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IEEE PESC-02 JUNE 2002 1

HARMONIC TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIAL


POWER SYSTEMS


Presented by
Stefanos Manias

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 2
CONTACT INFORMATION
Stefanos N. Manias
National Technical University of Athens
Phone: +3010-7723503
FAX: +3010-7723593
E-mail: manias@central.ntua.gr

Mailing Address
National Technical University of Athens
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
9, Iroon Polytechniou Str, 15773 Zografou
Athens, Greece
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 3
PLAN OF PRESENTATION
1. DEFINITIONS
2. CATEGORIES OF POWER QUALITY VARIATIONS
3. HARMONIC DISTORTION SOURCES IN INDUSTRIAL POWER
SYSTEMS
4. EFFECTS OF HARMONICS ON ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
5. HARMONIC MEASUREMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS
6. HARMONIC STANDARDS
7. HARMONIC MITIGATING TECHNIQUES
8. GENERAL PASSIVE AND ACTIVE FILTER DESIGN PROCEDURES
9. DESIGN EXAMPLES
10. CONCLUSIONS

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 4
WHY HARMONIC ANALYSIS ?
When a voltage and/or current waveform is distorted, it causes
abnormal operating conditions in a power system such as:

Voltage Harmonics can cause additional heating in induction and
synchronous motors and generators.
Voltage Harmonics with high peak values can weaken insulation in
cables, windings, and capacitors.
Voltage Harmonics can cause malfunction of different electronic
components and circuits that utilize the voltage waveform for
synchronization or timing.
Current Harmonics in motor windings can create Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI).

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 5

Current Harmonics flowing through cables can cause higher
heating over and above the heating that is created from the
fundamental component.
Current Harmonics flowing through a transformer can cause
higher heating over and above the heating that is created by the
fundamental component.
Current Harmonics flowing through circuit breakers and switch-
gear can increase their heating losses.
RESONANT CURRENTS which are created by current harmonics
and the different filtering topologies of the power system can
cause capacitor failures and/or fuse failures in the capacitor or
other electrical equipment.
False tripping of circuit breakers ad protective relays.

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 6
a) Current Source nonlinear load
Diode rectifier for ac drives,
electronic equipment, etc
HARMONIC SOURCES
Thyristor rectifier for dc drives,
heater drives, etc.
Per-phase equivalent circuit
of thyristor rectifier

b) Voltage source nonlinear load
Per-phase equivalent circuit
of diode rectifier
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 7
0
10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
0
10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
0
10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

TYPE OF
NONLINEAR LOAD


TYPICAL WAREFORM


THD%


1-
Uncontrolled
Rectifier



80%
(high 3
rd

component)



1-
Semicontrolled
Rectifier Bridge



2
nd
, 3
rd
, 4
th
,......
harmonic
components


6 Pulse Rectifier
with output voltage
filtering and without
input reactor filter



80%

5, 7, 11, .

INPUT CURRENT OF DIFFERENT
NOLINEAR LOADS


JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 8
0
10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

6 - Pulse Rectifier
with large output
inductor



28%
5, 7, 11, ..


6 - Pulse Rectifier
with output voltage
filtering and with 3%
reactor filter or with
continues output
current



40%
5, 7, 11, ..



12 - Pulse Rectifier




15%
11, 13, ..

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 9
CURRENT HARMONICS GENERATED BY 6-PULSE CSI CONVERTERS

HARMONIC

P.U PULSE

1

1.00

5

0.2

7

0.143

11

0.09

13

0.077

17

0.059

19

0.053

23

0.04

CURRENT HARMONICS GENERATED BY 12-PULSE CSI CONVERTERS

HARMONIC

P.U PULSE

IEEE 519 std

1

1.00

-

5

0.03-0.06

5.6%

7

0.02-0.06

5.6%

11

0.05-0.09

2.8%

13

0.03-0.08

2.8%

THD

7.5%-14.2%

7.0%

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 10
RECENT CURRENT MEASUREMENTS TAKEN IN AN
INDUSTRIAL PLANT WITH 600 KVA, 20 KV/400 V
DISTRIBUTION TRANFORMER
Current waveform and its respective spectrum
at the inputs of a motor drive system
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 11
Current waveform and its respective spectrum
at the inputs of a motor drive system
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 12
Current waveform and its respective spectrum
at the secondary of the distribution transformer
( i.e. at the service entrance)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 13

DEFINITIONS

f (t) = Fourier Series of a periodic function f (t) =
( )

+ +

=1 h
h h o
t h cos C C
(1)
}
=
T
o
o
dt t f
T
1
C , ) (
(2)
}
=
T
o
h
dt ) t h cos( ) t ( f
T
2
A (3)
}
=
T
o
h
dt ) t h sin( ) t ( f
T
2
B (4)
h = harmonic order
2
h
2
h h
B A C + =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 14
% =

THD
100
V
V
1
2 h
2
h
=

= (5)
%=
i
THD
100
I
I
1
2 h
2
h
=

=
(6)
Percentage of the Total Harmonic Distortion of
a nonsinusoidal voltage waveform
Percentage of the Total Harmonic Distortion of
a nonsinusoidal current waveform
hth V
h
=
hth I
h
=
harmonic component of the voltage
harmonic component of the current
V
~
H
= RMS value of the voltage distortion
V
~
2 h
2
h
=
=
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 15

= I
~

=
=
1 h
2
h
I

~
(7)
= V
~
V
~
1 h
2
h

=
=
(8)
100
VA k SC
kVA Drive
HF %

THD =
(9)
1
5 h
2
h
2
I / I h

=
(10)
RMS value of a nonsinusoidal current =
RMS value of a nonsinusoidal voltage =
HF = Harmonic Factor =
I
~
H
=
RMS value of the current distortion
I
~
2 h
2
h
=
=
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 16
= kVA Drive
= kVA SC
SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE NONSINUSOIDAL CURRENT
1 i,1
cos I
~
V
~
P =
I
~
V
~
S , sin I
~
V
~
Q
1 i,1
= =
(11)
(12)
(13)
Full load kVA rating of the Drive system
Short Circuit kVA of the distribution system at
the point of connection
2 2 2
Q P S VA Distortion D = =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 17
( )

=
= =
2 h
2
h , i
2 2
1 , i
2 2 2
I
~
V
~
I
~
V
~
S D
(14)

S
P
Factor Power True
1
1 , i
cos
I
I

|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
(15)
Factor ment Displace Factor Distortion =
NONSINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE AND NONSINUSOIDAL CURRENT

=
= =
1 h 1 h
h h h , h h h
sin I
~
V
~
Q cos I
~
V
~
P
(16)
S S S S Power Distortion D
m n
m n
*
m n
*
nm
m n
m n
nm


=

=
= = (17)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 18
2 2 2 2
D Q P S + + =
(18)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
N
2
1
2
H H
2
1 H
2
H 1
2
1 1
1 h
2
h
2
h
S S I
~
V
~

I
~
V
~
I
~
V
~
I
~
V
~
I
~
V
~
S
+ = +
+ + + = =

=
(19)
1 1 1
I
~
V
~
Power Apparent l Fundamenta S = =
Power Apparent ntal Nonfundame S
N
=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
H H
2
1 H
2
H 1
2
N
I
~
V
~
I
~
V
~
I
~
V
~
S + + =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 19
Power Distortion Current I
~
V
~
H 1
=
(20)
Power Distortion Voltage I
~
V
~
1 H
=
(21)
Power Apparent Harmonic I
~
V
~
H H
=
(22)
Power Active Non Harmonic Total
Power Active Harmonic Total N P S
2
H
2
H
2
H
+
+ = + =
(23)
( )
phase 3
2
L - L C
VAR / V capacitor the of Reactance X

= =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 20
Harmonic sequence is the phase rotation relationship with respect to
the fundamental component.

