Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ECM 754/752
multidisciplinary teams.
Practice with professional ethics.
COURSE
OBJECTIVES (COs)
CO1: Acquire and apply the design concrete mixes considering design criteria and suitability factors (-PO1).
CO2:
Demonstrate ability to solve the problem related concrete material specification and testing conformance to relevant standards for concrete (-PO2).
COURSE
CO3:
OBJECTIVES (COs)(Contd)
Think critically on monitoring and assessment on concrete structures (-PO1). Apply the advanced knowledge of science, engineering and or technology on material specification, testing, monitoring, maintenance and repair of deteriorated concrete structures (-PO1).
CO4:
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
Hydration of Cement
todays
After todays lecture, the student will be able to understand and acquire knowledge on the constituent of concrete and how the chemical and physical properties of those constituent will affect the quality or properties of concrete produced (CO2-PO2) .
Advantages of concrete
Economic Possess high compressive strength High corrosive and weathering effects resistance Can easily be moulded into any shape or size Has equal coefficient thermal expansion with steel Can be sprayed on and filled into fine cracks Durable and fire resistant Can be pumped and can be laid in the difficult positions.
Disadvantages of concrete
Low in tensile strength and cracks easily. Shrinks on drying and expand on
wetting/changes in temperature. Not entirely impervious to moisture and salt solutions. Liable to disintegrate by alkali and sulphate attack. Lack of ductility. Undergoes creep resulting reduction of prestress in the pre-stressed concrete.
Constituents of concrete :
Mixture of aggregate and paste Paste 30% to 40 % - Portland cement 7% to 15% - Water 14% to 21% Aggregates 60% to 70% - Coarse aggregate - Fine aggregate
Aggregate are :
Cheap fillers Hard material Provide for volume stability Reduce volume changes Provide abrasion resistance
Cement are :
dry powder of very fine particles
forms a paste when mixed with water chemical reaction especially hydration paste coats all the aggregates together hardens and forms a solid mass.
Portland Cement
can be described as a material with adhesive
and cohesive properties which make it capable of bonding mineral fragments into a compact hole.
Why Portland resemble the colour and quality to Portland stone a limestone quarried in Dorset.
Modern cement commissioned in 1756 by John Smeaton understand the chemical properties of lime by burning a mixture of clay and lime. James Parker and Joseph Aspdin in 1824 patented Portland Cement. Prototyped by Issac Johnson in 1845.
Modern cement commissioned in 1756 by John Smeaton understand the chemical properties of lime by burning a mixture of clay and lime. James Parker and Joseph Aspdin in 1824 patented Portland Cement. Prototyped by Issac Johnson in 1845.
Main Types of
British Description Ordinary Portland Modified Cement
Portland Cement
ASTM Description Type 1 Type II Type III Type IV Type V
Types of cement
Portland cement Slag cements High alumina, BS 915
Main Types
Ordinary, BS 12 Rapid hardening, BS 12 Sulphate Resistance, BS 4027
Others
Extra Rapid hardening Ultra Rapid hardening
Portland Blastfurnace, BS 146 Low heat Portland Blastfurnace, BS 4246 Super sulphated BS 4248
Pozzolanic
CaO
SiO2
Fe2O3
C3S
C2S
C4AF
MAIN
COMPOUNDS
Oxide Composition Abbreviation
Name of Compound
Tetracalcium aluminoferrite
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3
C4AF
HYDRATION
OF CEMENT
Hydration Hydrolysis
HEAT OF LIBERATION
Contribution of the compound to the strength development and heatContributes hydration C3S to early and later strength
C2S C3A C4AF development. It contributes to heat hydration. Contributes to later strength but does not contribute to heat of hydration. Does not contribute to early and later strength but contribute to heat hydration. Does not contribute to early and later strength and does not contribute to heat hydration.
Aggregates
describe the gravels, crushed stones and
other materials which are mixed with cement and water to make concrete.
form about 75% of the volume of concrete
MS
30 : 1995 29 : 1995
Description
Testing aggregates Spec. for aggregates from natural sources for concrete Spec. for lightweight aggregates for masonry units and structural concrete Spec. for test sieve
Classification of Aggregate
Types of Aggregate
Heavy Aggregate Normal Aggregates Lightweight Aggregates
Natural Aggregates
Artificial Aggregates
Natural Aggregates
Artificial Aggregates
Crushed rock
between about 2.5 and 3.0 and a bulk density in the range 1, 450 to 1,750 kg/m3.
Can coarse or fine aggregate.
