Operational

Amplifiers
Brandon Borm
Shelley Nation
Chloe Milion
Outline
Introduction
Background
Fundamentals of Op-Amps
Real vs. Ideal
Applications

What is an Op-Amp
Low cost integrating circuit consisting of
transistors
resistors
capacitors
Op-amps amplify an input signal using an
external power supply
Uses for Op-Amps
Op-Amps are commonly used for both linear and
nonlinear applications
Linear
Amplifiers
Summers
Integrators
Differentiators
Filters (High, Low, and Band Pass)
Non-linear
Comparators
A/D converters

Vacuum Tube Op-Amps
First op amps built in 1930s-
1940s
Technically feedback amplifiers
due to only having one useable
input
Used in WWII to help how to
strike military targets
Buffers, summers, differentiators,
inverters
Took 300V to 100V to power
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:K2-w_vaccuum_tube_op-amp.jpg1
Solid State Discrete Op-Amps
Solid state op amps invented in
1960s
Possible due to invention of
silicon transistors and the IC
Chip and discrete parts
Reduced power input to 15V
to 10V
Packaging in small black boxes
allowed for integration with a
circuit
Monolithic Integrated Circuit Op-Amp
First created in 1963
A702 by Fairchild Semiconductor
A741 created in 1968
Became widely used due to its
ease of use
8 pin, dual in-line package (DIP)
Further advancements include
use of field effects transistors
(FET), greater precision, faster
response, and smaller packaging
Features of Op-Amps
+V
in
: non-inverting input
-V
in
: inverting input
+V
s
: positive source
-V
s
: negative source
V
out
: output voltage
ON: Offset Null
NC: Not Connected
V
out
+V
s
-V
s
+V
in
-V
in
+

-

ON
-V
in
+V
in
-V
s
ON
V
out
+V
s
NC
Characteristics of Op-Amps
Ideal Op-Amp

Infinite open loop gain
(G
OL
):
Zero common mode gain



Infinite bandwidth:
Range of frequencies
with non-zero gain
Real Op-Amp

Limited open loop gain:
Decreases with increase
in frequency
Non-zero common mode
gain

Limited Bandwidth:
Gain becomes zero at
high frequencies
Characteristics of Op-Amps
Ideal Op-Amp

Infinite slew rate

Infinite input impedance
No input current


Zero output impedance
Infinite output current
Real Op-Amp

Finite slew rate

Large input impedance
Small input current

Non-zero output
impedance
Limited output current
Summary of Characteristics
Parameter Ideal Op-Amp Typical Op-Amp
G
OL
10
5
- 10
9

Common Mode
Gain
0 10
-5

Bandwidth 1-20 MHz
Input
Impedance
10
6
(bipolar)
10
9
-10
12
(FET)
Output
Impedance
0 100-1000
Ideal Op-Amp
Active device
Infinite open loop gain
Infinite input impedance
Zero output impedance

+
-
+V
s

-V
s

V
diff
i
in
= 0A
V
out
= V
diff
x G
openloop
Negative Feedback
V
out
is a linear function of the input voltage

Z
in
= infinity I
in
=0A V
diff
=0V

Modelisation of basic mathematical
operation

Non Inverting Circuit
+
-
R1 R2
+V
s
-V
s

i
in
= 0A
V
diff
= 0V
V
in
V
out
0A
V
-
V
-
- V
out
i
(1) V
-
- V
out
= R2 x i
(2) V
-
= - R1 x i
V
-
= V
+
= V
in
(2) i = -V
in
/R1
(1) V
in
V
out
= -V
in
x R1/R2
V
out
= (1 + R1/R2) x V
in
Inverting Circuit
+
-
R1 R2
+V
s

-V
s

V
diff
= 0V
V
in
V
out
i
in
= 0A
i
V
-
- V
out
V
in
V
-
(1) V
-
- V
out
= R2 x i
(2) V
in
- V
-
= R1 x i
V
-
= V
+
= 0
(1) i = V
in
/ R1
V
out
= - R2/R1 x V
in
Follower Circuit
V
in V
out
+ V
s
- V
s
Summing Op-Amp
Adds analog signals

f
out
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
=

3
3
2
2
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
3
3
2
2
1
1
R
V
R
V
R
V
R V
f out
Solving for V
out
:
Ohms Law:
Summing Op-Amp

Difference Op-Amps
Subtracts analog signals

( )
1
1
3
2
1 2 4
4 1 3
) (
V
R
R
V
R R R
R R R
V
out

+
+
=
Output voltage is proportional to
difference between input voltages:

Difference Op-Amp

Integrator Op-Amps
Similar layout to inverting op-amp,
but replace feedback resistor with
a capacitor
A constant input signal generates
a certain rate of change in output
voltage
Smoothes signals over time
}
=
t
in initial out final out
dt V
RC
V V
0
, ,
1
Output voltage is proportional to
the integral of the input voltage:
Integrator Op-Amp

Differentiating Op-Amp
Similar to inverting op-amp, but
input resistor is replaced with a
capacitor
Accentuates noise over time
dt
dV
RC V
in
out
=
Output signal is scaled
derivative of input signal:
Differentiating Op-Amp

Active Filters
Different types of active filters:
Low Pass
Filters out frequencies above a cutoff frequency
High Pass
Filters out frequencies below a cutoff frequency
Band Pass
Passes a range of frequencies between two cutoff
frequencies
Active Low-Pass Filter
Cutoff frequency:
C R
c
2
1
= e
Active High-Pass Filter
Switch positioning of capacitors and resistors from low-
pass filter locations to create high-pass filter.
Active Band-Pass Filter
Created by connecting output of a high-
pass filter to the input of a low-pass filter or
vice versa.
Also can create using only 1 op-amp with
feedback and input capacitors
No negative feedback
V
out
is a non-linear function of the differential
input voltage V
+
- V
-

V
+
- V
-
= V
diff

V
out
= sign(V
diff
) x V
s

Binary logic and oscillator


Comparator
+
-
+V
s
-V
s
i
in
= 0A
V
diff
V+
V-
V
out
0V
+ V
s
V
out
( volts )
V
diff
- V
s
Comparator



Questions?
References
Operational Amplifiers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_amp
Real vs. Ideal Op Amp.
http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/opamp.html#c4
741 Op Amp Tutorial.
http://www.uoguelph.ca/~antoon/gadgets/741/74
1.html
Op Amp History. Analog Devices.
http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/ar
chives/39-05/Web_ChH_final.pdf