Positive sequence harmonics ( 4th, 7th, 10th , . (6n+1) th ) have
the same phase rotation as the fundamental component. These
harmonics circulate between the phases.

Negative sequence harmonics ( 2nd, 5th, 8th (6n-1) th ) have
the opposite phase rotation with respect to the fundamental component.
These harmonics circulate between the phases.

Zero sequence harmonics ( 3rd, 6th, 9th, .. (6n-3) th ) do not produce
a rotating field. These harmonics circulate between the phase and neutral
or ground. These third order or zero sequence harmonics, unlike positive
and negative sequence harmonic currents, do not cancel but add up
arithmetically at the neutral bus.
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 21
EXAMPLE 1
A periodic, sinusoidal voltage of instantaneous value
t sin 2 200 v =
Is applied to a nonlinear load impedance. The resulting instantaneous current is
given by:
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
o o o
60 t 3 sin 10 60 t 2 sin 10 45 t sin 20 2 i + + + + =
Calculate the components P, Q, D of the apparent voltamperes and hence
calculate the displacement factor, the distortion factor and the power factor.
Solution
t sin 2 200 v =
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
o o o
60 t 3 sin 10 60 t 2 sin 10 45 t sin 20 2 i + + + + =
The presence of the nonlinearity causes frequency components of current (i.e. the
second and third harmonic terms) that are not present in the applied voltage.
The rms voltage and current at the supply are:
V 200 V
~
=
2 2 2 2
10 10 20 I
~
+ + =
2 2
A 10 6 =
SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE-NONSINIMUSOIDAL CURRENT
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 22
The apparent voltamperes at the input is therefore given by
( )
2 6 2 2 2 2 2
VA 10 24 10 6 200 I
~
V
~
S = = =
In this example only the fundamental frequency components are common to
both voltage and current. Therefore, the real power P and the apparent
power Q are
1 1
cos I
~
V
~
P =
o
45 cos 20 200 =
W
2
4000
=
1 1
sin I
~
V
~
Q=
o
45 sin 20 200 =
VA
2
4000
=
1
= displacement angle between the fundamental of
the voltage and the fundamental of the current
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 23
( )
2
1
2 2 2
I
~
I
~
V
~
D =
( )
2
3 2
2
I
~
I
~
V
~
=
( ) ( )
2 6 2 2 2
VA 10 8 10 10 200 = + =
2 2 2 2 2
I
~
V
~
D Q P = + +

Displacement factor
707 . 0
2
1
cos
1
= = =
Distortion factor
817 . 0
600
20
I
I
1
= = =
Therefore, the power factor is
577 . 0
6
2
2
1
PF = =
( )
1
1 1 1
cos
I
I
~
I
~
V
~
cos I
~
V
~
S
P
factor power PF
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = = =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 24
EXAMPLE 2
A periodic, sinusoidal voltage given by
( ) | |
o
30 t 5 sin 200 t sin 200 2 v + + =
is applied to a series, linear, resistance-inductance load of resistance 4 and
fundamental frequency reactance 10.
Calculate the degree of power factor improvement realizable by capacitance
Solution. The rms terminal voltage is given by
2
5
2
1
V
~
V
~
V
~
+ =
Compensation when
. HZ 50 f
1
=
2 2
200 200 + =
V
~
Therefore
V 283 V
~
=
O + = 10 j 4 Z
1
O = 8 . 10 Z
1
( )
o
2 . 68 4 / 10 tan
1
1
= = u

NONSINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE-RL LOAD
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 25
O = X = X 50 5
1 5
O + = 50 j 4 Z
5
O =50 Z
5
( )
o 1
5
4 . 85 4 / 50 tan = = u

The instantaneous load current is given by
( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ e + e =
o o o
4 . 85 30 t 5 sin
50
200
2 . 68 t sin
8 . 10
200
2 i
The rms load current I
~
is therefore given by
2
5
5
2
1
1
2
5
2
1
2
Z
V
~
Z
V
~
I
~
I
~
I
~
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
2 2 2
A 359 4 52 . 18 = + =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 26
Average power
P
In this case is
... cos I
~
V
~
cos I
~
V
~
cos I
~
V
~
P
n
1
2 2 2 1 1 1 L n n
+ + = u =

o o
4 . 85 cos 4 200 2 . 68 cos 52 . 18 200 + =
W 1440 =
The power factor before compensation is therefore
27 . 0
10 72 . 28
1440
S
P
PF
6
=

= =
( )
2
6 2 2 2
VA 10 72 . 28 I
~
V
~
S = =
Apparent voltamperes
S
at the load terminals in the absence of capacitance is
therefore
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 27
EXAMPLE 3
A periodic, nonsinusoidal voltage with instantaneous value given by
( ) | |
o
30 - t 2 sin 200 t sin 200 2 v + =
Solution.
is applied to a nonlinear impedance.
The resulting current has an instantaneous value given by
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
o o o
L
60 t 3 sin 10 60 t 2 sin 10 45 t sin 20 2 i + + + =
Calculate the components
LD LX LR
S , S , S of the load apparent voltamperes
and compare thee with the classical values
L L L
D , Q , P respectively.
( ) | |
o
30 - t 2 sin 200 t sin 200 2 v + =
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
o o o
L
60 t 3 sin 10 60 t 2 sin 10 45 t sin 20 2 i + + + =
Note that the presence of the load nonlinearity causes a frequency component
of load current (I.e. the third harmonic term) that is not present in the supply
voltage.
NONSINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE AND NONSINIMUSOIDAL CURRENT
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 28
The rms voltage and current at the supply are given by
2 4 2 2 2
V 10 8 200 200 V
~
= + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
L
A 10 6 10 10 20 I
~
= + + =
The load apparent voltamperes
L
S therefore has a value defined in terms
V
~
and
L
I
~
( )
2
6 2
L
2 2
L
VA 10 48 I
~
V
~
S = =
Instantaneous expressions of the hypothetical currents
D X R
i , i , i are given by
( ) | |
o 0 o
R
30 t 2 sin 30 cos 10 t sin 45 cos 20 2 i e + e =
( ) ( )
2 2
2
o
2
o 2
LR
A 10
4
11
30 cos 10 45 cos 20 I
~
= + =
( ) | |
o 0 o
X
30 t 2 cos 30 sin 10 t cos 45 sin 20 2 i + =
( ) ( )
2 2
2
o
2
o 2
LX
A 10
4
9
30 sin 10 45 sin 20 I
~
= + =
( )
o
D
60 t 3 sin 10 2 i + e =
2 2 2
LD
A 10 I
~
=
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 29
Note that current components
X R
i , i contain only those harmonic terms which
are common to both voltage and current. These are therefore consistent with the
1
n terms.
The rms load current components
LD LX LR
I
~
, I
~
, I
~
are found, as expected to sum
to the total rms load current
L
I
~
2
L
2 2 2
LD
2
LR
2
LD
I
~
10 6
4
9
4
11
1 10 I
~
I
~
I
~
= =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = + +
Components
LD LX LR
S , S , S
of the apparent voltamperes can now be obtained
( )
2
6 4 2 2
LR
2 2
LR
VA 10 22 10 8 10
4
11
I
~
V
~
S = = =
( )
2
6 4 2 2
LX
2 2
LX
VA 10 18 10 8 10
4
9
I
~
V
~
S = = =
( )
2
6 4 2 2
LD
2 2
LD
VA 10 8 10 8 10 I
~
V
~
S = = =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 30
The component voltamperes are seen to sum to the total apparent voltamperes
( ) 8 18 22 10 S S S
6 2
LD
2
LX
2
LR
+ + = + +
( )
2 6
VA 10 48 =
2
L
S =
Components
L L L
D , Q , P of
L
S are found as follows:
2
n
1
1 n 1 n 1 n
2
L
cos I
~
V
~
P
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

