GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

ERT 247

SITI KAMARIAH MD SAAT LECTURER SCHOOL OF BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING sitikamariah@unimap.edu.my

COURSE OBJECTIVES
CO1: Ability to APPLY concepts and principles of geodetics and PERFORM surveying tasks and procedures. CO2: Ability to COLLECT and ANALYZE data from various types of geodetics surveying. CO3: Ability to ANALYZE remote sensing process and component and DEDUCE data interpretation analysis. CO4: Ability to ANALYZE the concept, component and application of precision farming in agriculture and analysis the georeference using spatial information technologies (GIS and GPS)

TEXT BOOK
Kavanagh,B.(2009) Surveying Principles and Applications 8th Edition, Pearson Education, Inc.,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Lillesand, T.M., Kiefer,R.W and Chipman, J.W. (2007), Remote Sensing and Image Interpretations, John Wiley and Sons, New York

REFERENCE BOOKS
McCormack, J. (2004), Surveying, 5th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Uren,J and Price, W.F., (2006) Surveying for Engineers, 4th Ed.,Palgrave Macmillan,N.Y

TOPICS COVERED
PART 1
SURVEYING

PART 2
REMOTE SENSING & GIS

PART 1-SURVEYING
DISTANCE MEASUREMENT LEVELLING ANGLE AND MEASUREMENT TRAVERSE ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT (EDM) TACHEOMETRY CUT AND FILL

PART 2-REMOTE SENSING & GIS

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) REMOTE SENSING
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION SATELLITE AND SENSOR MICROWAVE & LIDAR SENSING IMAGE INTERPRETATION

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

GEOGRAPHIC DATA & DATABASE SPATIAL DATA

WHAT IS GEOMATICS?
The term Geomatics is an acronym formed by Geo that means the Earth, while the term matics refers to the information. Defined as a science, art and technology of determining the relative position above, on or beneath the earths surface, or establishing such points(Ghilani and Wolf,2008)

WHAT IS GEOMATICS?
The mathematics of the earth; the science of the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, especially instrumental data, relating to the earth's surface. (Oxford English Dictionary) Geomatics is a new term incorporating the older field of surveying.

WHAT IS SURVEYING?
The art and science of measuring angles, distances and positions (northing, easting and elevation), on or near the surface of the earth.

APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
The location of ground features are measured to prepare a map or plan of the area. Design features, shown on a map or plan, are located in the field by distance, angle and/or positioning measurements.

Topographical Map

Types of Survey
Plane surveying is that type of surveying in which the surface of the earth is considered to be a plane for all X and Y dimensions. Geodetic surveying is that type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be ellipsoidal for X and Y dimensions.

Classes of Surveys
Preliminary survey
Data gathering Geospatial data distances, position and angles Locate physical position- water boundaries, trees, roads, structure, property marker Determination of difference in elevation (vertical distance)

Layout survey
Marking on the ground wood stakes, iron bars, concrete monuments, nails, spikes, etc Property lines, engineering works (roads, pipelines, bridges) and construction surveying

Control survey
Use as reference both preliminary and layout survey. Horizontal and Vertical control (benchmarks)

What is benchmarks?
Benchmarks Permanent Points whose elevations above mean sea level have been carefully determined

 Topographic surveys
Preliminary surveynatural & manmade surface features of an area.

Surveying Fields

Hydrographic surveys
Preliminary surveyunderwater features to surface control points (shorelines, marine features, water depth)

Route surveys
Preliminary, layout and control survey for narrow-long strip of land (highway, railroads, electric transmission lines, channel)

Surveying Fields

Property surveys
Preliminary, layout and control survey involve in determine boundary location/laying out new property boundary

Construction surveys
Layout survey for engineering works

Final (as-built) surveys

Similar to preliminary survey Provide final record of constructed features has proceed according to design plan

Aerial surveys
Preliminary and final survey using aerial photography and imagery. Use of digital camera, lidar, radar

