DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Prepared by; Mr.N.Sriram Msc nursing Asso.professor

DISASTER MANAGEMENT
The World is always changing. disasters are changes which are so great they may cause damage to the shape of the land or to the lives of people and other living things. Great changes happen deep inside the Earth and on its surface. The changes on the outer part of the Earth happen because of different kinds of weather.

D I S A S T E R PARADIGM

Disaster Paradigm : D: Detection I: Incident Command S: Safety & Security A: Assess Hazards S: Support T: Triage & Treatment E: Evacuation R: Reallocation & Redeployment

WHAT IS DISASTER ?

Disaster- disaster (noun) An occurrence causing widespread destruction & distress;

A catastrophe. A grave misfortune. A total failure .

A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

DEFINITIONS
vulnerability

The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. Risk : The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environmental damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced hazards and vulnerable conditions

CAUSAL FACTORS OF DISASTER

Poverty Population growth Rapid urbanization Transition in cultural practices Environmental degration

Lack of awareness
War and civic strife

CLASSIFICATION BONNET(1990)

Minor disaster- Limit of 25 persons killed or injured Moderate disaster up to 100 persons injured or killed. Major disaster exceeds 100 persons

PHASES OF DISASTER:

Rapid onset disaster:

The relief phase Rehabilitation Reconstruction Mitigation

Slow onset disaster

Early warning The emergency phase Rehabilitation

PHASES OF DISASTER - EMOTIONAL REACTION

Heroic phase

Working together to save each other and their property

Honey

moon phase:

Victims feel buoyed and supported by Govt and Non govt agencies See an opportunity to re constitute quickly Prepare plan to reestablish quickly
Disillusionment

phase:

Turn to rebuilding their own lives and solving their own individual problems

PHASES OF DISASTER-PHIPPS&BARBARA 1995

1.

Shock Awareness (impact period)

2.

3.

Euphoria (thread period)

Exhibits fear and anger(inventory period) Resolution (rescue period)

4.

5.

TYPES OF DISASTER :

Natural

Human-Induced

NATURAL DISATER

Volcanic eruption Earthquake Cyclone or Hurricane Avalanche Flood Drought Forest fire or Bushfire landslides Tidal wave Environmental pollution Snow storms Epidemic Disease

HUMAN-INDUCED
Conventional warfare Non conventional warfare(eg.Nuclear and chemical) Transportation accident Structural collapse Explosions Fires Pollution Civil interest Terrorist attack

VOLCANIC ERUPTION :
A volcanic eruption is the spurting out of gases and hot lava from an opening in the Earths crust.

EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake is a violent shaking of the ground. Sometimes it is so strong that the ground splits apart. When parts of the earth, called plates, move against each other giant shock waves move upwards towards the surface causing the earthquake.

CYCLONE OR HURRICANE
A Cyclone is a fierce storm with storm winds that spin around it in a giant circle. During a cyclone trees can be uprooted, buildings can be destroyed and cars can be overturned.

FLOOD :
A flood is caused by an overflow of water which covers the land that is usually dry. Floods are caused by heavy rain or by snow melting and the rivers burst their banks and overflow.

AVALANCHE
An Avalanche is a movement of snow, ice and rock down a mountainside. Avalanches can be caused by snow melting quickly snow freezing, melting then freezing again someone skiing a loud noise or an earth tremor

DROUGHT
A drought is the lack of rain for a long time.
In 1968 a drought began in Africa. Children born during this year were five years old before rain fell again.

FOREST FIRE OR BUSHFIRE :

Fires can burn out of control in areas of forest or bush land. Fires are caused by lightning, sparks of electricity or careless people.

Wind may blow a bushfire to areas where people live.

LANDSLIDES

Landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows.

TSUNAMIS Tsunami is a fault movement on sea floor, accompanied by an earth quake. A land slide occurring under water or above the sea, and then plunging in to the water.

SNOW STORMS :
Snowstorms are storms where large amounts of snow fall. It may occur in the late autumn and early spring as well. Very rarely, they may form in summer.

EPIDEMIC DISEASE :

Epidemic Disease Outbreaks of Disease A biological agents are used in attacks because they cause the most illness and death among humans, they include: Anthrax,Botulism,Plaqu e, Smallpox, Cholera, and H1N1.

HUMAN INDUCED

Fire : Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

The terms chemical accident refer to an event resulting in the release of a substance or substances hazardous to human health and/or the environment in the short or long term. that can cause people illness, injury, disability or death.

BOMB BLAST :
Blast bomb is a term used for a type of improvised explosive device which is using to destroy mass people in particular area as a weapon.