( )
2
o o
30 cos 10 200 45 cos 20 200 + =
( )
2
2
3 10 2 20 100 + =
( ) ( )
2
LR
6 6
2
6
S 10 8 . 20 6 4 3 8 10 3 2 2 10 = = + + = + =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 31
2
n
1
1 n 1 n 1 n
2
L
sin I
~
V
~
Q
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

( )
2
o o
30 sin 10 200 45 sin 20 200 + =
( )
2
LX
6 6
S 10 6 . 14 1 2 2 10 = = + =
2
L
2
L
2
L
2
L
Q P S D =
( ) ( )
2
LD
2 6 6
S VA 10 6 . 12 10 6 . 14 8 . 20 48 = = =
From the possible compensation viewpoint it is interesting to note that LX
S
and
L
Q differ by significant amount.
LX
S could be defined as that component of the load apparent voltamperes that
Is obtained by the combination of supply voltage harmonics with quadrature
Components of corresponding frequency load current harmonics.
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 32
Similarly the definition of active voltamperes
LR
S could be given by that
component of the load apparent voltamperes that is obtained by the combination
of supply voltage harmonics with in-phase components of corresponding
frequency load current harmonics.
Both
LR
S and
LX
S are entirely fictitious and non-physical. The active
voltamperes
LR
S Is not to be compares in importance with the average power
L
P which is a real physical property of the circuit. Term
LR
S Is merely the
analytical complement of term LX
S
Term LX
S the energy-storage reactive voltamperes, is that component
of the load apparent voltamperes that can be entirely compensated (for sinusoidal
supply voltage) or minimized (for nonsinusoidal supply voltage) by energy-storage
methods.
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 33
Voltage and current profiles in a
commercial building
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 34
HARMONIC STANDARDS
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) European
Standards.

- EN 61000-3-2 Harmonic Emissions standards were first published
as IEC 55-2 1982 and applied only to household appliances. It was
revised and reissued in 1987 and 1995 with the applicability
expanded to include all equipment with input current 16A per
phase. However, until January 1
st
, 2001 a transition period is in
effect for all equipment not covered by the standard prior to 1987.
- The objective of EN 61000-3-2 (harmonics) is to test the equipment
under the conditions that will produce the maximum harmonic
amplitudes under normal operating conditions for each harmonic
component. To establish limits for similar types of harmonics current
distortion, equipment under test must be categorized in one of the
following four classes.


s
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 35
CLASS-A: Balanced three-phase equipment and all other equipment
except that stated in one of the remaining three classes.
CLASS-B: Portable electrical tools, which are hand held during normal
operation and used for a short time only (few minutes)
CLASS-C: Lighting equipment including dimming devices.
CLASS-D: Equipment having an input current with special wave shape
( e.g.equipment with off-line capacitor-rectifier AC input
circuitry and switch Mode power Supplies) and an active
input power 600W.

- Additional harmonic current testing, measurement techniques and
instrumentation guidelines for these standards are covered in IEC
1000-4-7.




JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 36
IEEE 519-1992 United States Standards on harmonic limits

- IEEE limits service entrance harmonics.
- The IEEE standard 519-1992 limits the level of harmonics at the
customer service entrance or Point of Common Coupling (PCC).
- With this approach the costumers current distortion is limited based
on relative size of the load and the power suppliers voltage
distortion based on the voltage level.

IEEE 519 and IEC 1000-3-2 apply different philosophies, which
effectively limit harmonics at different locations. IEEE 519 limits
harmonics primarily at the service entrance while IEC 1000-3-2 is
applied at the terminals of end-user equipment. Therefore, IEC limits
will tend to reduce harmonic-related losses in an industrial plant
wiring, while IEEE harmonic limits are designed to prevent
interactions between neighbors and the power system.




JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 37
POWER QUALITY STANDARDS
IEEE 519-1992 STANDARDS

TABLE I
CURRENT DISTORTION LIMITS FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
(120-69000 V)

I
sc
/I
L
<11 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<35 35<h TDD
<20* 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20<50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50<100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100<1,000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
>1,000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
Source: IEEE Standard 519-1992.
Note: Even harmonics are limited to 25 percent of the odd harmonic limits above.
Current distortions that result in a direct current offset; for example, half wave
converters are not allowed.
Table I is for 6-pulse rectifiers. For converters higher than 6 pulse, the limits for
characteristic harmonics are increased by a factor o f q/6 , where q is the pule number,
provided that the
amplitudes of noncharacteristic harmonics are less than 25 percent.
*All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion, regardless of
actual I
SC
/I
L
.
Where I
SC
= Maximum short circuit at PCC.
And I
L
= Average Maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency
component at PCC).


JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 38
TABLE II
LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION AND DISTORTION LIMITS
IEEE 519-1992 STANDARTS

Special
Applications
General
System
Dedicated
System
Notch Depth 10% 20% 50%
THD (Voltage) 3% 5% 10%
Notch Area
(A
N
)*
16,400 22,800 36,500
Source: IEEE Standard 519-1992.
Note: The value A
N
for another than 480Volt systems should be
multiplied by V/480 .
The notch depth, the total voltage distortion factor (THD) and
the notch area limits are specified for line to line voltage.
In the above table, special applications include hospitals and
airports. A dedicated system is exclusively dedicated to converter load.
*In volt-microseconds at rated voltage and current.
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 39
TABLE III
LIMITS OF THD%
IEEE 519-1992 STANDARDS

SYSTEM
Nominal Voltage
Special
Application
General
Systems
Dedicated
Systems
120-600V 3.0 5.0 8.0
69KV and below - 5.0 -
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 40
TABLE IV
PROPOSED IEC 555-2 CLASS D STANDARDS for power from 50 to 600W
Harmonic Relative limits
Milliamps/Watt
Absolute Limits
Amps
3 3.4 2.30
5 1.9 1.14
7 1.0 0.77
9 0.5 0.40
11 0.35 0.33
13 linear
extrapolation
0.15 (15/n)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 41
METHODOLOGY FOR
COMPUTING DISTORTION
Step 1: Compute the individual current harmonic distortion at each
dedicated bus using different Software programs (i.e. SIMULINK,
SPICE, e.t.c.) or tables that provide the current distortion of
nonlinear loads.
Step 2: Compute the voltage and current harmonic content at the Point of
Common Coupling (PCC) which is located at the input of the
industrial power system.
- Each individual harmonic current at the PCC is the sum of
harmonic current contribution from each dedicated bus.
- The load current at PCC is the sum of the load current
contribution from each dedicated bus.
- The maximum demand load current at PCC can be found by
computing the load currents for each branch feeder and multiply
by a demand factor to obtain feeder demand. Then the sum of all
feeder demands is divided by a diversity factor to obtain the
maximum demand load current.

