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CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION
HISTORY OF ARC WELDING COATED ELECTRODE WHAT IS AN ELECTRODE ? SIZE OF ELECRODE TYPES OF ELECTRODES COATING OF ELECTRODES TYPES OF ELECTRODE COATING STORAGE AND DRYING OF ELECTRODES TESTING OF ELECTRODES
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WHAT IS AN ELECTRODE ?
The electrode may be defined as it is metal of which the sole purpose to carry the current and sustain the electric arc between its tip and base metal as well as in some cases it melts and supplies filler metal addition in the proposed joint. Electrode canELECTRODE into be divided two groups depending upon their functions which are given below.
COSUMABLE NON CONSUMABLE
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consumable electrodes refers to conduct current from electrode holder to metal and supply filler metal to the joint, like in SMAW. electrodes are only used to work as conductor carrying the current from electrode holder to base metal, like in GMAW
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non-consumable
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SIZE OF ELECTRODE
THE SIZE OF ELECTRODE REFERS TO THE DIAMETER OF ITS CORE WIRE. THE SIZE IS AVAILABLE IN METRIC AS WELL AS IN ENGLISH SYSTEM. LIKE 1/8, 3/32 AND 2 MM , 4 MM ETC. FLUX OR COVERING d D
STRIKING END
CORE
TYPES OF ELECTRODE
Arc welding electrodes are classified in groups by American Welding Society (AWS a5.1-91) based upon their type of coating, mechanical properties and performance characteristics as well as weld metal chemistry. for our discussion we can categorize the electrode as under .
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ELECTRODES TYPES
ELECTRODE
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MILD STEEL ELECTRODES (AWS A5.1) LOW ALLOY STEEL ELECTRODES (AWS A5.5) STAINLESS STEEL ELECTRODES (AWS A5.4) ELECTRODES FOR CAST IRON (AWS A5.15) COPPER AND COPPER ALLOY ELECTRODE (AWSA5.6) NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOY ELECTRODE (AWS A5.11) ALUMINIUM AND ALUMINIUM ALLOY ELECTRODE (AWS A5.3) ONLY FIRST THREE OF THE ABOVE WILL BE DISCUSSED.
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EXXXX
FIRST TWO NUMBERS REFER TO TENSILE STRENGTH OF THE DEPOSITED WELD METAL. FOR EXAMPLE : E6010 60 MEANS 60, 000 PSI TENSILE
STRENGTH OF THE DEPOSITED WELD METAL.
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EXX X X THIRD NUMBER IS DENOTING THE POSITION IN WHICH THE ELECTRODE CAN BE USED. EXAMPLE: 1 FOR ALL POSTION (F, V,OH,H) 2 FOR FLAT AND H-FILLET POSITION. 3 HAS NO DESIGNATION 4 FOR F, OH, H AND V-DOWN BUT MOSTLY SUITABLE FOR V-DOWN ONLY.
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EXXXX
LAST NUMBER REFERS TO CHEMICAL COMPOSITION PRESENT IN THE ELECTRODE COATING. FOR EXAMPLE : 0 CELLULOSE- SODIUM 1 CELLULOSE- POTASSIUM 2 RUTILE SODIUM 3 RUTILE POTASSIUM 4 RUTILE IRON POWDER 5,6,8 LOW HYDROGEN
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EXXXX The last two numbers together indicate the type of welding current the electrode can be used with. For example EXX10 DC+ EXX11 AC OR DC+ EXX20 AC , DC +,EXX12 AC OR DC- EXX24 AC , DC +,EXX13 AC , DC+,- EXX27 AC, DC +,EXX14 AC , DC+,- EXX28 AC, DC + EXX15 DC+ EXX16 AC , DC+ EXX18 AC , DC+
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100 75 80 75 75 70 80 80
15 35 30 30 30 30 30 30
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CELLULOS TYPE
THE CELLULOSE IS A ORGANIC MATERIAL WHICH CONTAIN 30 % IN THE ELECTRODE COATING BY WEIGHT. IT DECOMPOSES IN THE ARC AND PRODUCE A GAS SHIELD WHICH PROTECTS ARC FROM AUTMOSPHERIC OXYGEN AND NITROGEN. EXX10 IS THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TYPE ELECTRODE COATING. GENERALLY THIS COATED ELECTRODE IS SUITABLE FOR ALL POSITION WITH DC +.
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RUTILE TYPE
RUTILE IS NATURALLY- OCCURING SAND USALLY CONTAIN AROUND 95% OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE. THIS TYPE OF ELECTRODE IS GOOD FOR USE WITH AC AND DC + OR DC - . GENERALLY USE FOR VERTICAL AND OVERHEAD POSITIONS AS THE SLAG IS VERY VISCOUS AND QUICKLY FREEZED. EXX12 AND EXX13 ARE THE EXAMPLES OF THIS TYPE OF COATING .