ROAD ACCIDENTS :
Road accidents A traffic collision (motor vehicle collision, motor vehicle accident, or car crash) is when a road vehicle collides with another vehicle.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT :

Disaster management (or Emergency management) is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. It is a discipline that involves preparing for disaster before it occurs, disaster response (e.g., emergency evacuation, quarantine, mass decontamination, etc.), and supporting, and rebuilding society after natural or human-made disasters have occurred.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT :

Disaster preparedness
Disaster response

Disaster mitigation

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
It is to ensure that in time of disaster appropriate system, procedure and resources are in place to assist those afflicted by the disaster and enable

them to help themselves

AIMS OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

To minimize the adverse effect of disaster or hazard.

Through effective precautionary measures. To ensure timely, appropriate, and efficient organization and delivery.

COMPONENTS OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

Assessing

vulnerability Geographical region

Planning

Plan framework and resources framework Govt and Non Govt Horizontal and vertical co-ordination

Institutional

COMPONENTS OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

Information system

Monitoring the communication system

Resource base

Food,medicine,shelter,workers,communication system

COMPONENTS OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

Warning system

Response mechanism
Public education and training

Public education in schools and

colleges

Special training programme for adult Extension programme for village based extension workers Public information through mass media

Rehearsals

PROFESSIONAL PREPAREDNESS

Aware of the disaster and its management

Aware of disaster management agent and voluntary

agencies

Can able to coordinate and leadership quality

Keep ready all personal items

Copy of their personal items Stethescope Flash light with extra batteries Cash Warm clothing and heavy jocket Pocket sized reference book Identification card and tag

TRAINING FOR DISASTER NURSE

Not high-tech-work Field work training

Shelter management
First aid and CPR training Use the exist skills for disaster situation

COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS

Prepare the plan and make them to participate the drills.

Organize disaster management programme every year.

Review the past disaster plan and how the community impact-organization in the rescue. Establish and teach about the warning system. Select the adults person from that community and give special training to them. Educate the people about supportive system available in local area.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS IN INDIA

The Govt of India has identified the nodal ministries to enmark responsibilities to various concerned departments and sectors to co-ordinate the entire activities relating to specific type of disaster
Type of disaster Natural Chemical Nuclear Biological Civil strife Ministry Agriculture Environment Atomic energy Health Home Support ministry Health Health Health Public health Health

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS IN INDIA

Tenth five year plan :

Policy at the macro level that would inform and

guide the preparation and implementation of devpt prescribed.

Operation guidelines of integrating disaster

management practices.

Specific development scheme for prevention and

mitigation of disaster.

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS IN INDIA

Status of implementation:

Enacted in december 2005

Chairman Prime minister State Govt- state and District disaster management 8 battalion NDRF-144 specialised response team Fire services change in to multi hazards unit Curriculum of middle and secondary school education

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS IN INDIA

Status of implementation:

In-service education for civil and police services New building code and construction for different types of building in different zone.

Community based disaster risk management program. A web enabled centralized inventory of resources. Safe construction practices and dos and doesn't for various activities.

DISASTER RESPONSE
.

DISASTER RESPONSE
Disaster response is some

of total of action taken by

people or institution in the face of disaster. these

action commence with the

warning of an oncoming threatening event or with the event itself if it occur without warning.

DISASTER RESPONSE
Aims of Emergency:

To ensure the survival of the maximum possible number of victims.

To re establish self sufficiency and essential services as quickly as possible for all population groups. To repair and replace damaged infra structure and regenerate viable economic activities.

DISASTER RESPONSE

Warning :

Disseminate information to concerning imminent disaster threat to government official institution and population- R>O>D Early warning activities include process of monitoring the vulnerable and risk area and take a remedial measures on it.S>O>D

WARNING SYSTEM
.

DISASTER RESPONSE

Search and Rescue:

Identify the location of victims that maybe trapped or isolated and bringing them to safety and medical attention.

Triage :
Triage consists of rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of the severity.

Red indicates highest priority

Yellow signals medium priority Green indicates ambulatory Black for Dead or Moribund

DISASTER RESPONSE

Emergency relief

Emergency medical care and meet the basic needs Procurement, storage and dispatch of relief supplies

Logistics and supply

Communication and information management Survivor response and coping Security Emergency operations management

Establish policies and plans well in advance

Rehabilitation and reconstruction

INDIAS RESPONSE TO DISASTER

Central GOVT response to the disaster depends upon:
The gravity of natural calamity, The scale of relief operation necessary The requirement of central assistance and financial support Types of centralresponse:

1.

Policy response

2.

Administrative response

INDIA'S RESPONSE TO DISASTER

Policy response:

Visit of the area by president, prime minister and other dignitaries. Activating the administrative machinery for relief.