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 42
Step 3: Choose a base MVA and base KV for the system use the following
equations in order to compute individual and total current and
voltage harmonic distortions at PCC and any other point within the
power system.
I
b
= Base current in Amps
Amps
b
3
b
kV 3
10 MVA
=
= System impedance = p.u.
MVA
MVA
sc
b
MVA
b
= Base MVA, MVA
sc
= short circuit MVA at the point of interest
V
H
= Percent individual harmonic voltage distortion =
( ) ( ) Volts 100 Z h
I
I
s
b
h
=
(24)
(25)
(26)
s
Z
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 43
h = harmonic order
100
V
2
1
V
% THD
1
2 h
2
h


(
(

=
100
I
I
% THD
1
2
2 h
2
h
i

(
(

=
I
H
= Percent individual harmonic distortion =
100
I
I
L
h

I
sc
= Short Circuit current at the point under consideration.
I
L
= Estimated maximum demand load current
S.C. Ratio = Short circuit Ratio
D
sc
L
sc
MVA
MVA
I
I
= =
MVA
D
= Demand MVA
(27)
(28)
(29)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 44
K Factor = Factor useful for transformers design and
specifically from transformers that feed
Adjustable Speed Drives
( )

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1 h
2
L
h
2
I
I
h
ONCE THE SHORT CIRCUIT RATIO IS KNOWN, THE IEEE CURRENT
HARMONIC LIMITS CAN BE FOUND AS SPECIFIED IN TABLE I OF
THE IEEE 519-1992 POWER QUALITY STANDARDS
USING THE ABOVE EQUATIONS VALUES OF IDIVINDUAL AND
TOTAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT HARMONIC DISTORTION CAN
BE COMPUTED AND COMPARED WITH THE IEEE LIMITS
(30)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 45
Step 4: If the analysis is being performed for CSI-type drives then the area
of the voltage notch A
N
should also be computed.
- At this point an impedance diagram of the under analysis
industrial power system should be available.
- The Notch Area A
N
at the PCC can be calculated as follows.
A
N
= A
N1
+ A
N2
+ . V . microsec
A
N1
, A
N2
, are the notch areas contribution of the different busses
A
NDR1
: Notch area at the input of the drive
1 NDR 1 N
A
drive the to PCC from s inductance of sum the inductance Source
inductance Source
A
+
=
(31)
(32)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 46
Step 5: Determine preliminary filter design.
Step 6: Compute THD
v
and THD
i
magnitudes and impedance versus
frequency plots with filters added to the system, one at a time.
SIMULINK or PSPICE software programs can be used for final
adjustments.
Step 7: Analyze results and specify final filter design.
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 47
EXAMPLE OF A SYSTEM ONE LINE
DIAGRAM
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 48
System impedances diagram which can be used to
calculate its resonance using PSPICE or SIMULINK
programs

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 49
1) Parallel-passive filter for current-source nonlinear loads
TYPES OF FILTERS
Harmonic Sinc
Low Impedance
Cheapest
VA ratings = V
T
(Load Harmonic current + reactive current of the filter)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 50
2) Series-passive filter for voltage-source nonlinear loads
Harmonic dam
High-impedance
Cheapest
VA ratings = Load current (Fundamental drop across filter + Load Harmonic Voltage)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 51
3) Basic parallel-active filter for current source in nonlinear loads
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 52

4) Basic series-active filter for voltage-source in nonlinear loads
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 53
5) Parallel combination of parallel active and parallel passive
6) Series combination of series active and series passive
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 54
7) Hybrid of series active and parallel passive
8) Hybrid of parallel active and series passive
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 55
9) Series combination of parallel-passive and parallel-active
10) Parallel combination of series-passive and series-active
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 56
11) Combined system of series-active and parallel-active
12) Combined system of parallel-active and series-active
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 57
A SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF AN INDUSTRIAL
POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 58
HARMONIC LIMITS EVALUATION WHEN
POWER-FACTOR-CORRECTION CAPASITORS
ARE USED
- As it can be seen from the power distribution circuit the power-factor-
correction capacitor bank, which is connected on the 480 Volts bus, can
create a parallel resonance between the capacitors and the system
source inductance.
- The single phase equivalent circuit of the distribution system is shown
below.
Using the above circuit the following equations hold:
Source AC
tot
L
S
I
C
in
Z
h
I
f
I
S
V
Harmonic
Load
tot
R
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 59
,
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

R
X
tan cos
MVA
kV
R
1
sc
2
LL
sys
2
sys
sys

R
R =
'
,
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

R
X
tan sin
MVA
kV
X
1
sc
2
LL
sys
2
sys
sys

X
X =
'
tr
2
LL
pu tr
kVA
kV 1000
R R

=
tr
2
LL
pu tr
kVA
kV 1000
X X

=

= The turns ratio of the transformer at PCC


(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 60
tr sys tot
X X X +
'
=
cap
2
cap
c
kVAR
kV 1000
X

=

X
L
tot
tot
=

f 2
X
tot
=

X
1
C
c
=
C
1
X
c
=
tr sys tot
R R R +
'
=
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 61
( ) ( )
C
1
j L j R
C / j L j R
Z
tot tot
tot tot
in
+
+
=
,
C
1
L
o
tot o
=
o
o
2
1
f =
The impedance looking into the system from the load, consists of the
parallel combination of source impedance and the
capacitor impedance
tot tot
jX R +
in
Z
The equation for can be used to determine the equivalent system
impedance for different frequencies. The harmonic producing loads can
resonate (parallel resonance), the above equivalent circuit. Designating
the parallel resonant frequency by (rad/sec) or (HZ) and equating
the inductive and capacitive reactances.
in
Z
o

o
f
(43)
(44)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 62
- Harmonic current components that are close to the parallel resonant frequency are amplified.
- Higher order harmonic currents at the PCC are reduced because the capacitors are low
impedance at these frequencies.
- The figure below shows the effect of adding capacitors on the 480 Volts bus for power factor
correction.
This figure shows that by adding some typical sizes of power factor correction capacitors will
result in the magnification of the 5
th
and 7
th
harmonic components, which in turns makes it
even more difficult to meet the IEEE 519-1992 harmonic current standards .
- Power factor correction capacitors should not be used without turning reactors in case the
adjustable speed drives are >10% of the plant load.
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 63
Let us examine an industrial plant with the following data:
- Medium voltage = 20KV
LL

