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To understand what biomedical signals are what problems and needs are related to their acquisition and processing what kind of methods are available and get an idea of how they are applied and to which kind of problems To get to know basic digital signal processing and analysis techniques commonly applied to biomedical signals and to know to which kind of problems each method 1 is suited for (and for which not) SIR.MVIT
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Rationales for biomedical signal processing 1.Acquisition and processing to extract a priori desired information 2.Interpreting the nature of a physiological process, based either on a) observation of a signal (explorative nature), or b) observation of how the process alters the characteristics of a signal (monitoring a change of a predefined characteristic)
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User
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Health monitoring
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Filtering (linear, nonlinear, adaptive, optimal) Statistical signal processing Frequency domain analysis Time-frequency analysis Fuzzy logic Artificial neural networks Expert systems, rule-based systems Genetic and evolutionary methods
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Definitions
All real (bio)signals may be
considered stochastic
almost deterministic signals (e.g. ECG): wave shapes that (almost) repeat themselves characterization (often) by detection of certain measures or waves truly stochastic (e.g. EEG) characterization by statistical properties
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Classification by source
biomedical signals differ from other signals only in terms of the application signals that are used in the biomedical field Bioelectric signals: generated by nerves cells and muscle cells. Single cell measurements (microelectrodes measure action potential) and gross measurements (surface electrodes measure action of many cells in the vicinity)
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Classification by source
Biomagnetic signals: brain, heart, lungs produce extremely weak magnetic fields, this contains additional information to that obtained from bioelectric signals. Bioimpedance signals: tissue impedance reveals info about tissue composition, blood volume and distribution and more. Usually two electrodes to inject current and two to measure voltage drop
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Classification by source
Bioacoustic signals: many phenomena create acoustic noise. For example, flow of blood through the heart, its valves, or vessels and flow of air through upper and lower airways and lungs, but also digestive tract, joints and contraction of muscles. Record using microphones. Biomechanical signals: motion and displacement signals, pressure, tension and flow signals. A variety of measurements (not always simple, often invasive measurements are needed).
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Classification by source
Biochemical signals: chemical measurements from living tissue or samples analyzed in a laboratory. For examples, ion concentrations or partial pressures (pO2 or pCO2) in blood. (low frequency signals, often actually DC signals) Biooptical signals: blood oxygenation by measuring transmitted and backscattered light from a tissue, estimation of heart output by dye dilution. Fiberoptic technology.
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Problems in biomedical signal processing Accessibility Patient safety, preference for noninvasiveness Indirect measurements (variables of interest are not accessible) Variance Inter-individual, intra-individual
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Inter-relationships and interactions among physiological system Subsystem of interest may not be isolated Acquisition interference Instrumentation and procedures modify the system or its state
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Signal acquisition
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signal processing
Applications of signal processing: entertainment, communications, space exploration, medicine, archaeology, etc.
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signal processing
Signal processing is benefited from a close coupling between theory, application, and technologies for implementing signal processing systems. Signal processing is concerned with the representation, transformation, and manipulation of signals and the information they contain.
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Digital signal processing is caused by: the evolution of digital computers and microprocessors Important theoretical developments such as the fast Fourier transform algorithm (FFT)
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In digital signal processing Signals are represented by sequences of finite-precision numbers Processing is implemented using digital computation Digital signal processing is a special case of discrete-time signal processing
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Continuous-time signal processing: time and signal are continuous Discrete-time signal processing: time is discrete, signal is continuous Digital signal processing: time and signal are discrete
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exert system
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Extension
Multidimensional signal processing image processing Spectral Analysis Signal modeling Adaptive signal processing Specialized filter design Specialized algorithm for evaluation of Fourier transform Specialized filter structure Multirate signal processing Walet transform
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