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Fuzzy Logic based pH Control of a Neutralization Process

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I. INTRODUCTION
pH control is an indispensible part of water treatment system of many industrial plants like wastewater treatment, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and

chemical processing. pH control of a neutralization process is recognized as a benchmark for

modeling and control of highly nonlinear chemical processes.


Development of the first-principle based dynamic modeling of pH neutralization process involves material balance on selective ions, equilibrium constants and electroneutrality equations.

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Many different and practical approaches for pH control based on Feedforward and Gain Scheduling techniques have been proposed in the

literature.
Fuzzy logic based intelligent control can be described as a control approach that is used to synthesize linguistic control rules of a skilled operator.

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II. DYNAMIC MODELING OF NEUTRALIZATION SYSTEM A. Neutralization system

Armfield multifunctional process control teaching system (PCT40) and its accessories (PCT41 and PCT41)
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Schematic of neutralization system

Schematic of neutralization system

Flow characteristics of pump A and pump B


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B. Dynamic modeling of pH Neutralization Process

V = the volume of the CSTR Ca, Fa = the concentration and flow rate of feed A Cb, Fb = the concentration and flow rate of feed B Fa + Fb = the flow rate of effluent stream xa = the concentration of acid component (Cl-) in the effluent stream

xb = the concentration of base component (Na+) in


the effluent stream

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1 Ca Fa*Ca/V 2 Fa 3 V 4 Cb Fb*Cb/V 5 Fb (Fa+Fb)*Xb/V (Fb*Cb/V)-(Fa+Fb)*Xb/V Fa+Fb (Fa+Fb)*Xa/V (Fa*Ca/V)-(Fa+Fb)*Xa/V

1 s Xa

V = 1.95 L, Ca = 0.0487 mol/L, Fa = 0 to


6.229 mL/s (step change at 241 seconds), Cb = 0.0285 mol/L, and Fb = 6.229 to 0

1 s Xb

mL/s (step change at 151 seconds).


X=(Xa-Xb)

0.5 Gain [H+]

1 sqrt [(X^2)/4+Kw]^0.5 u 1/[H+]

log10 log (1/[H+])

1 pH

0.25 Gain1 (X^2)/4+Kw

X^2 1e-14 Kw

Dynamic pH neutralization process


model for strong acid-strong base
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pH titration curve

III. DESIGN OF THE CONVENTIONAL PID CONTROLLER


At the point of sustained oscillations: pH set point = 7; KCU = 166.67; TIU = TDU = 0; Fa = 0

to 6.229 mL/s; Fb = 1.682 mL/s.

Direct-action PID control of pH neutralization process


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Flow rate variations of feed A for ultimate-gain method


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Optimized parameter values for PID control: KC = (y/3) =10; TI = (t) = 30 sec; TD = (t/6) = 5 sec. where y is the peak to peak pH variation between the highest value of the overshoot and the

lowest value of the undershoot and t is the time between these two values.

pH variations for ultimate-gain method


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IV. DESIGN OF THE FUZZY LOGIC BASED CONTROLLER

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The input variables used for the fuzzy logic based controllers are

- Error, e(t) = (pHSPpH) - The universe of discourse (UOD) for e(t) : [-4, 4] pH units

- Change in error, ce(t) = [e(t) - e(t-1)]

- The UOD for ce(t) : [-0.5,


0.5] pH units

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The output variable represents the change of flow rate of feed A. The change in output, cu(t) = [u(t) - u(t-1)] The UOD for cu(t) : [-0.28, 0.28]*10-5 L/s

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Fuzzy logic based pH control

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V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Performance comparison of controllers for servo control


For PID and fuzzy logic based controllers, the mean integral square error (ISE) are 0.0267 and 0.0018 pH unit respectively.

Response of PID controller for step changes in set point


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Response of fuzzy controller for step changes in set point


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B. Fuzzy logic based controller response for regulatory and servo operations
The flow rate of feed B is subjected to a periodic disturbance of amplitude 1% of the nominal value.

The mean IES for the


regulatory operations is 0.1822 pH unit.

Response of fuzzy controller for regulatory operation


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The mean IES for


the servo operations is 0.0094 pH unit.

Response of fuzzy controller for servo operations

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VI. CONCLUSION

Based on mean ISE, it is concluded that the proposed fuzzy logic based controller
performs satisfactorily for both servo and regulatory operations.

Performance of FLC is found to be better than the PID controller for the servo

operations.
To improve the performance of the proposed fuzzy logic based controller, neural network or genetic algorithm based optimization techniques can be used.

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REFERENCES
[1] T.J. McAvoy, E. Hsu, and S. Lowenthals, Dynamics of pH in controlled stirred tank reactor, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Develop., vol. 11, Jan. 1972, pp. 68-70. [2] T.K. Gustafsson and K.V. Waller, Dynamic modeling and reaction invariant control of pH, Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 38, Mar. 1983, pp. 389-398. [3] R.A. Wright and C. Kravaris, Nonlinear control of pH processes using strong acid equivalent, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Develop., vol. 30, Jul. 1991, pp. 1561-1572. [4] J.-P. Corriou, Process Control: Theory and Applications. New Delhi: Springer (India), 2008, pp. 153157. [5] F.G. Shinskey, Process-Control Systems: Application, Design, Adjustment. McGraw-Hill, 1967, pp. 275-282. [6] E.H. Mamdani, Application of fuzzy logic to approximate reasoning using linguistic synthesis, IEEE Trans. Computers, vol. C-26, pp. 1182-1191, Dec. 1977. [7] T. Takagi and M. Sugeno, Fuzzy identification of systems and its applications to modeling and control, IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. SMC-15, pp. 116-132, Jan.-Feb. 1985. [8] PCT40 datasheet, Armfield Ltd., Hampshire, England, 2008. [9] Instruments Engineers Handbook: Process Control and Optimization, 4th ed., CRC press, B.G. Liptak, Florida, USA, 2006, pp. 2045-2047. [10] E.H. Mamdani and S. Assilian, An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller, Int. J. ManMachine Studies, vol. 7, pp. 1-13, Jan. 1975. [12] S. Bhanot, Process Control: Principles and Applications. New Delhi: Oxford (India), 2008, pp. 424-427.
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Thank you

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