You are on page 1of 74

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (CONSTRUCTION)

QUALITY CONTROL, ASSURANCE AND MONITORING OF CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION

ECM 754/752

DR. HAMIDAH MOHD. SAMAN


TEL : 03 5543 6432 (OFFICE) 019 236 1274 (H/P) 03 5511 5153 (HOUSE) FAX : 03 5543 5275 Email : hmohdsaman@yahoo.com OR hamid929@salam.uitm.edu.my OFFICE : LEVEL 17, COMPLEX S & T

PROG EDUCATIONAL OBJ. (PEO)


Having the ability to apply the advanced

concepts in design related to specialised field in civil engineering.


Having the ability to lead and coordinate

multidisciplinary teams.
Practice with professional ethics.

COURSE

OBJECTIVES (COs)

After taking the course, the student should be able to :

CO1: Acquire and apply the design concrete mixes considering design criteria and suitability factors (-PO1).

CO2:

Demonstrate ability to solve the problem related concrete material specification and testing conformance to relevant standards for concrete (-PO2).

COURSE
CO3:

OBJECTIVES (COs)(Contd)
Think critically on monitoring and assessment on concrete structures (-PO1). Apply the advanced knowledge of science, engineering and or technology on material specification, testing, monitoring, maintenance and repair of deteriorated concrete structures (-PO1).

CO4:

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)


PO1 : Ability to think critically and apply the advanced knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering and technology. PO2 : Ability to solve engineering problems through independent research, and effectively communicate the results multidisciplinary teams.

CONCRETE

CONSTRUCTION

Concrete Material Concrete Construction

This 3 hour lecture will cover :


Introduction to concrete as a construction material.
Constituent of concrete

Hydration of Cement

Learning outcomes of lecture

todays

After todays lecture, the student will be able to understand and acquire knowledge on the constituent of concrete and how the chemical and physical properties of those constituent will affect the quality or properties of concrete produced (CO2-PO2) .

Advantages of concrete

Economic Possess high compressive strength High corrosive and weathering effects resistance Can easily be moulded into any shape or size Has equal coefficient thermal expansion with steel Can be sprayed on and filled into fine cracks Durable and fire resistant Can be pumped and can be laid in the difficult positions.

Disadvantages of concrete
Low in tensile strength and cracks easily. Shrinks on drying and expand on

wetting/changes in temperature. Not entirely impervious to moisture and salt solutions. Liable to disintegrate by alkali and sulphate attack. Lack of ductility. Undergoes creep resulting reduction of prestress in the pre-stressed concrete.

Constituents of concrete :
Mixture of aggregate and paste Paste 30% to 40 % - Portland cement 7% to 15% - Water 14% to 21% Aggregates 60% to 70% - Coarse aggregate - Fine aggregate

Aggregate are :

Cheap fillers Hard material Provide for volume stability Reduce volume changes Provide abrasion resistance

Cement are :
dry powder of very fine particles

forms a paste when mixed with water chemical reaction especially hydration paste coats all the aggregates together hardens and forms a solid mass.

Water is need for two purposes :

chemical reaction with cement (hydration) workability

Portland Cement
can be described as a material with adhesive

and cohesive properties which make it capable of bonding mineral fragments into a compact hole.
Why Portland resemble the colour and quality to Portland stone a limestone quarried in Dorset.

History of cement development

Modern cement commissioned in 1756 by John Smeaton understand the chemical properties of lime by burning a mixture of clay and lime. James Parker and Joseph Aspdin in 1824 patented Portland Cement. Prototyped by Issac Johnson in 1845.

Historical development (contd)

Modern cement commissioned in 1756 by John Smeaton understand the chemical properties of lime by burning a mixture of clay and lime. James Parker and Joseph Aspdin in 1824 patented Portland Cement. Prototyped by Issac Johnson in 1845.

Main Types of
British Description Ordinary Portland Modified Cement

Portland Cement
ASTM Description Type 1 Type II Type III Type IV Type V

Rapid Hardening Portland Low Heat Portland Sulphate Resistance Portland

Extra Rapid Hardening Portland

Not in ASTM Description

Types of cement
Portland cement Slag cements High alumina, BS 915

Main Types
Ordinary, BS 12 Rapid hardening, BS 12 Sulphate Resistance, BS 4027

Others
Extra Rapid hardening Ultra Rapid hardening

Portland Blastfurnace, BS 146 Low heat Portland Blastfurnace, BS 4246 Super sulphated BS 4248

Pozzolanic

Low Heat, BS 1370


White and coloured, BS 12 Hydrphobic

Waterproof and water repellent


Air entraining

Schematic representation of the formation and hydration of Portland Cement


O2 Si Component Elements Ca Al Fe Component Oxide Al2O3 Cement Compounds C3 A Portland Cements

CaO

SiO2

Fe2O3

C3S

C2S

C4AF

Various types of Portland cement


Hydration Products Calcium-silicate hydrated gel Ca(OH)2

Matured paste with w/c = 0.5 and capillary cavities 20%

Matured paste with w/c = 0.3 and capillary cavities 7 %

OXIDE COMPOSITION OF CEMENT

MAIN

COMPOUNDS
Oxide Composition Abbreviation

Name of Compound

Tricalcium silicate Dicalcium silicate Tricalcium aluminate

3CaO.SiO2 2CaO.SiO2 3CaO.Al2O3

C3S C2S C3A

Tetracalcium aluminoferrite

4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3

C4AF

HYDRATION

OF CEMENT

The reactions of which Portland cement

becomes a bonding agent take place in a watercement paste.