- Low voltage = 0.4 KV
LL

- Utility three phase short circuit power = 250 MVA
- For asymmetrical current, the ratio of system impedance
R
X
4 . 2 =
The Transformer is rated:

1000 KVA, 20 KV-400 Y/230 V
R
pu
= 1%, X
pu
= 7%

- The system frequency is: f
sys
= 50 HZ.
- For power factor correction capacitors the following cases are examined:
a. 200 KVAR
b. 400 KVAR
c. 600 KVAR
d. 800 KVAR

EXAMPLE
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 64
The parallel resonant frequencies for every case of
power factor correction is calculated as follows:
( ) | | 6154 . 0 4 . 2 tan cos
250
20
R
1
2
sys
= =

( ) | | 4769 . 1 4 . 2 tan sin
250
20
X
1
2
sys
= =

50
4 . 0
20
= =
000246 . 0 50 6154 . 0 R
2
sys
= =
'
000591 . 0 50 4769 . 1 X
2
sys
= =
'
( )
00160 . 0
1000
4 . 0 1000
01 . 0 R
2
tr
=

=
( )
0112 . 0
1000
4 . 0 1000
07 . 0 X
2
tr
=

=
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 65
001846 . 0 0016 . 0 000246 . 0 R
tot
= + =
011791 . 0 0112 . 0 000591 . 0 X
tot
= + =
H 10 55 . 37
50 2
011791 . 0
L
6
tot

=

=
Case a:
( )
8 . 0
200
4 . 0 1000
X
2
c
=

=
F 10 98 . 3
8 . 0 50 2
1
C
3
=

=
HZ 18 . 412
10 98 . 3 10 50 . 37 2
1
f
3 6
o
=

=

For 200 KVAR, the harmonic order at which parallel resonance occurs is:
24 . 8 50 18 . 412 h = =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 66
Case b:
( )
4 . 0
400
4 . 0 1000
X
2
c
=

=
F 10 96 . 7 C
3
=
HZ 45 . 291 f
o
=
83 . 5 h =
Case c:
( )
267 . 0
600
4 . 0 1000
X
2
c
=

=
F 10 94 . 11 C
3
=
HZ 97 . 237 f
o
=
76 . 4 h =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 67
Case d:
( )
2 . 0
800
4 . 0 1000
X
2
c
=

=
F 10 92 . 15 C
3
=
HZ 08 . 206 f
o
=
12 . 4 h =
It is clear for the above system that in the 600 KVAR case, there
exists a parallel resonant frequency close to the 5
th
harmonic. o
f
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 68
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION AND
HARMONIC TREATMENT
USING TUNED FILTERS
- Basic configuration of a tuned 3- capacitor bank for power factor
correction and harmonic treatment.
Simple and cheap filter
Prevents of current harmonic magnification
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 69
- IN ORDER TO AVOID HARMONIC MAGNIFICATION WE CHOOSE A
TUNED FREQUENCY < FITH HARMONIC (i.e 4.7)
- The frequency characteristic of the tuned filter at 4.7 is shown below

As it can be seen from the above figure significant reduction of the 5
th

harmonic is achieved. Moreover, there is some reduction for all the other
harmonic components.

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 70
The single phase equivalent circuit of the power distribution system
with the tuned filter is shown below
Using the above circuit the following equations hold:
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 71
0
C
1
L L
o
f o tot o
= +
( ) | | 2
1
f tot
o
C L L 2
1
f
+
=
| | C 1 L L j R
L j R
I I
f tot tot
tot tot
h f
+ +
+
=
( ) ( )
( )
( )
cap
2
os
2
cap
2
os
c
2
os
f
kVAR f 2
kV 1000 f
f 2
X f 2
f 2 C
1
L

=
(parallel resonance)
= resonance frequency of the
equivalent distribution circuit
( ) 2
1
f
os
C L 2
1
f

=
= Resonant frequency of the series filter
The new parallel combination is having resonant frequency when
Also
(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 72
( )
=
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
C
1
j L j L j R
C
1
j L j L j R
Z
f tot tot
f tot tot
in
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
C
1
L L j R
C
1
j L j L j R
f tot tot
f tot tot
( )
tot tot s h
L j R I V + =
( )
| | C 1 L L j R
C / 1 L j
I I
f tot tot
f
h s
+ +

=
(49)
(50)
(51)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 73
As it was discussed before Selecting
HZ 235 f
o
=
or 4.7 th harmonic
With KV
cap
= 0.4 , KVAR
cap
= 600
( )
( )
H 45 . 38 H 10 45 . 68
600 235 2
4 . 0 1000 50
L
6
2
2
f
= =


=

The new parallel combination is having resonant frequency:
( ) | | C L L 2
1
f
f tot
o
+
=
with H 10 55 . 37 L
6
tot

=
H 10 45 . 38 L
6
f

=
F 10 94 . 11 C
3
=
we have
HZ 16 . 167
10 94 . 11 10 76 2
1
f
3 6
o
=

=

43 . 3 50 / 16 . 167 h = =
(without L
f
was 4.76)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 74
The following table shows the variation of Parallel resonant frequency
With and without resonant inductor

KVAR

C(mF)
Parallel Resonant f
0

Without L
f
With L
f

200 3.98 8.80 115.3H

4.08
400 7.96 6.22 57.7H 3.66
600 11.94 5.08 38.45H 3.43
800 15.92 4.40 29.5H 3.08
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 75
vol tage
motor
+
i -
i tot
compens
chock2%5
chock2%3
chock2%1
+
-
v
Vol tage Measurement3
+
-
v
V1
+
-
v
V
T1
T
Source1
Source
Seri es RLC Branch3 Seri es RLC Branch2
Seri es RLC Branch1
Seri es RLC Branch
Scope4
Scope3
Scope2
Scope1
Scope
Ground (output)1
Ground (output)
Ground (i nput)8
Ground (i nput)5
Ground (i nput)4
Ground (i nput)3 Ground (i nput)2
Ground (i nput)1
Ground (i nput)
Gnd
+
i
-
Current Measurement6
+
i
-
Current Measurement5
+
i - Current Measurement4
+
i
-
Current Measurement3
+
i - Current Measurement1
+
i
-
C
Bus Bar (hori z)7
Bus Bar (hori z)6
Bus Bar (hori z)5
Bus Bar (hori z)4
Bus Bar (hori z)3
Bus Bar (hori z)2
Bus Bar (hori z)1
Bus Bar (hori z)
AC Vol tage Source
AC Current Source8
AC Current Source7
AC Current Source6
AC Current Source5
AC Current Source4
AC Current Source3
AC Current Source2
AC Current Source1
AC Current Source
50m cabl e 4x1
380kw/490rpm
200m cabl e 4x240
.
SIMULATED RESULTS USING
MATLAB/SIMULINK
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 76
SIMULINK RESULTS
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 77
SIMULINK RESULTS
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 78
ACTIVE FILTERING

Parallel type Series type
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 79
-2500
-1500
-500
500
1500
2500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
I
[A]
Time [ms]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
[
%

I
1
]
Harmonics
-5000
-2500
0
2500
5000
0 10 20 30 40
Time [ms]
I

D
y
n
a
c
o
m
p

[
A
]
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
Harmonics
[
%
I
1
]
RESULTS OF ACTIVE FILTERING

Input current of a 6-pulse Rectifier driving a DC machine without any input filtering

Input current with Active Filtering

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 80
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
U

[
V
]
Time [ms]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
[
%

U
1
]
Harmonics
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
U

[
V
]
Time [ms]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23
[
%

U
]
Harmonics
Typical 6-pulse drive voltage waveform
Voltage source improvement with active filtering
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 81
SHUNT ACTIVE FILTERS
By inserting a parallel active filter in a non-linear load location we can
inject a harmonic current component with the same amplitude as that of
the load in to the AC system.

