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Earthquakes

PRESENTED BY

S.DHEERAJ E-CHAMPS STUDENT

NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL DHARMAVARAM

Defintion:
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the earths crust that creates seismic waves.

What is an earthquake?
Used to describe both sudden slip on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip Caused by volcanic or magmatic activity, Caused by other sudden stress changes in the earth.

Three Types of Faults

Strike-Slip

Thrust

Normal

What causes earthquakes?


Tectonic plates move past each other causing stress. Stress causes the rock to deform
Plastic deformation does not cause earthquakes Elastic deformation rock stretches then reaches a breaking point, releasing energy.

Elastic Rebound deformed rock goes back to its original shape

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

Focus

point inside the Earth where an earthquake begins Epicenter point on Earths surface above focus

How Seismographs Work


the pendulum remains fixed as the ground moves beneath it

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

Typical Seismogram

http://isu.indstate.edu/jspeer/Earth&Sky/EarthCh11.ppt

Primary Waves (P Waves)

A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground The first wave to arrive at an earthquake
http://daphne.meccahosting.com/~a0000e89/insideearth2.htm

Secondary Waves (S Waves)


A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side

http://daphne.meccahosting.com/~a0000e89/insideearth2.htm

Comparing Seismic Waves

Surface Waves
Move along the Earths surface Produces motion in the upper crust
Motion can be up and down Motion can be around Motion can be back and forth

Travel more slowly than S and P waves More destructive

How do scientists calculate how far a location is from the epicenter of an earthquake?

Scientists calculate the difference between arrival times of the P waves and S waves
The further away an earthquake is, the greater the time between the arrival of the P waves and the S waves

Locating Earthquakes

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

Locating Earthquakes

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

Locating Earthquakes

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

How are Earthquakes Measured? Richter Scale

How are Earthquakes Measured? Mercalli Intensity Scale

Click Link for Interactive Demo http://elearning.niu.edu/simulations/images/S_portfolio/Mercalli/Mercalli_Scale.swf

Earthquake Waves & Earths Interior

Seismic Waves in the Earth

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

Conclusion:
To help prevent a roof from collapsing, builders make the roof out of light-weight materials. Outdoor walls are made with stronger and more reinforced materials such as steel or reinforced concrete. During an earthquake flexible windows may help hold the windows together so they dont break.

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