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Chapter 12
Three Phase Circuits
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng224 Circuit Theory II
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
Chapter Objectives:
Be familiar with different three-phase configurations and how
to analyze them.
Know the difference between balanced and unbalanced circuits
Learn about power in a balanced three-phase system
Know how to analyze unbalanced three-phase systems
Be able to use PSpice to analyze three-phase circuits
Apply what is learnt to three-phase measurement and
residential wiring
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Power in a Balanced System
The total instantaneous power in a balanced three phase system is constant.
2 cos( ) 2 cos( 120 )
2 cos( 120 )
2 cos( ) 2 cos( 120 )
2 cos( 120 )
cos( ) cos( ) cos( 120 ) cos( 120 )
2
cos( 120 ) co
AN p BN p
CN p
a p b p
c p
a b c AN a BN b CN c
p p
v V t v V t
v V t
i I t i I t
i I t
p p p p v i v i v i
t t t t
p V I
t
e e
e
e u e u
e u
e e u e e u
e
= =
= +
= =
= +
= + + = + +
+ +
=
+
( )
Using the above identity and simplifying, =2 t- we obtain

s( 120 )
1
cos cos [cos( ) cos( )]
2
that:
1
3cos
2

cos 2 o os 3 c c s
p p p p
t
A B A B A B
V V I I p
o e u
e u
o u u o
(
(
| |
=
| (
\ .

(
+

= + +
= + +
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Power in a Balanced System
The important consequences of the instantenous power equation of a balanced three
phase system are:
The instantenous power is not function of time.
The total power behaves similar to DC power.
This result is true whether the load is Y or connected.
T
3 cos
p p
p V I u
A
=
he per phase is obtained as .
3

AVERAGE POWE

R
cos
3
p
p p p
p
P V I
p
P
u = =
=
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Power in a Balanced System
The complex power per phase is S
p
. The total complex power for all phases is S.
p
p
p p p p p
3 cos
1
= cos
3
1
= sin
(Total Instantenous Power)
(Average Power per phase)
(Reactive Pow
3

er per phase)
(Apparent Power per pha
S V I
s

e

)
p p
p p
p p
p p p
p V I
P p V I
Q p V I
S V I
P jQ
u
u
u
-
=
=
=
=
= + =
p p

and refer to magnitude val
C
ues whereas
V and I refer to phasor
omplex power for e
values (Both magn
ach pha
itude a
se
nd phase)
p p
V I
# Eeng 224
Power in a Balanced System
The complex power per phase is S
p
. The total complex power for all phases is S.
p p p p p
p p p
p p p
Complex power for each phase
Total Complex power for three phas
S V I
S= 3S 3V I
3 3 cos 3 cos
3 3 sin 3 sin
S=3S 3V
e
I 3
a b c p p p L L
a b c p p p L L
P jQ
P jQ
P P P P P V I V I
Q Q Q Q Q V I V I
I
u u
u u
-
-
-
= + =
+ = =
= + + = = =
= + + = = =
= =
2
p
p p L
2
p
Total complex power
Total complex power using
, , and are all rms values, is the load imp
3

line val
edance
3
angl
s ue
e
p
p
L L
L
V I V I
V
Z
Z
P jQ V I u
u
-
=
= + = Z S
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Power in a Balanced System
Notice the values of V
p
, V
L
, I
p
, I
L
for different load connections.
2
p
2
p p p
p
p
p L
, , and are all rms values, is the load impe
To
da
3
S=3S 3V I 3
nce
al c
an
3
omplex ower
gle
p
L
p
p
L L
V
V
I Z
Z
P
V
V I
I
jQ
I u
u
-
-
= = =
= + = Z S
V
L
V
L
V
L
V
p
V
p
V
p
I
p
I
p
I
p
V
L
V
p
I
p
V
L
V
L
V
p
V
p
I
p
I
p
Y connected load. connected load.
3
L p L p
V V I I = =
3
L p L p
V V I I = =
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Power in a Balanced System
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Single versus Three phase systems
Three phase systems uses lesser amount of wire than single phase systems for the
same line voltage V
L
and same power delivered.
a) Single phase system b) Three phase system
2 2
' 2 ' 2
Wire Material for Single phase 2( ) 2 2
(2) 1.33
Wire Material for Three phase 3( ) 3 3
r l r
r l r
t
t
= = = =
If same power loss is tolerated in both system, three-phase system use
only 75% of materials of a single-phase system
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V
L
=840 V (Rms)
Capacitors for pf
Correction
I
L

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73650
50.68A
3 3840
Without Pf Correction
L
L
S
I
V
= = =
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Unbalanced Three Phase Systems
An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced voltage sources or unbalanced load.
In a unbalanced system the neutral current is NOT zero.
Unbalanced three phase Y connected load.
Line currents DO NOT add up to zero.
I
n
= -(I
a
+ I
b
+ I
c
) 0

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Three Phase Power Measurement
Two-meter method for measuring three-phase power
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Residential Wiring
Single phase three-wire residential wiring