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ACID TYPE
THIS TYPE OF COATING CONTAIN IRON-OXIDE AS A MAJOR CONSTITUENT. DURING WELDING IT PRODUCE A IRON-MANGANESE OXIDE SELICA FLUID SLAG WHOSE METALLARGICAL EFFECT IS ACIDIC. THIS SLAG SOLIDIFIES LIKE HONEYCOMBSTRUCTURE AND EASLY DETACHED. ELECTRODE HAVING THIS COATING IS GOOD FOR FILLET WELD ONLY. EXX22 IS THE EXAMPLE OF THIS TYPE OF ELECTRODE.
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OXIDIZING TYPE
IT CONTAIN MAINLY IRON-OXIDE AND SILICATES WITH OR WITH OUT MANGANESE OXIDES. IT PRODUCE A HEAVY SLAG WHICH HAS OXIDISING PROPERTIES. THIS TYPE ELECTRODE IS LIMITED IN USE BECAUSE THE RESULTANT WELD METAL IS SOFT AND LOW MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. EXX27 ELECTRODES ARE HAVING THIS TYPE OF COATING, GENERALLY USING FOR FLAT POSITION ONLY.
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BASIC TYPE
THIS TYPE OF COATING CONTAINS CALCIUM CARBONATES (CaCO3), CALCIUM FLOURIDE (CaF2) , METAL POWDER AND COMPARATIVELY MORE POWERFUL DEOXIDISERS. THIS RESULTS IN A CHEMICALLY BASIC SLAG, WHICH IS FAIRLY FLUID.THE SOLIDIFIED SLAG, WHICH IS HEAVY AND FRIABLE HAS BROWN TO DARK- BROWN COLOR AND GLASSY APPEARANCE. MOISTURES IS REMOVED FROM THE COATING TO RENDER IT LOW HYDROGEN ELECTRODES. THE ELECTRODES HAVING THIS TYPE OF COATING IS PREFERRED TO USE FOR MINIMISE THE RISK OF HYDROGEN-INDUCED CRACKING OR COLD CRACKING IN THE BASE METAL. EXX15,16,18 OR THE EXAMPLES OF THIS TYPE OF COATING.
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All electrodes must be dried to the right level to perform properly. Even a small amount of moisture in low hydrogen electrodes can lead to major weld problems such as internal porosity, weld cracking or poor operating characteristics.
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Low Hydrogen Electrodes Storing and exposure limits SMAW electrodes with low hydrogen coatings, such as E7018 and E8018C3, must be kept very dry since hydrogen induced cracking can easily occur, especially in steels that are 80,000 psi and higher yield strengths. To keep these electrodes dry during storage, here are some suggestions:
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Purchase
these electrodes in hermetically sealed containers, which provide excellent protection against moisture pickup. Do not open the hermetically sealed containers until the electrode is needed for use. When the cans are opened, electrodes that will not be immediately used should be placed in a OVEN at 250 degrees F to 300 degrees F
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Electrodes
should be supplied to welders in quantities that can be consumed within time limits that are dependent on the electrode type and strength level. For example, standard E7018 electrodes can be safely be exposed to the atmosphere for 4 hours whereas standard E11018 electrodes are restricted to only hour.
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TEMPERATURE REGULATOR
BAKING OVEN
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POTABLE OVEN
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When the electrodes are initially placed in the oven, the temperature should not be greater than half the re-drying temperature. The electrodes should be held at that temperature for hour before heating the electrode to the final temperature. For mild steel low hydrogen electrodes governed by AWS A5.1 (such as E7018), the final re-drying temperature is typically 500-800 degrees F(260-430 degrees C). For low alloy electrodes governed by AWS A5.5, the final re-drying temperature should be 700-800 degrees F (700 430 2/16/2013 32 ARC manufacturers degrees C). The WELDING ELECTRODES
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hour at the listed final temperature is satisfactory if it is supplied in the dried condition. Do not dry electrodes at higher temperatures. Also, several hours at a lower temperature is not equivalent to using the specified requirements. Moisture becomes chemically bonded (absorbed) to the electrode coating and those chemical bonds must be broken at the proper temperature for the proper length of time.
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may be re-dried only once. Electrodes that have become wet or moist shall not be used and shall be discarded.
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Type Of Test
TENSILE & IMPACT TRANSVERSE BEND TRANSVERSE TENSILE DEPOSITION EFFECIENCY DIFFUSIBLE HYDROGEN CHEMICAL COMPOSITIO N
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DIN 1913 X
X
AWS A5.1
X X
X
X X
X
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THE END
THANKS
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