C
F
L
Equivalent circuit
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 82
Low implementation cost.
Do not create displacement power factor problems and utility loading.
Supply inductance L
S
, does not affect the harmonic compensation of
parallel active filter system.
Simple control circuit.
Can damp harmonic propagation in a distribution feeder or between
two distribution feeders.
Easy to connect in parallel a number of active filter modules in order to
achieve higher power requirements.
Easy protection and inexpensive isolation switchgear.
Easy to be installed.
Provides immunity from ambient harmonic loads.
ADVANTAGES OF THE SHUNT OR PARALLEL
ACTIVE FILTER
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 83
WAVEFORMS OF THE PARALLEL ACTIVE
FILTER
Source voltage
Load current
Source current
A. F. output current
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 84
G 1
Z
Z
V
I
G 1
Z
Z
Z
I
L
S
S
LH
L
S
L
S

+
+

+
=
G 1
Z
Z
V
G 1
1
I
G 1
Z
Z
G 1
Z
I
L
S
S
LH
L
S
L
L

=
h
S
h
L
Z
G 1
Z
>>

Lh C
I I =
( ) ( ) 0
Z
V
G 1 I G 1 I
L
Sh
LHh Sh
~ + ~
(53)
(54)
(55)
(56)
(57)
1 G
h
= 0 G
1
=
L C
GI I =
(52)
If
Then the above equations become
PARALLEL ACTIVE FILTER EQUATIONS
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 85
L
Sh
LHh Lh
Z
V
I I + =
(58)
( ) G 1
I
I
LH
S
=
LH
I
L
Z
G
= Source impedance
= Is the equivalent harmonic current source
= Equivalent load impedance
= equivalent transfer function of the active filter
For pure current source type of harmonic source
S L
Z Z >>
and consequently equations (53) and (55) become
S
Z
(59)
1 G 1
h
<<
(60)
Equation (55) is the required condition for the parallel A.F. to cancel
the load harmonic current. Only G can be predesign by the A.F. while
Z
s
and Z
L
are determined by the system.
Equation (59) shows that the compensation characteristics of the A.F. are not
influenced by the source impedance, Z
s.
This is a major advantage of the A.F.
with respect to the passive ones.
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 86
The DC bus nominal voltage, , must be greater than or equal to line voltage
peak in order to actively control
The selection of the interface inductance of the active filter is based on the
compromise of keeping the output current ripple of the inverter low and the same
time to be able to track the desired source current.
The required capacitor value is dictated by the maximum acceptable voltage
ripple. A good initial guess of C is:
Cmax
t
0
C
v
dt i max
C
}
>
dt
di
max
V V
3
2
L
L
n dC
F

>
dC
V
. i
C
n
V

= peak line-neutral voltage
d C
V
= DC voltage of the DC bus of the inverter
L
i = Line phase current
C m a x
v
= maximum acceptable voltage ripple,
C
i
= Phase current of the inverter
dC
V
C
Also
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 87
For identifying the harmonic currents in general the method of computing
instantaneous active and reactive power is used.
Transformation of the three-phase voltages and and the three-
phase load currents and into - orthogonal coordinate.
(
(
(


=
(

w
v
u

v
v
v

2 / 3
2 / 1
2 / 3
2 / 1
0
1

3
2
v
v
(
(
(


=
(

Lw
Lv
Lu
L
L
i
i
i

2 / 3
2 / 1
2 / 3
2 / 1
0
1

3
2
i
i
, v
u v
v
w
v
, i
Lv Lu
i
Lw
i
P-Q THEORY
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 88
Then according to theory, the instantaneous real power and the
instantaneous imaginary (reactive) power are calculated.
(

=
(

L
L


L
L
i
i

v v
v v

q
p
where
= + + =
L L L L
p
~
p p p

= + + =
L L L L
q
~
q q q

DC + low frequency comp. + high freq. comp.
DC + low frequency comp. + high freq. comp.
L
p
L
q
q - p
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 89
The conventional active power is corresponding to , the conventional reactive
power to and the negative sequence to the 2 f components of and .
The commands of the three-phase compensating currents injected by the
shunt active conditioner, , and are given by:
(

(
(
(


=
(
(
(

-
-

-
-
-
q
p
v v -
v v

2 / 3
2 / 3
0

2 / 1
2 / 1
1

3
2
i
i
i
1


Cw
Cv
Cu
L
p
~
L
q
~
L
p
L
q
-
Cu
i
-
Cv
i
-
Cw
i
-
p
-
q
= Instantaneous real power command
= Instantaneous reactive power command
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 90

=
=
-
-
L
L
q
~
q
p
~
p

+ =
=
-
-
L L
L
q
~
q q
p
~
p

+ =
+ =
-
-
L L
L L
q
~
q q
p
~
p p

Current Harmonics compensation is achieved


Current Harmonics and low frequency variation
Components of reactive power compensation
Current Harmonics and low frequency variation
Components of active and reactive power compensation
Substituting
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 91
HARMONIC DETECTION METHODS
i) Load current detection i
AF
= i
Lh

It is suitable for shunt active filters which are installed near
one or more non-linear loads.
ii) Supply current detection i
AF
= K
S
i
Sh