Surveying Instrumentation
Commonly used in field surveying are: 1. Satellite Positioning Receiver (GPS) 2. Total Station 3. Level & Rod 4. Theodolite 5. Steel Tape

Surveying Instrumentation (Pic)

Showing the collection, processing, analysis, design and plotting the geodata

Geomatics Data Model

Collection

Collection

Process
Analysis

Plotting

Plotting

Plotting

Surveying References
Geographic reference
Earth reference system denoted by geographic lines of latitude and longitude Latitude - run east/west (parallel to equator) Longitude run north/south converging at the pole Use in navigation and geodesy

Grid reference
Grid system for a states/province Ease of calculation (plane geometry) and availability datum for large area (thousand miles)

Surveying References
Legal reference
Township subdivide by section and ranges (lot) that unique numbered

Vertical reference
Can be reference to any datum. Datum most used are Mean Sea Level (MSL). MSL is assigned an elevation of 0 ft or 0 meter.

Geographical Coordinates

TOPIC 2 LINEAR MEASUREMENT (TAPING)

At the end of lecture, student are able to: APPLY principle of taping and taping methodology

Introduction
One of the fundamentals of surveying is the need to measure distance. Distances are not necessarily linear, especially if they occur on the spherical earth. In the present subject we will deal with distances in Euclidean (geometric) space, which we can consider a straight line from one point or feature to another.

Distance Measurements
Distance between two points can be horizontally, slope or vertically recorded in feet/meters. Horizontal and slope distance can be measured using fibreglass tape/steel tape/using electronic distance measuring device. Vertical distance can be measured using a tape, as in construction work, with a surveyors level and levelling rod.

 Three types of distance

Vertical Horizontal Slope

Slope, Vertical and Horizontal Distances

Units of Measurement
Linear Measurement 1 kilometer 1 meter 1 centimeter 1 decimeter 1 hectare (ha) 1 square kilometer 1 acres (ac) Metric Unit 1000 meter 100 centimeter 10 milimeter 10 centimeter 10,000 m2 1,000,000 m2 100 hectares 100 m2

Units of Measurement
Foot to metric conversion 1 ft 1 inch 1 ha 0.3048 m 25.4 mm 2.471 ac

0.62137 miles 1 km
1 mile = 5.280 ft 1 foot = 12 inches

Accuracy & Precision

Accuracy
The relationship between the value of measurement and and the true value Degree of perfection obtained in measurement

Accuracy & Precision

Precision
Refinement of the measuring process and ability to repeat the same measurement with consistency small variation in the measurements (no large discrepancies) The closeness of one measurement to another If a quantity is measured several times and the values obtained are very closed to each other, the precision is said to be high.

Accuracy & Precision

Types of errors
Blunders mistakes and gross errors Systematic errors repeated size and sign affect accuracy Random errors small and usually undetectable (noise) affect precision
These error types apply to any measuremen t technique used in surveying

Errors
No measurement can be free from error. For calculating error, the true value determined statistically after repeated measurement.

Errors
Systematic errors are those errors whose magnitude and algebraic sign can be determined.
Eg: Effect of temperature, wind and magneticvariation on steel tape

Errors
Random errors are associated with the skill and vigilance (observation) of the surveyor.
No surveyor/human being has perfect sense of sight and touch.

Errors
To reduce mistakes:
All survey measurement are suspect until verified (repeating the measurement/ trigonometric analysis) Every measurement is immediately checked/repeated.

Distance measuring equipment and typical accuracies

Pacing (1:50 to 1:100) Optical range finder (1:50 to 1:150) Trundle wheel equipped with odometer(1:200) Stadia tacheometry (1:500)

Distance measuring equipment and typical accuracies

Subtense bar (1:3000) Taping or chaining (1:5000 to 10,000) Electronic distance measurement (EDM) (1:50,000) +- (1mm+1ppm) to (10mm+5ppm)

Distance measuring equipment

Some things to note

Equipment is fairly cheap (except EDM) Equipment is easy to maintain and adjust () Distances are easy to measure Very accurate results can be achieved Measurement line needs to be unobstructed Errors occur and need to be managed or minimised

Taping (or chaining)

Taping is applied to measurement with a steel tape or synthetic tape (plastic or fiberglass). All standard in lengths
100 m, 50m, 30 m, 20 m.

