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B ba bt kh thi
D tr ngoi hi
Bt c mt loi qu d tr no m c th c lu thng gia cc ngn hng trung ng ca cc nc vi nhau. D tr ngoi hi l mt hnh thc thanh ton c cc ngn hng ny chp nhn. D tr ngoi hi c th l vng, ngoi t nh la, euro, SDR IMF. SDR ( special drawing rights-quyn rt vn c bit) l mt hnh thc khc ca d tr ngoi hi, SDR c to ra bi IMF nhm b sung vo khong d tr ang hin hu ca cc nc thnh vin.
Duy tr tnh thanh khon ca th trng ngoi hi hn ch tc ng tiu cc trong trng hp xy ra khng hong ti chnh.
Duy tr lng tin v kh nng m bo thanh ton ngha v n nc ngoi ca nn kinh t, kh nng h tr gi tr ca ng ni t, th hin kh nng m bo ti chnh ca quc gia gp phn thu ht FDI v FII.
ng ni t ln gi-t gi gim hng ha trong nc tr nn t hn so vi hng nc ngoi mt kh nng cnh tranh vi hng ha nc ngoi
NHTW thng phi can thip bng cch mua ngoi t, lm tng d tr, (bm ni t vo lu thng)
NHTW cng phi thc hin OMO ht bt lng tin bm vo nn kinh t kim ch nguy c lm pht
NHTW cng phi sn sng bn ngoi t ra can thip khi c s rt vn t ca cc nh u t n nh th trng ngoi hi.
NHTW cc nc phi d tr mt lng ngoi t khng nh ngoi mc p ng cc nhu cu nhp khu theo thng l quc t
T l d tr ngoi hi/GDP ca cc nc cng nghip nhn chung l n nh, dao ng mc di 10% (68%) T l d tr ny ca cc nc ang pht trin tng t 5% n khong 25%. Khong 3/4 lng d tr ngoi hi ton cu l do cc nc ang pht trin nm gi. Hu ht s gia tng ny l chu , ni d tr tng t khong 5% nm 1980 ln khong 34% trong nm 2010 (33% ngay c sau khi tr Trung Quc). Nhng bin i mnh m nht th din ra Trung Quc, t l d tr / GDP tng t khong 1% trong nm 1980 ln n khong 48% vo nm 2010.
mt tm m
Cc quc gia Chu mi ni: Trung Quc, Hng Kong, indonesia, Hn Quc, Malaysia, Philippines, i Loan, Thi Lan Cc quc gia Chu M Latin mi ni: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela
Trc y d tr ngoi hi tng ln ch yu l do thng mi ( hot ng xut nhp khu ). GI y nhn t thng mi ngy cng gim dn v thay vo l nhn t ti chnh nh: Cc khon n c kh nng chuyn i thnh ngoi t ( nc ngoi mua li n trong nc). Mc m ca ti chnh ( mc dng vn trong nc v nc ngoi c t do ra vo). u t trc tip, gin tip
phiu nc ngoi).
vic theo ui t gi n nh hn c th lm tng s bin ng sn lng cho cc nn kinh t ang pht trin
nn kinh t th trng chu mi ni chp nhn mt chnh sch c s kt hp ca 3 chnh sch trong b ba bt kh thi vi lng d tr ngoi hi
2010
2011