Is the most basic harmonic detection method for series
active filters acting as a voltage source v
AF
.
iii) Voltage detection
It is suitable for shunt active filters which are used as
Unified Power Quality Conditioners. This type of Active
Filter is installed in primary power distribution systems. The
Unified Power Quality Conditioner consists of a series and a
shunt active filter.
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 92
SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER CONTROL
a) Shunt active filter control based on voltage detection
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 93
Using this technique the three-phase voltages, which are detected at the point of
installation, are transformed to and on the dq coordinates. Then two first
order high-pass filters of 5HZ in order to extract the ac components and
from and . Next the ac components are applied to the inverse dq
transformation circuit, so that the control circuit to provide the three-phase
harmonic voltages at the point of installation. Finally, amplifying each harmonic
voltage by a gain K
v
produces each phase current reference.
d
v
~
q
v
~
d
v
q
v
d
v
q
v
h V AF
v K i =
-
The active filter behaves like a resistor 1/K
V
ohms to the external circuit for
harmonic frequencies without altering the fundamental components.
The current control circuit compares the reference current with the actual
current of the active filter and amplifies the error by a gain K
I
. Each phase
voltage detected at the point of installation, v is added to each magnified error
signal, thus constituting a feed forward compensation in order to improve current
controllability. As a result, the current controller yields three-phase voltage
references. Then, each reference voltage is compared with a high frequency
triangular waveform to generate the gate signals for the power semiconductor
devices.
-
AF
i
AF
i
-
i
v
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 94
b) Reference current calculation scheme using source currents (i
s
),
load currents (i
L
) and voltages at the point of installation (v
S
).
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 95
3- HYBRID ACTIVE-PASSIVE FILTER
Compensation of current harmonics and displacement power
factor can be achieved simultaneously.
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 96
In the current harmonic compensation mode, the active filter improves the
filtering characteristic of the passive filter by imposing a voltage harmonic
waveform at its terminals with an amplitude
Sh Ch
KI V =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 97
THD
i
decreases if K increases.
The larger the voltage harmonics generated by the active filter a better filter
compensation is obtained.
A high value of the quality factor defines a large band width of the passive
filter, improving the compensation characteristics of the hybrid topology.
A low value of the quality factor and/or a large value in the tuned factor
increases the required voltage generated by the active filter necessary to
keep the same compensation effectiveness, which increases the active
filter rated power.
S F
F
Lh
Sh
Z Z K
Z
I
I
+ +
=
1 S
2 h
S F
F
Lh
i
I
Z Z K
Z
I
THD

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
If the AC mains voltage is pure sinusoidal, then
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 98
Displacement power factor correction is achieved by controlling the voltage
drop across the passive filter capacitor.
T C
V V =
Displacement power factor control can be achieved since at fundamental
frequency the passive filter equivalent impedance is capacitive.
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 99
HYBRID ACTIVE-PASSIVE FILTER
Single-phase equivalent circuit
Single-phase equivalent circuit
for 5
th
Harmonic
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 100
This active filter detects the 5
th
harmonic current component that flows
into the passive filter and amplifies it by a gain K in order to determine its
voltage reference which is given by
5 F AF
i K v =
-
As a result, the active filter acts as a pure resistor of K ohms for the 5
th

harmonic voltage and current. The impedance of the hybrid filter at the 5
th

harmonic frequency, Z
5
is given by
K r
C 5 j
1
L 5 j Z
f
F
F 5
+ + + =
0 K<
The active filter presents a negative resistance to the external
Circuit, thus improving the Q of the filter.
F
r K =
, 0 V
5 BUS
=
5 S
T
5 S
V
L 5 j
1
I =
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 101
CONTROL CIRCUIT
The control circuit consists of two parts; a circuit for extracting the
5
th
current harmonic component from the passive filter i
F
and a circuit
that adjusts automatically the gain K. The reference voltage for the
active filter
5 F AF
i K v =
-
HARMONIC-EXTRACTING CIRCUIT
The extracting circuit detects the three-phase currents that flow into
the passive filter using the AC current transformers and then the -
coordinates are transformed to those on the d-g coordinates by
using a unit vector (cos5t, sin5t) with a rotating frequency of
five times as high as the line frequency.
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 102
SERIES ACTIVE FILTERS
By inserting a series Active Filter between the AC source and the load
where the harmonic source is existing we can force the source current to
become sinusoidal. The technique is based on a principle of harmonic
isolation by controlling the output voltage of the series active filter.


Equivalent Circuit
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 103
- The series active filter exhibits high impedance to harmonic current
and consequently blocks harmonic current flow from the load to the
source.
S C
KGI A.F. the of tage Output vol V = =
KG Z Z
V
KG Z Z
I Z
I
L S
S
L S
L L
S
+ +
+
+ +
=
(61)
(62)
= Equivalent transfer function of the detection circuit of
harmonic current, including delay time of the control
circuit.
G
, 0 G
1
= 1 G
h
= (63)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 104
K
= A gain in pu ohms
The voltage distortion of the input AC source is much smaller
than the current distortion.
Sh
V
If
h
L
Z K >>
and
h
L S
Z Z K + >>
Then
Sh Lh L C
V I Z V + =
0 I
S
~
(64)
(65)
(66)
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 105
HYBRID SERIES AND SHUNT
ACTIVE FILTER
At the Point of Common Coupling provides:

Harmonic current isolation between the sub transmission and the
distribution system (shunt A.F)
Voltage regulation (series A.F)
Voltage flicker/imbalance compensation (series A.F)

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 106
SELECTION OF AF S FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS
AF Configuration with higher number of * is more preferred
Compensation for
Specific Application
Active Filters
Active
Series
Active
Shunt
Hybrid of
Active Series
and Passive
Shunt
Hybrid of
Active Shunt
and Active
Series
Current Harmonics
** *** *
Reactive Power
*** ** *
Load Balancing
*
Neutral Current
** *
Voltage Harmonics
*** ** *
Voltage Regulation
*** * ** *
Voltage Balancing
*** ** *
Voltage Flicker
** *** *
Voltage Sag&Dips
*** * ** *
JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 107
CONCLUSIONS
Solid State Power Control results in harmonic pollution above the tolerable limits.
Harmonic Pollution increases industrial plant downtimes and power losses.
Harmonic measurements should be made in industrial power systems in order (a) aid
in the design of capacitor or filter banks, (b) verify the design and installation of
capacitor or filter banks, (c) verify compliance with utility harmonic distortion
requirements, and (d) investigate suspected harmonic problems.
Computer software programs such as PSPICE and SIMULINK can be used in order to
obtain the harmonic behavior of an industrial power plant.
The series LC passive filter with resonance frequency at 4.7 is the most popular filter.
The disadvantages of the the tuned LC filter is its dynamic response because it cannot
predict the load requirements.
The most popular Active Filter is the parallel or shunt type.
Active Filter technology is slowly used in industrial plants with passive filters as a
hybrid filter. These filters can be used locally at the inputs of different nonlinear loads.
Active Filter Technology is well developed and many manufactures are fabricating
Active filters with large capacities.
A large number of Active Filters configurations are available to compensate harmonic
current, reactive power, neutral current, unbalance current, and harmonics.
The active filters can predict the load requirements and consequently they exhibit very
good dynamic response.
LC tuned filters can be used at PCC and the same time active filters can be used
locally at the input of nonlinear loads.

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 108
REFERENCES
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES ON HARMONIC TREATMENT
[1] IEEE Std. 519-1992, IEEE Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems,
1993.
[2] IEC Sub-Committee 77B report, Compatibility Levels in Industrial
Plants for Low Frequency Conducted Disturbances, 1990.
[3] IEC Sub-Committee 77A report, Disturbances Caused by
Equipment Connected to the Public Low-Voltage Supply System
Part 2 : Harmonics , 1990 (Revised Draft of IEC 555-2).
[4] UK Engineering Recommendation G.5/3: Limits for Harmonics in
the UK Electricity Supply System, 1976.
[5] CIRGE WG 36.05 Report, Equipment producing harmonics and
Conditions Governing their Connection to the Mains power
Supply, Electra, No. 123, March 1989, pp. 20-37.
[6] Australian Standards AS-2279.1-1991, Disturbances in mains
Supply Networks-Part 2: Limitation of Harmonics Caused by
Industrial Equipment, 1991.

