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EXPERT SYSTEM AND DECISION MAKING

- Parul Jain

INTRODUCTION
Artificial intelligence-based computer programs called Expert Systems have received a great deal of attention. They are used in a huge variety of fields like medicine, mathematics, engineering, computer science and education etc. An expert system stores the knowledge of one or more human experts in a particular field. ES are used for problems for which there is no single "correct" solution which can be encoded in a conventional algorithm.

EXPERT SYSTEM COMPONENTS


The part of the expert system that stores the knowledge is called the knowledge base. The part that holds the specifics of the to-be-solved problem is called the global database The part that applies the knowledge to the problem is called the inference engine.

How to build an ES?


A knowledge engineer starts by reading domain-related literature to become familiar with the issues and the terminology. holds extensive interviews with one or more domain experts to "acquire" their knowledge. organizes the results of these interviews and translates them into software that a computer can use.

How to build an ES? (cont)

CHARACTERSTICS
Operates as an interactive system Tools have ability to filter knowledge Make logical inferences based on knowledge stored Ability to Explain Reasoning Domain-Specific Applications Cost-effective alternative to Human Expert

FEATURES
Goal driven reasoning or backward chaining Coping with uncertainty Data driven reasoning or forward chaining Data representation User interface Explanations

EXPERT SYSTEMS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

AI programs that achieve expert-level competence in solving problems in task areas by bringing to bear a body of knowledge about specific tasks are called knowledgebased or expert systems. The area of human intellectual endeavour to be captured in an expert system is called the task domain. Task refers to some goal-oriented, problemsolving activity. Domain refers to the area within which the task is being performed. The Turing Test

THE WORKING OF ES
Every expert system consists of two principal parts: the knowledge base; and the inference engine. The knowledge base of expert systems contains both factual and heuristic knowledge.

The working of ES (cont.)


Factual knowledge is that knowledge that is widely shared found in textbooks or journals, and agreed upon by those knowledgeable in the particular field. Heuristic knowledge is the less rigorous, more experiential, more judgmental knowledge of performance.

KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
Knowledge representation formalizes and organizes the knowledge. One representation is a rule consisting of an IF part and a THEN part. Another representation, called the unit is based upon a more passive view of knowledge. The problem-solving model controls the steps taken to solve the problem.

forward chaining - If the chaining starts from a set of conditions and moves toward some conclusion, the method. backward chaining - If the conclusion is known but the path to that conclusion is not known, then that is reasoning backwards.

The more knowledge a system is given, the more competent it becomes.

RULE BASED ES

Any rule consists of two parts: the IF part, called the antecedent (condition) and the THEN part called the consequent (action). IF antecedent THEN consequent The antecedent of a rule incorporates two parts: an object and its value. A rule can have multiple antecedents joined by the keywords AND or OR.

INFERENCE ENGINE

The inference engine is the generic control mechanism that applies the knowledge present in the knowledge base to the task-specific data to arrive at some conclusion. inference mechanisms that search through the database and deduce results in an organized manner:
Forward chaining Backward chaining Tree searches

FORWARD AND BACKWARD CHAINING

Forward chaining - one proceeds from a given situation toward a desired goal, adding new assertions along the way. Backward chaining - In this strategy, one starts with the desired goal, and then attempts to find evidence for proving the goal. Eg. Rule 1: IF A and C THEN F

Rule 2: IF A and E Rule 3: IF B Rule 4: IF G

THEN G THEN E THEN D

TREE SEARCHES

A knowledge base can usually be represented as a branching network or tree. Two approaches:

depth-first search. breadth-first search. The depth-first search algorithm begins at a node that either represents the given data (forward chaining) or the desired goal (backward chaining). Breadth-first search starts by expanding all the nodes one level below the first node. Then it systematically expands each of these nodes till a solution is reached or the tree is completely expanded.

Tree searches (cont.)

INTELLIGENT EDITORS

An intelligent editor acts as an interface between a domain expert and an Expert System. The editor has direct access to the knowledge in the Expert System and knows the structure of that knowledge Through the editors, an expert can create, modify and delete rules without knowledge of the internal structure of the rules

ADVANTAGES OF EXPERT SYSTEMS


Permanence human experts may forget. Reproducibility many copies. Efficiency increased system output. Consistency similar transactions give same output. Documentation permanent documentation. Completeness all transactions can be viewed. Timeliness Entry barriers for competitors. Differentiation

DISADVANTAGES
Common sense Creativity in unusual situations. Learning no adaptability. Sensory Experience Degradation not good when no answer exists.

APPLICATIONS

Diagnosis and Troubleshooting of Devices and Systems of All Kinds. Eg 5GL DOCTOR Planning and Scheduling. Eg GATES Configuration of Manufactured Objects from Subassemblies. Financial Decision Making. Eg INSPECTOR Knowledge Publishing Process Monitoring and Control Design and Manufacturing. Eg

CONCLUSION
Problem solving is accomplished by applying specific knowledge rather than specific technique. This is a key idea in expert systems technology. It reflects the belief that human experts do not process their knowledge differently from others, but they do possess different knowledge. With this philosophy, when one finds that their expert system does not produce the desired results, work begins to expand the knowledge base, not to reprogram the procedures.

THANK YOU

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