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Theory of Structure - I
Lecture Outlines
Method of Sections
Method of Joints
If a truss is in equilibrium, then each of its joints must also be in equilibrium The method of joints consists of satisfying the equilibrium conditions for the forces exerted on the pin at each joint of the truss
Truss members are all straight two-force members lying in the same plane
The force system acting at each pin is coplanar and concurrent (intersecting) Rotational or moment equilibrium is automatically satisfied at the joint, only need to satisfy Fx = 0, Fy = 0
Draw the free-body diagram of a joint having at least one known force and at most two unknown forces (may need to first determine external reactions at the truss supports)
Always assume the unknown member forces acting on the joints free-body diagram to be in tension (pulling on the pin) Assume what is believed to be the correct sense of an unknown member force In both cases a negative value indicates that the sense chosen must be reversed
Orient the x and y axes such that the forces can be easily resolved into their x and y components Apply Fx = 0 and Fy = 0 and solve for the unknown member forces and verify their correct sense Continue to analyze each of the other joints, choosing ones having at most two unknowns and at least one known force
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Members in compression push on the joint and members in tension pull on the joint Mechanics of Materials and building codes are used to size the members once the forces are known
Ax = 500 N
C Cy = 500 N
Ay = 500 N
FBA
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
B 500 N 2m A 45o 2m
Ax = 500 N
C Cy = 500 N
Ay = 500 N
Joint A 500 N
+ SF = 0: x
500 - FAC = 0 FAC = 500 N (T)
500 N 500 N
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
FAC
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Truss analysis using the method of joints is greatly simplified if one is able to determine those members which support no loading (zero-force members) These zero-force members are used to increase stability of the truss during construction and to provide support if the applied loading is changed
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If only two members form a truss joint and no external load or support reaction is applied to the joint, the members must be zero-force members. If three members form a truss for which two of the members are collinear, the third member is a zero-force member provided no external force or support reaction is applied.
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Zero-force members
Frequently the analysis can be simplified by identifying members that carry no load
When only two members form a non-collinear joint and there is no external force or reaction at that joint, then both members must be zero-force
A
P B C
TCB D
TCD
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
If either TCB or TCD 0, then C cannot be in equilibrium, since there is no restoring force towards the C right. Hence both BC and CD are zero-load members here.
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When three members form a truss joint for which two members are collinear and the third is at an angle to these, then this third member must be zero-force
D TAB E
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
B TBC
While zero-force members can be removed in this configuration, care should be taken
any change in the loading can lead to the member carrying a load the stability of the truss can be degraded by removing the zero-force member
P A B C You may think that we can remove AD and BD to make a triangle This satisfies the statics requirements D However, this leaves a long CE member to carry a compressive load. This long member is highly susceptible to failure by buckling.
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E
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
D Dx Dy
Ey
FCB
+ SF = 0: F = 0 x CB
+ SFy = 0: FCD = 0
+ SF = 0: F + 0 = 0, x AE
FAE = 0
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Example 3-4
Using the method of joints, indicate all the members of the truss shown in the figure below that have zero force.
B C H D
F P
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SOLUTION Ax Ax
B C H
0
D
Gx
G
Joint D + x D FEC SFy = 0:
0 P
FDC FDE
q
FDCsinq = 0, FDE + 0 = 0,
FDC = 0 FDE = 0
+ SF = 0: x
FEF P
Joint E + SF = 0: x
FEF = 0
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Ax Ax Gx
A 0 0
B C H F 0 P Joint H + SF = 0: y FHB = 0 E
0
D 0
G
y FHA H FHF FGA Gx G x Joint G FGF + FHB
SFy = 0:
FGA = 0
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Method of Sections
Based on the principle that if a body is in equilibrium, then any part of the body is also in equilibrium Procedure for analysis
Section or cut the truss through the members where the forces are to be determined Before isolating the appropriate section, it may be necessary to determine the trusss external reactions (then 3 equs. of equilibrium can be used to solve for unknown member forces in the section).
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Draw the free-body diagram of that part of the sectioned truss that has the least number of forces acting on it Establish the sense of the unknown member forces
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Apply 3 equations of equilibrium trying to avoid equations that need to be solved simultaneously Moments should be summed about a point that lies at the intersection of the lines of action of two unknown forces If two unknown forces are parallel sum forces perpendicular to the direction of these unknowns
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F
2m
Ex
+ SMG = 0: B
FBC
C FGC
SFy = 0:
-100 + FGCsin45o = 0 FGC = 141.42 N (T) + SMC = 0: 100(4) - FGF(2) = 0 FGF = 200 N (C)
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A 100 N 2m
45o
FGF
Example 3-6
Determine the force in members GF and GD of the truss shown in the figure below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. G H A B C 8 kN 3m 3m D 2 kN 3m Ey = 7 kN F 3m E 4.5 m
Ax = 0
Ay = 9 kN 6 kN 3m
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SOLUTION H A B C
a F 3m E a D 2 kN 3m 3m Ey = 7 kN 4.5 m
Ax = 0
Ay = 9 kN 6 kN 3m Section a-a
8 kN 3m
FFG
FDG FDC
56.3o
26.6o
F
26.6o
+ SMD = 0: FFGsin26.6o(3.6) + 7(3) = 0, FFG = -17.83 kN (C) + SMO = 0: - 7(3) + 2(6) + FDGsin56.3o(6) = 0, FDG = 1.80 kN (C)
D
2 kN
Ey = 7 kN 3m
3m
Department of Civil Engineering University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, Pakistan
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Example 3-7
Determine the force in members BC and MC of the K-truss shown in the figure below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. L A M B N K J O D E I P F G H 3m 3m
7.11 kN 12.9 kN 5.34 kN 6.67 kN 8 kN 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m
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a SOLUTION A L M N a C K J O I P H 3m 3m
7.11 kN 12.9 kN 5.34 kN 6.67 kN 8 kN 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m
6m
A B
FLM FBM
FBC
b L A M B N D K J O E I P F H 3m 3m
C b 7.11 kN 12.9 kN 5.34 kN 6.67 kN 8 kN 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m 4.6 m FKL FKM FCM 9.89 kN N
33.1o
J O D E
I P F
H 3m G 7.11 kN 3m
6.67 kN 8 kN
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Practice Problems
Book
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