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Goals of the course

To understand what biomedical signals are what problems and needs are related to their acquisition and processing what kind of methods are available and get an idea of how they are applied and to which kind of problems To get to know basic digital signal processing and analysis techniques commonly applied to biomedical signals and to know to which kind of problems each method 1 is suited for (and for which not) SIR.MVIT

biomedical Signal Processing


Signal: any physical quantity that varies as a function of an independent variable independent variable is usually time but may be space, distance, ... Biomedical signal: a signal being obtained from a biologic system /originating from a physiologic process (human or animal (medical -> patients)) Processing of biomedical signals all treatment (of biomedical signals) which occurs between their origin in a physiological process and their interpretation by their observer (e.g. clinician)
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Processing of biomedical signals

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Processing of biomedical signals


Processing of biomedical signals is application of signal processing methods on biomedical signals All possible processing algorithms may be used Biomedical signal processing requires understanding the needs (e.g. biomedical processes and clinical requirements) and

selecting and applying suitable methods to meet these needs


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Rationales for biomedical signal processing 1.Acquisition and processing to extract a priori desired information 2.Interpreting the nature of a physiological process, based either on a) observation of a signal (explorative nature), or b) observation of how the process alters the characteristics of a signal (monitoring a change of a predefined characteristic)
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(Some) goals for biomedical signal processing


Quantification and compensation for the effects of measuring devices and noise on signal Identification and separation of desired and unwanted components of a signal Uncovering the nature of phenomena responsible for generating the signal on the basis of the analysis of the signal characteristics Related to modelling / inverse modelling but often more pragmatic
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Example: heart rate meters


Sensor
Signal processing

User

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Example: IST Vivago WristCare

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Health monitoring

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Need for processing to draw any conclusions


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Beat-to-beat heart rate

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Signal processing methods


Noise reduction Preprocessing Signal validation Feature extraction Data compression Segmentation Pattern recognition Trend detection Event detection Decision support Decision making
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Filtering (linear, nonlinear, adaptive, optimal) Statistical signal processing Frequency domain analysis Time-frequency analysis Fuzzy logic Artificial neural networks Expert systems, rule-based systems Genetic and evolutionary methods
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Signal processing methods


Signal modelling Wavelets and filter banks PCA, ICA, SVD Clustering Higher-order statistics Chaos and nonlinear dynamics Complexity and fractals Choose right method for right problem!
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Biomedical signal classification


On the basis of signal characteristics: technical point of view signal source: from where and how the signal
is originated and measured

biomedical application: neurophysiology,

cardiology, monitoring, diagnosis,


Classification may be helpful in the selection of processing methods...
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Definitions
All real (bio)signals may be

considered stochastic

almost deterministic signals (e.g. ECG): wave shapes that (almost) repeat themselves characterization (often) by detection of certain measures or waves truly stochastic (e.g. EEG) characterization by statistical properties

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Classification by source
biomedical signals differ from other signals only in terms of the application signals that are used in the biomedical field Bioelectric signals: generated by nerves cells and muscle cells. Single cell measurements (microelectrodes measure action potential) and gross measurements (surface electrodes measure action of many cells in the vicinity)
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Classification by source
Biomagnetic signals: brain, heart, lungs produce extremely weak magnetic fields, this contains additional information to that obtained from bioelectric signals. Bioimpedance signals: tissue impedance reveals info about tissue composition, blood volume and distribution and more. Usually two electrodes to inject current and two to measure voltage drop

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Classification by source
Bioacoustic signals: many phenomena create acoustic noise. For example, flow of blood through the heart, its valves, or vessels and flow of air through upper and lower airways and lungs, but also digestive tract, joints and contraction of muscles. Record using microphones. Biomechanical signals: motion and displacement signals, pressure, tension and flow signals. A variety of measurements (not always simple, often invasive measurements are needed).
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Classification by source
Biochemical signals: chemical measurements from living tissue or samples analyzed in a laboratory. For examples, ion concentrations or partial pressures (pO2 or pCO2) in blood. (low frequency signals, often actually DC signals) Biooptical signals: blood oxygenation by measuring transmitted and backscattered light from a tissue, estimation of heart output by dye dilution. Fiberoptic technology.
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Biomedical application domains


Information gathering measurement of phenomena to understand the system Diagnosis detection of malfunction, pathology, or abnormality Monitoring to obtain continuous or periodic information about the system
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Biomedical application domains


Therapy and control modify the behaviour of the system and ensure the result Evaluation objective analysis: proof of performance, quality control, effect of treatment

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Problems in biomedical signal processing Accessibility Patient safety, preference for noninvasiveness Indirect measurements (variables of interest are not accessible) Variance Inter-individual, intra-individual

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Problems in biomedical signal processing

Inter-relationships and interactions among physiological system Subsystem of interest may not be isolated Acquisition interference Instrumentation and procedures modify the system or its state

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Artefacts and interference


Interference from other physiological systems (e.g. muscle artifacts in EEG recordings) Low-level signals (e.g. microvolts in EEG) require very sensitive amplifiers; they are easily sensitive to interference, too! Limited possibilities for shielding or other protection Nonlinearity and obscurity of the system under study
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Artefacts and interference


basically all biological systems exhibit nonlinearities while most of the methods are based on the assumption of linearity approximation exact structures and true function of many physiological systems are often not known

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Signal acquisition

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Short-term HRV and BPV

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signal processing
Applications of signal processing: entertainment, communications, space exploration, medicine, archaeology, etc.

Driven by the convergence of communications, computers and signal processing.

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signal processing
Signal processing is benefited from a close coupling between theory, application, and technologies for implementing signal processing systems. Signal processing is concerned with the representation, transformation, and manipulation of signals and the information they contain.
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Continuous and Digital Signal Processing


Prior to 1960: continuous-time analog signal processing.

Digital signal processing is caused by: the evolution of digital computers and microprocessors Important theoretical developments such as the fast Fourier transform algorithm (FFT)
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Digital and Discrete-time Signal Processing

In digital signal processing Signals are represented by sequences of finite-precision numbers Processing is implemented using digital computation Digital signal processing is a special case of discrete-time signal processing
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Digital and Discrete-time Signal Processing

Continuous-time signal processing: time and signal are continuous Discrete-time signal processing: time is discrete, signal is continuous Digital signal processing: time and signal are discrete

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Objects of Signal Processing


Process one signal to obtain another signal Signal interpretation: Characterization of the input signal, Example: speech recognition
speech digital preprocessing signal (filtering,parameter estimation,etc) pattern recognition
phonemic transcription

final signal interpretation


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exert system
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Objects of Signal Processing


Symbolic manipulation of signal processing expression: signal and systems are represented and manipulated as abstract data objects, without explicitly evaluating the data sequence

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Why do We Learn DSP


Software, such as Matlab, labview have many tools for signal processing It seems that it is not necessary to know the details of these algorithms, such as FFT A good understanding of the concepts of algorithms and principles is essential for intelligent use of the signal processing software tools
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Extension
Multidimensional signal processing image processing Spectral Analysis Signal modeling Adaptive signal processing Specialized filter design Specialized algorithm for evaluation of Fourier transform Specialized filter structure Multirate signal processing Walet transform
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Zhongguo Liu_Biomedical Engineering_Shandong Univ.

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