It is fairly quick, easy and cheap, and hence is the most common form of distance measurement.

Taping (or chaining)

Unfortunately, taping is prone to errors and mistakes. For high accuracy, steel tape should be used which is graduated in mm and calibrated under standard temp (20 degree) and tension (5kg). Be careful, easily break. Synthetic tape is more flexible graduated in 10mm

Taping

Taping Accessories
Plumb bob Hand level Clinometer Range pole Tension handle

Accessories

Hand Level

Abney Clinometer

Use of a Steel Tape and Plumb Bob

Horizontal Taping Using a Plumb Bob

Horizontal Taping Using Plumb Bobs

Taping procedures
Tape must always be straight Tape must not be twisted Use chaining arrows for intermediate points Tape horizontally if possible Tape on the ground if possible Slope taping needs to be reduced Catenary taping requires correction Step taping suits some applications

Tape must be straight

obstruction

measured distance required distance

Length AB = 4 x Full tape distance + 1 Short section REMEMBER ! It works only on smooth ground or uniform slope surfaces

Use chaining arrows

measured distance required distance

Taping Correction
Typical taping error: Systematic Taping Errors
1. Slope 2. Erroneous length 3. Temperature 4. Tension & Sag

Random Taping Error

1. Slope 2. Temperature 3. Tension and Sag 4. Alignment 5. Marking & Plumbing

Taping Corrections
For synthetic tapes, only Erroneous Tape Length and Slope corrections will be applied The best accuracy that can be achieved is the order of 1:1000

Taping Corrections
When using steel tapes, if only Erroneous Tape Length and slope corrections are considered, the best possible accuracy that can be obtained in the range 1:5000. If tension and temperature are added into consideration, accuracy can be increased to better than 1:10000 ~ 1: 20000 Sag only applies if tape is supported only at ends

Standard Conditions for Steel Tape Use (Metric)

30.000 m tape - Temperature = 20 C
- Tape fully supported - Tension = 50 Newtons (11.24lbs)

Specifications for 1:5,000 Accuracy

Erroneous Tape Length

Tape has a nominal length under certain conditions, a tape stretches with time. Standardisation needs to be carried out frequently by using reference tape or baseline.
L' L x measured length assumed length

where L correctionper tape length L' Total correction

Tension Correction
A tape is a given length when pulled with a certain tension. If the tension changes then so does the tape length.
( P Ps) L Cp AE

Where

Cp= correction due to tension per tape length P = applied tension Ps=Satndard tension A = Cross Sectional Area E = Average modulus of elasticity of steel tape L = length of tape under consideration

Sag Correction
If a tape has been standardized while fully supported and is being used without full support, an error called sag occur. 2

W L Cs 24 P 2

Where
Cs= sag correction per tape length W=weight of tape P=Applied tension L= Length of tape

Temperature correction
Ct = kTL
where : Ct is the corrected distance L is the measured distance c = 1.15 x 10-5 m/oC (for a steel band) T = Tactual - Tstandard

Slope correction
For Or. example : = 30.589 s =s30.589 m m q = 2.5o H = 1.334 m H = 1.334 m then then h = (30.5892 - 1.3342)1/2 = 30.589 h =h30.560 m cos(2.5) h = 30.560 m

q horizontal distance = h
To calculate the horizontal distance : h = s cosq or h = (s2 - H2)1/2

Step taping

required (horizontal) distance

Catenary taping

required distance measured distance required distance

Catenary (sag) error

A suspended tape will measure too long (Mg )2 L3 L L cos2 24T 2
where : M is the mass per unit length (0.011 kg/metre) g is gravity (9.8 metre/sec2) T is the tension (50 Newton) is the slope angle

Exercise