Chapter 4: Chemical Bonding

Objectives:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Write the Lewis dot symbol for atom State the octet rule Describe how atoms attain the octet (noble gas) configuration Define and describe the formation of ionic bond Draw Lewis structures for simple ionic compound List the properties of ionic compound

Getting Started

When atoms interact to form a chemical bond (ionic or covalent bond), only their outer regions are in contact.

only valence electrons involve in chemical bonding.

Chemical bonds are the attraction forces that hold the atoms together tightly in a molecule or to position the ions in a lattice crystal of ionic compound. Generally, the chemical and physical properties of a compound are governed by the types of chemical bonding in the compound.

Lewis Symbol
Lewis structure (Lewis symbol) consists of the symbol of an element and one dot or cross for each valence electron in an atom of the element.

The number of unpaired dots indicates the number of electrons a metal atom loses, the number a non-metal atom gains or the number of covalent bonds a non-metal atom usually forms
e. conf. Boron no. v.e. 3 1 7 Symbol Lewis str. B B Na F

1s2 2s2 2p1

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

sodium

Na
F

fluorine 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Place one dot at a time on the four sides (top, right, bottom, left) of the element symbol. Then, pair up the dots until all are used.

Octet Rule
In forming chemical bonds, atoms (representative elements excluding H, He, Li, Be, B) tend to accept or donate or share a number of electrons to acquire the electronic configurations of noble gases with 8 electrons in the valence shell: ns2 np6
Maximum stability results when an atom is isoelectronic with a noble gas.

Noble Gas Configuration

Non-metal
Accept electron

F
2s2 2p6

Fluoride ion

F
2s2 2p5 share electron

Ne FFluorine
molecule

F
2s2 2p6

Stability of Metal Ions

Metals (representative elements)
Donate electrons

K
[Ar] 4s1 Al

[Ar] Al
3+

Noble gas configuration

[Ne] 3s2 3p1

[Ne]

Sn
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2

Sn2+ Inert pair effect

[Kr] 4d10 5s2

Inert pair effect

In large atoms such as tin and lead the outer s electrons are much more strongly held compared to p electrons. As a result p electrons are easily lost compared to s electrons and therefore maintain its stability.
Sn
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
Sn 2+

[Kr] 4d10 5s2

Stability of Metal Ions

Metals (transition elements)
Zn 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 Zn2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 (pseudo-noble gas configuration) Fe3+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 (half-filled orbital) Donate electrons

Fe 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2

Ionic / Electrovalent Bond

Definition:
The electrostatic forces of attraction between the positively charged ions and the negatively charged ions give rise to ionic or electrovalent bond.

metal Low IE non-metal + ne

High AE

Cation

ne Ionic bond

anion

Formation of Ionic Bond

Example:

Na
Na

Cl

Na Cl

Cl

[Ne] 3s1 [Ne]

Elements with low ionisation energy donate valence electrons

5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6

Elements, with high electron affinity, accept electrons

Lewis Structure for Ionic Compound

2

Li2O CaF2

2Li

O 2 F
2

Ca

Al2O3

2 Al 3 3 O

Strength of Ionic Bonding

Electrostatic energy cation charge x anion charge
cation radius + anion radius

The product of charges on cation and anion Ionic size (the distance between two ionic nuclei Polarisation effect and the covalent character in ionic bond (not discussed)

Example :

NaCl and NaBr

Properties of Ionic Compound

Hard and brittle

Meting and boiling point: very high

Solubility: soluble in polar solvent; insoluble in non-polar solvent Electrical conductivity:
explanation

a good conductor --- molten or aqueous only

Place one dot at a time on the four sides (top, right, bottom, left) of the element symbol. Then, pair up the dots until all are used.