Setting up machinery for implementing, reviewing and monitoring of relief measures

INDIAS RESPONSE TO DISASTER

Administrative response: Operational requirement:

Fore casting and operation of warning system Maintain uninterrupted communication. Publicity to impending calamity through mass media Arrange transport for evacuation Ensuring availability of essential commodities Ensure the availability of medicine, vaccines and drugs Investments in infrastructure Mobilization of financial resources

INDIAS RESPONSE TO DISASTER

Administrative response:
Flood

inflow forecast from the central water commisions through military and civil services

Rescue

Contingency

plan for crops, cattle preservation, nutrition and health measures

Provision

of drinking water
of state and voluntary health agencies

Co-ordination

DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT

The Civil Defence Act,1968 The Civil Defence Rules,1968 The Civil Defence Regulation,1968 The disaster Management Act,2005 The Disaster management National Executive committee rules,2006 The Disaster management Rules,2006 The National Institute of Disaster Management Regulations-2006 The Notification of national Disaster response Force Rules-2008

DISASTER MITIGATION
.

DISASTER MITIGATION
Mitigation refers to all actions taken before a disaster to reduce its impacts, including preparedness and long-term risk reduction measures.

DISASTER MITIGATION
TYPES OF DISASTER MITIGATION:

Structural mitigation construction projects which reduce economic and social impacts

Non-structural activities policies and practices which raise awareness of hazards or encourage developments to reduce the impact of disasters.

DISASTER MITIGATION
Mitigation includes

Reviewing building codes.

Vulnerability analysis updates. Zoning and land-use management and planning.

Reviewing of building use regulations and safety

codes. Implementing preventative health measures. (World

Development Report, 1998)

Educating the public on simple measures.

TOOLS OF MITIGATION
a. Hazard management and vulnerability reduction b. Economic diversification c. Political intervention and commitment d. Public awareness

MITIGATION
Two aspects of mitigation include: 1 Hazard identification and vulnerability analysis 2 Various mitigation strategies or measures. Stratagies

Adjusting normal development programmes to reduce losses. Economic diversification. Developing disaster resistant economic activities.

MITIGATION

Strengthening urban utility systems and industrial support infrastructures.

Incorporate hazard resistant building techniques in housing and other construction programmes.

Investments in improving administration and strengthening the resource.

Agricultural and forestry programmes provide a range of

opportunities for mitigation.

INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES

United nation office for the co-ordination of humanitarian

affairs (OCHA)

World health organization (WHO) World food programme (WFP) Food and agriculture organization (FAO) Organization of American state (OAS) International council of voluntary agencies (ICVA) Inter national federation of red cross and red crescent societies (IFRC)

NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES IN
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES IN DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

Personal preparedness:

Physically and psychologically well. Certified in first aid and CPR. Develop awareness about disaster management plan. Update the disaster plan as per need. Provide educational material disaster.

Professional preparedness:

Organize disaster skills with the help of agencies.

Update the record of vulnerable population with in community.

NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES IN DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

Understand available resources in community.

Provide public education in disaster prone areas. Lessening the unsafe conditions immediate after the impact.

Should aware of different disaster kid and assessment tool.

Co-ordinate the medical services.

Keep update to handle emergency situation.

NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES IN DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

Rescue and emergency care:

Locate the trapped victims and evacuate them to safe place.

Disaster service personal and EMS personal called for the response.

Sort out the victims from untreatable to treatable condition

Carry out the exact role that determined to each nurse.

NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES IN DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

Classify the victims acc to triage tag system. Do the ABC analysis and provide nursing care to the victims.

Do dressing for minor wounds.

Administer immunization to prevent complication.

Transport the victim to health center

NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES IN DISASTER

MANAGEMENT
Health care centre:

Keep ready all supplies and equipments.

Receive and transfer the victims to ICU. Call for medical attention. Do the ABC analysis. Do the dressing for minor wounds. Provide medical care and nursing care to the victims.

Provide psychological support to relatives.

Provide recording and reporting of nursing care.

NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES IN DISASTER

MANAGEMENT
Disaster response: Assist with member of health team and send information to relief manager. Prepare assessment report
Geographical and population Presence of hazards Shelter and sanitation availbility Status of health care infrastructure

Gather information
Interview Observation and Physical examination Survey and record.

NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES IN DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

Dealing with stress

Listern carefully to victims Encourage them to share their feelings. Help victims to take their own decisions. Delegate task to deenager. Provide basic necessities. Provide basic diginities. Refer the patient to councellor. Provide medical,nursing aid, first aid, keep records Ensure communication, transportation,safe environment.

NURSES RESPONSIBILITIES IN DISASTER

MANAGEMENT

Rehabilitation:

Medical rehabilitation Vocational rehabilitation Social rehabilitation Psychological rehabilitation

THANK YOU