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 109

DEFINITIONS
[7] J. Arriilaga, D.A. Bradley, and P.S. Bodger, Power System
Harmonics,New York: Wiley, 1985.
[8] N. Shepherd and P. Zand, Energy flow and power factor in
nonsinusoidal circuits, Cambridge University Press, 1979.

EFFECTS OF HARMONICS
[9] J.M. Bowyer, Three-Part Harmony: System Interactions Leading
to a Divergent Resonant System, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 31, No. 6, Nov/Dec 1995, pp. 1341-1349.
[10] R.D. Hondenson and P.J. Rose, Harmonics: the Effects on power
Quality and Transformers, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications,
Vol. 30, No.3, May/June 1994, pp. 528-532.
[11] J.S. Subjak and J. S. McQuilkin, Harmonics-Causes, effects,
Measurements and Analysis: An Update, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 26, No. 6, Nov/Dec 1990, pp. 103-1042.
[12] P.Y. Keskar, Specification of Variable Frequency Drive Systems
to Meet the New IEEE 51 Standard, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol.32, No.2, March/April 1996, pp. 393-402.


JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 110
[13] T.S. Key, Cost and Benefits of Harmonic Current Reduction for
Switch-Mode Power Supplies in a Commercial Building, IEEE
Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 32, No. 5,
September/October 1996, pp. 1017-1025.

PASSIVE HARMONIC TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
[14] M.F. McGranaghan and D.R. Mueller, Designing Harmonic
Filters for Adjustable-Speed Drives to comply with IEEE-519
Harmonic limits, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 35,
No 2, March/April 1999, pp. 312-18.
[15] F.Z. Peng, Harmonic Sources and filtering Approaches, IEEE
Industry Applications Magazine, July/August 2001, pp. 18-25.
[16] J.K. Phipps, A transfer Function Approach to Harmonic Filter
Design, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine March/April 1997.
[17] S.M. Peeran, Application, Design, and Specification of Harmonic
Filters for Variable frequency Drives, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 31, No. 4, July/August 1995, pp. 841-847.

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 111
[18] J. Lai and T.S. Key, Effectiveness of Harmonic Mitigation
Equipment for Commercial Office Buildings, IEEE Trans. on
Industry Applications, Vol. 33, No. 4, July/August 1997, pp.
1104-1110.
[19] D.E. Rice,A Detailed Analysis of Six-Pulse Converter harmonic
Currents, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 30, No. 2,
March/April 1994, pp. 294-304.
[20] R.L. Almonte and Ashley, Harmonics at the Utility Industrial
Interface: A Real World Example, IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 31, No. 6, November/December 1995, pp.
1419-1426.
[21] K. A. Puskarich, W.E. Reid and P. S. Hamer, Harmonic
Experiments with a large load-Commutated inverter drive,
IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 37, No. 1, Jan/Feb.
2001, pp. 129-136.
[22] L.S. Czarnecki and O. T. Tan, Evaluation and Reduction of
Harmonic Distortion Caused by Solid State Voltage Controller of
Induction Motors, IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion, Vol. 9,
No. 3, Sept. 1994, pp. 528-421.

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 112
[23] R.G. Ellis, Harmonic Analysis of Industrial power Systems,
IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 32, No. 2, March/April
1996, pp. 417-421.
[24] D. Adrews et al, Harmonic Measurements, Analysis and Power
factor Correction in a Modern Steel Manufacturing Facility,
IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 32, No. 3, May/June
196, pp. 617-624.
[25] D. Shipp and W. S. Vilcheck, Power Quality and Line
Considerations for Variable Speed AC Drivers, IEEE Trans. on
Industry Applications, Vol.32, No.2, March/April 1996, pp. 403-
410.
[26] J. A Bonner et al, Selecting ratings for Capacitors and Reactors
In Applications Involving Multiple Single-Tuned Filters, IEEE
Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan. 1995, pp. 547-555.
[27] E. J. Currence, J.E Plizga, and H. N. Nelson, Harmonic
Resonance at a medium-sized Industrial Plant, IEEE Trans. on
Industry Applications, Vol. 31, No. 4, July/August 1995, pp. 682-
690.

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 113
[28] G. Lemieux, Power system harmonic resonance. A document
case, IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.
483-487, May/June 1990.
[29] D. D. Shipp, Harmonic Analysis and Suppression for electrical
systems, EEE Trans. on Industry Applications Vol. 15, No. 5,
Sept./Oct. 1979.

ACTIVE HARMONIC TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
[30] H. Akagi, New trends in active filters for Power conditioning,
IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 32, Nov/Dec. 1996, pp.
1312-1322.
[31] Bhim Singh et al, A Review of Active Filters for Power Quality
Improvement, IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 46, No.
5, Oct. 1999, pp. 960-971.
[32] F. Z. Peng, Application Issues of Active Power Filters, IEEE
Industry Applications Magazine, Sep./Oct. 1998, pp. 22-30.
[33] S. Bhattacharga et al, Active Filter Systems Implementation,
IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, Sep./Oct. 1998, pp. 47-63.

JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 114
[34] S. Bhattacharya et al, Hybrid Solutions for improving Passive
Filter Performance in high power Applications, IEEE, Trans.
on Industry Applications, Vol. 33, No. 3, May/June 1997, pp.
732-747.
[35] H. Akagi, Control Strategy and site selection of a shunt active
filter for damping of harmonies propagation in power
distribution systems , IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12,
Jan. 1997, pp.354-363.
[36] H. Fujita, T. Yamasaki, and H. Akagi, A Hybrid Active Filter for
Damping of Harmonic Resonance in Industrial Power
Systems, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 2,
March 2000, pp. 215-222.
[37] H. Akagi et al, shunt Active Filter Based on Voltage Detection
for Harmonic Termination of a Radial power Distribution Line,
IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, Vol. 35, No. 3, May/June
1999, pp. 638-645.
[38] D. Rivas et al, A simple control scheme for hybrid Active
Power Filter, IEE PESC-00, pp. 991-996.









JUNE 2002 IEEE PESC-02 115
[39] L. Zhou and Zi Li, A Novel Active Power filter Based on the
Least compensation Current Control Method, IEEE Trans. on
Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 4, July 2000, pp. 655-659.

MODELING
[40] IEEE Task Force on Modeling and Simulation, Modeling and
Simulation of the propagation of harmonies in electric power
networks, Part I: Concepts, models, and simulation techniques,
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 452-
465.
[41] IEEE Task Force on Modeling and Simulation Modeling and
Simulation of the propagation of harmonies in electric power
networks, Part II: Sample systems and examples, IEEE Trans.
on Power Delivery, Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan. 1996, pp. 466-474.
[42] W. Jewel et al, Filtering Dispersed harmonic Sources on
Distribution, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 3, July
2000, pp. 1045-1051.
[43] N.K. Madora and A. Kusko, Computer-Aided Design and
Analysis of Power-Harmonic Filters IEEE Trans. on Industry
Applications, Vol. 36, No. 2, March/April 2000, pp.604-613.

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