Coarse aggregate
are materials retained on 5 mm BS
Fine Aggregate
is a material which passed through a 5 mm BS 410 test sieve. Sand is generally considered to have a lower size limit of about 0.07 mm, material between 0.06 mm and 0.002 mm is classified as silt, and smaller particles are called clay.
having high specific gravity ranges from 2.8 to 2.9 and bulk density from 2,800 to 2,900 kg/m3.
i.e magnetite, hematite and barytes. are not suitably graded.
Lightweight aggregate
a particle density of less than 2,000 kg/m3. subdivided into two groups :
- natural i.e (pumice, foamed lava, porous limestone) - artificial i.e (fly ash, steel slag, sintered slate)
Strength Deformation/modulus of elasticity Toughness Hardness Volume change Porosity Relative density
Strength of Aggregate
Commonly the strength of aggregate is in the range of 70 to 360 N/mm2. Igneous rock are much stronger than sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Deformation/Modulus of Elasticity
Can be determined by running the compression test on specimen from the parent rock.
Modulus of elasticity of concrete increases with the increase of aggregate modulus.
Toughness of Aggregate
Defined as resistance to failure by impact. Determined by Aggregate Impact Test. Important for concrete used in road pavement.
Hardness
defined as resistance of an aggregate to wear, load or applied pressure. determined by an abrasion test. important for concrete used in road pavement
Volume Change
Relative Density
it is defined as the ratio of the aggregates unit weight to that of water mix design. it is important factor affecting the density of the resulting concrete.
Porosity of aggregate
porosity of aggregate contributes to the overall porosity of concrete. Porosity = 100 WGs / (W+100) % where : W is the water absorption (%) Gs is the specific gravity on SSD
Shape and surface texture of aggregates can affect the properties of concrete. The external characteristics can be assessed by observation.
Rounded
Fully water-worn or completely shaped by attrition Naturally irregular or partly shaped by attrition and having rounded edges Material which the thickness is small relative to the other two dimensions
River or seashore gravel, desert, seashore and windblown sand. Other gravels, land or dug flint
Irregular
Flaky
Laminated rock
Description
Possessing well-defined edges formed at the intersection of roughly planar faces Material usually angular, in which the length is considerably larger than the other two dimensions Material having the length considerably larger than the width, considerably larger than the thickness
Shape
Crushed rocks of all types, talus, crushed slag. -
Elongated
Smooth
Water-worn, or smooth due to the fracture of laminated or fine-grained rock Fracture showing more or less uniform rounded grains
Granular
Sandstones, oolite
Water absorption of aggregate as the weight of water absorbed by an oven dry aggregate in reaching the saturated and surface dry condition. is expressed as percentage of the weight of the dry aggregate.
it is determined by measuring the increase in weight of an oven dry sample immersed in water for 24 hours and weighed at a saturated and surface dry condition.
Moisture content
is expressed as a percentage of the weight increased of the saturated surface dry aggregate. water absorption represent the water contained in the aggregate in the SSD condition.
Moisture content
moisture content is the water in excess of that, the total water content of a moist aggregate is equal to the sum of absorption and moisture content.
Grading of aggregate
can have considerable effect on the workability and stability of concrete mix.
The particle size distribution of aggregate should be such that the smaller particles fill the voids between the larger particles.
Uneconomic
Lower than the specified grading curve, the aggregate is coarser and segregation of mix might take place.
Lies well above the specified curve, the aggregate is finer and more water will be required, thus increasing the cement content.
is steeper than the specified, it indicates an excess of middle-size particles and leads to harsh mix.
is flatter than the specified grading curve, the aggregate will be deficient in middle size particles.
Durability of Aggregate
Soundness of Aggregate Alkali-aggregate reaction Thermal properties Deleterious substance (clay, silt, decayed vegetable, salt, unsound particles, etc.)
Admixtures
as materials or substances other than aggregates, cement and water which are added to the concrete batch immediately before or during mixing.
it is used to modify or improve one or more of its properties in the plastic or hardened state.
Types of admixture
Chemical
admixtures
retarders delay the setting and hardening of concrete. it is used in hot weather concreting.
calcium sulphate (gypsum) is added during the manufacture of cement to retard the setting.
calcium chloride.
The disadvantages of using accelerators is
It is used to increase the workability of concrete without increasing water content. A typical water reducing admixture is made from the metallic salts, lignosulphonic acids, carbohydrates and organic acids.
used to entrain air in the form of very small disconnected air bubbles in concrete. It increases the workability and decreases the bleeding and seggregation. It improves the resistance of concrete to frost under cold climatic conditions.
Mineral
fly ash
admixtures
Other
admixtures
curing agent
HOMEWORK
Search the standard procedures to conduct AIV, ACV and ten percent fine tests to determine the strength of aggregate. a. Briefly elaborate the procedures. b. Compare and contrast the three(3) tests.