MiCOM-P340-1

Time
Delay
D R
E L
Self
Monitoring
Inst.
Commn.
Metering
Integration
Fuses
E/M
HA & Disc

Bi-mettallic
Static
Numerical
Digital
Evolution of
Protection Technology
S/C Protn.
O/L Protn.
Electro-mechanical relays
Application
Cost of equipment
Non-critical
applications
Protection
Requirements
Simple
Communications
not required
Numerical relays
Where to
Apply ?
Sophisticated
Substations
Integration
of Functions
Space
Constraint
Commn /
SCADA
Interface
Process
Industry
Cost

Complexity & functions
Electro
mechanical
Static
Numerical
Cost effectiveness vs. complexity

Generator Protection:
Protection Functions (1)
Generator differential
Overcurrent protection
Voltage dependent backup
Stator earth fault
Neutral displacement
Sensitive directional E/F
100% Stator E/F
Under & over voltage
Under & over frequency


87G
50/51
51V/21
50/51N
59N
67N
27TN
27 & 59
81U/O

27
59
81O
81U
51V
21
50N
51N

50
51
67N
59N
27TN
87G
MiCOM-P340-7
Reverse power
Low forward power
Overload power
Field failure
Negative phase seq.
Overfluxing
Dead Machine (GUESS)
RTD Thermal protection


32R
32L
32O
40
46
24
27/50
38/26
Interconnection
df/dt rate of change of frequency
dV Voltage vector shift
32R
32L
320
RT
D
24
40
46
Generator Protection:
Protection Functions (2)
MiCOM-P340-8
Generator Differential Principle
(C Phase Drawn for Clarity)
Tail CTs Terminal CTs
C1
I
C2
I
F
I
I
C1
+ I
C2
= 0 Healthy I
C1
+ I
C2
= 0 (= I
F
) Fault
C Phase Differential
MiCOM-P340-9
Effective bias (x In) = I + I
1 2
2
Differential current (x In)

= I + I
1 2
0
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
Restrain
Operate
Biased Differential Protection
Operating Characteristic
K1
High sensitivity (5%)
Unit protection
FAST
MiCOM-P340-10

Connections for Biased Differential
Terminal
CT
Inputs
Tail
CT
Inputs
P343 Relay
MiCOM-P340-11

High Impedance Differential
Tail CTs Terminal CTs
Differential Input
Stabilising Resistor
The stabilising resistor is sized to
ensure stability for external faults
Metrosil
(if reqd)
MiCOM-P340-12
Backup Protection -
50/51 Phase Overcurrent
IEC Curves
Current (Multiples of Is)
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1 100 10
Operating Time (s)
IEC SI
IEC VI
IEC EI
IEC LTS
IEEE Curves
0.1
1
10
100
1 10 100
Current (Multiples of Is)
Operating Time (s)
US MI
US VI
US EI
US I
US SI
MiCOM-P340-13
Application of the Timer Hold
Facility
RESET
t
RESET
t
< <
Current
pick-up
I
Trip threshold
Reset time = t
RESET
Reset time = 0
MiCOM-P340-14
Typical Generator Fault Current
Decrement Curve
Full Load
Current
0.25s 0.5s
Fault
Current
Time Since
Fault Inception
Non-unit overcurrent protection provides backup for uncleared
external faults
Must be time graded with feeder protection
Need for voltage dependency due to fault current falling below FLC
< FLC
MiCOM-P340-15
Voltage Dependent Overcurrent or
Underimpedance Protection
Three methods
Provides back up protection
for system short circuits
I>
Terminal Volts
Load
Fault
k.I>
Voltage control
I>
Terminal Volts
Load
Fault
k.I>
Voltage restraint
R
X
Load
Fault
Underimpedance
MiCOM-P340-16
Unbalanced Load
Protection
NPS current sets up a flux in the stator travelling in
opposition to the shaft rotation, inducing double
frequency currents in the rotor circuit
P340 thermal replica curve protects against rotor
overheating
Approximates to I t = K when I is well above threshold
Preheating is simulated
Adjustable exponential resetting characteristic
Separate definite time alarm output
2
2
Negative Phase Sequence (46)
2
MiCOM-P340-17
Unbalanced Load Protection
IEC-34-1 Generators
Generator type Maximum I
2
/I
n
for
continuous operation
Maximum (I
2
/I
n
)
2
t
for operation under
fault conditions, Kg
Salient pole:
Indirectly cooled 0.08 20
Directly cooled (inner cooled)
stator and/or field
0.05 15
Cylindrical rotor synchronous:
Indirectly cooled rotor
Air cooled 0.1 15
Hydrogen cooled 0.1 10
Directly cooled (inner cooled) rotor
> 350
> 900
> 1250
s 350MVA
s 900MVA
s 1250MVA
s 1600MVA
0.08
*
*
0.05
8
**
5
5
* For these generators, the value of I
2
/I
n
is calculated as follows:

I
I
= 0.08 -
S - 350
3 x 10
2
n
n
4
** For these generators, the value of (I
2
/I
n
)
2
t is calculated as follows:

I
I
t = 8 - 0.00545(S - 350)
2
n
2
n
|
\

|
.
|
where S
n
is the rated power in MVA
MiCOM-P340-18

Field Failure Protection
x
Load
X
R
FFail1
FFail2
Field
Fail
Locus
Power Factor
Alarm Angle
Alarm on exceeding leading
PF
Conventional mho FFail1
Fast mho FFail2
MiCOM-P340-19

Pole Slipping Protection
Simplified diagram of a generator
Rotor Stator
E
G
E
S
X
MiCOM-P340-20

Pole Slipping Detection
(Suitable for a relatively small capacity
machine coupled to a strong system)
Impedance characteristic
of field failure protection
R
X E
G
E = 2.8 (max)
S
E
G
E = 1.2
S
E
G
E = 1
S
E
G
E = 0.8
S
E
G
E = 0.19 (min)
S
MiCOM-P340-21

Stator Earth Fault Protection
Terminal Voltage, V 0V
x
50N
51N

Instantaneous 50N for indirectly
connected generators
Time graded 51N for direct connection
Typically 95% of winding protected (x =
5%)
MiCOM-P340-22
Neutral Displacement / Residual
Overvoltage - Earth Fault Protection
P340
Relay
3
1
2
(1) Derived measurement from 5-limb or 3 x 1 phase
VT
(2) Directly measured from a broken delta VT input
(3) Directly measured across an earthing resistor
MiCOM-P340-23
Effective bias (x In) = Max. phase current + k . I
N
2
Differential current (x In)

= I + I + I + k . I
A B
0
1 2 3 4
1
2
3
Restrain
Operate
Biased REF Protection Operating
Characteristic
K1
High sensitivity (5%)
Unit protection
FAST
C N
MiCOM-P340-24

Connections for Biased REF
Terminal
CT
Inputs
Neutral
CT
Input
P342/3 Relay
Smaller rating machines may have only
one (neutral) tail brought out for
connection MiCOM-P340-25

High Impedance REF
Neutral CT
Differential Input
Stabilising Resistor
The stabilising resistor is sized to
ensure stability for external faults
Metrosil
(if reqd)
F
I
MiCOM-P340-26

100% Stator Earth Fault Protection
Third harmonic
undervoltage method
No signal injection
required
Coupled with 59N
provides 100% stator
e/f protection from
stator tails to
terminals
MiCOM-P340-27
50
27
VTS
&
tPU
tDO
&
Trip
Fixed Scheme Logic - Unintentional
Energisation at Standstill
Overcurrent element detects breaker
flashover or starting current (as motor)
Three phase undervoltage detection
VTS function checks no VT anomalies
MiCOM-P340-28
Power Protection -
32R, 32L and 32O
Reverse power protection against
motoring with loss of prime mover
Low forward power interlock
prevents shaft overspeed for non-
urgent trips
Overload power protection to
match generator capability chart
Three phase measurement:
Va.Ia cos| + Vb.Ib cos| + Vc.Ic
cos|

Reverse, Low Forward Power and
Overload Power Elements
32O
32L
32R
MiCOM-P340-29
Abnormal Frequency Conditions -
Underspeed and Overspeed
Caused by lack of generation vs demand
Protects against turbine vibration at low
frequencies
Under Frequency (81U)
Full or partial load rejection may
cause generator to overspeed
Frequency element is set to
backup speed control governor
Over Frequency (81O)
MiCOM-P340-30
Under and Over Voltage Protection:
27/59
Backup to generators AVR
V<: Protects against
stalling of auxiliary cooling
fans or pumps at low
voltage
V>: Protects insulation
from damage for sustained
overvoltages
V<1 & V>1: IDMT or DT
operation
V<2 & V>2: Definite time
delayed
Time
Voltage V>1
Idmt curve (V>1)
t = k / (M-1)

M = Multiple of setting
k = Time multiplier
MiCOM-P340-31

V/Hz Overfluxing Protection (24)

u V
f
o
K
Primary function to detect overfluxing during machine run-up
Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action
Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition
Settings
Pick-up 1.5 to 3.0 i.e. 110V x 1.05 = 2.31
50Hz
DT setting range 0 to 100 seconds
MiCOM-P340-32

V/Hz Characteristics

Enables co-ordination with plant withstand
characteristics
1000
100
10
1
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
M =
Operating
time (s)
V Hz
Setting
K = 63
K = 40
K = 20
K = 5
K = 1
t = 0.8 + 0.18 x K
(M - 1)
2
MiCOM-P340-33
Under load conditions
Loss of 1 or 2 phase voltages
Loss of all 3 phase voltages
Upon energisation
Loss of 1 or 2 phase voltages
Loss of all 3 phase voltages
Digital input to monitor MCB
Set to block voltage dependent functions

VT Supervision
MiCOM-P340-34
External Equipment Required for
Large Generators
PT100 Platinum probes, 10 maximum,
3 wire connection to P340 relay
preferred
Embedded in machine
RTD Thermal Probes
MRSU04 Relay monitors insulation
resistance to earth
Rotor Earth Fault Protection
Separate mechanical device
Vibration Protection
RTD
MiCOM-P340-35
MiCOM-P340-36