

Condenser

CHILLED WATER SYSTEM

Water chillers are used with duct or water piping system. The water chiller contains a compressor, a condenser, a thermal expansion valve and a refrigerant evaporating coil. Instead of cooling air as in vapor compression system, the water chilled by the evaporation coil. The chilled water is then pumped into piping system.

FAN-COIL UNIT/AIR HANDLER

It consists of : (1) the housing (2) the fan (3) the coils (4) face and bypass dampers (5) mixing box (6) fitters (7) spray humidifiers.

REFRIGERATION BY ABSORPTION

ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
Unnecessary heat development in rotating parts Undue vibration and noise Checking of voltages and currents Oil level check Leakage of refrigerant vapor Air Filter Changing Cleaning of water-cooled condensers Maintenance and servicing of water coolingtowers

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Checking of water hardness Room Air-Conditioners Water-cooled Packaged Units Pump down of refrigerant system Cleaning of the Compressor Electrical system

HOW WE WILL DETERMINE REQUIRED CAPACITY IN TONS?

A general office measuring 30 ft. x 20 ft. x 12 ft. height is to be Air Conditioned. There are floors above the office and the West wall is made of brick. What will be the required capacity in tons ?

 i) Area of the office = 30 x 20 = 600 sq. ft. ii) Required capacity = 600 x 72 = 43200 BTU/Hr = 3.6 Tons For 12 ft. height, if will be 3.6 / 9 x 12= 4.8 Tons iv) Add 10% Safety factor = 4.8 + 0.48= 5.28 Tons So either 3 numbers 2 Tons capacity or 4 numbers 1.5 Tons capacity room Air Conditioners should be recommended.

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ENERGY CONSERVATION IN THE AREA OF REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONG

Energy conservation is now a tonic of the day throughout the world and its bits are more felt in India and West Bengal in particular. The efficiency of an air conditioning and refrigeration plant is expressed as the ratio of the refrigeration effect produced to the power consumed (BTU per watt hour or kcal/Wh)

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This ratio, known as the Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) is useful in comparing various compressors as well as the performance of a particular compressor at different operating conditions. In a developing country like India 10 to 15% of the total electricity produced, is used for refrigeration and air-conditioning.

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A few method for consideration of Electrical energy in the area of refrigeration and airconditioning area summarized below: Domestic Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Ice Bank Principle Heat Recovery System Use of Centrifugal Compressor Better Design of cooling tower

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