In the presence of water, the silicates and aluminates in cement form products of hydration which in time produce a firm and hard

mass the hydrated cement paste.

TWO MECHANISMS OF HYDRATION OF CEMENT


Hydration Hydrolysis

DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH OF COMPOUNDS

HEAT OF LIBERATION

Contribution of the compound to the strength development and heatContributes hydration C3S to early and later strength
C2S C3A C4AF development. It contributes to heat hydration. Contributes to later strength but does not contribute to heat of hydration. Does not contribute to early and later strength but contribute to heat hydration. Does not contribute to early and later strength and does not contribute to heat hydration.

Aggregates
describe the gravels, crushed stones and

other materials which are mixed with cement and water to make concrete.
form about 75% of the volume of concrete

therefore the selection of suitable aggregate is important.

Standards related to aggregate


BS
812 882 : 1992 3797 : 1990 410 : 1986

MS
30 : 1995 29 : 1995

Description
Testing aggregates Spec. for aggregates from natural sources for concrete Spec. for lightweight aggregates for masonry units and structural concrete Spec. for test sieve

Classification of Aggregate
Types of Aggregate
Heavy Aggregate Normal Aggregates Lightweight Aggregates

Natural Aggregates

Artificial Aggregates

Natural Aggregates

Artificial Aggregates

Crushed rock

Sand and Gravel

Normal Density Aggregate


Aggregate having a specific gravity

between about 2.5 and 3.0 and a bulk density in the range 1, 450 to 1,750 kg/m3.
Can coarse or fine aggregate.

Normal density aggregate can be classified as :

Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate

Coarse aggregate
are materials retained on 5 mm BS

410 test sieve.


can be classified into three

categories : - uncrushed - crushed

Fine Aggregate
is a material which passed through a 5 mm BS 410 test sieve. Sand is generally considered to have a lower size limit of about 0.07 mm, material between 0.06 mm and 0.002 mm is classified as silt, and smaller particles are called clay.

Heavy/High Density Aggregate

having high specific gravity ranges from 2.8 to 2.9 and bulk density from 2,800 to 2,900 kg/m3.
i.e magnetite, hematite and barytes. are not suitably graded.

Lightweight aggregate
a particle density of less than 2,000 kg/m3. subdivided into two groups :

- natural i.e (pumice, foamed lava, porous limestone) - artificial i.e (fly ash, steel slag, sintered slate)

Physical Properties of Aggregate

Strength Deformation/modulus of elasticity Toughness Hardness Volume change Porosity Relative density

Strength of Aggregate

Commonly the strength of aggregate is in the range of 70 to 360 N/mm2. Igneous rock are much stronger than sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

Strength of Aggregate (contd)


The strength can be determined by :

Aggregate crushing value (ACV) Aggregate impact value (AIV)

Ten percent fines value

Deformation/Modulus of Elasticity

Can be determined by running the compression test on specimen from the parent rock.
Modulus of elasticity of concrete increases with the increase of aggregate modulus.

Toughness of Aggregate

Defined as resistance to failure by impact. Determined by Aggregate Impact Test. Important for concrete used in road pavement.

Hardness

defined as resistance of an aggregate to wear, load or applied pressure. determined by an abrasion test. important for concrete used in road pavement

Volume Change

change in the volume of the aggregate.


it is due to moisture movements in aggregates. may result in a considerable shrinkage of the concrete.

Relative Density

it is defined as the ratio of the aggregates unit weight to that of water mix design. it is important factor affecting the density of the resulting concrete.

Porosity of aggregate

porosity of aggregate contributes to the overall porosity of concrete. Porosity = 100 WGs / (W+100) % where : W is the water absorption (%) Gs is the specific gravity on SSD

Shape and Surface Texture

Shape and surface texture of aggregates can affect the properties of concrete. The external characteristics can be assessed by observation.

Particle Shape Classification (BS 812 : Part 1 : 1975)


Classification Description Shapes

Rounded

Fully water-worn or completely shaped by attrition Naturally irregular or partly shaped by attrition and having rounded edges Material which the thickness is small relative to the other two dimensions

River or seashore gravel, desert, seashore and windblown sand. Other gravels, land or dug flint

Irregular

Flaky

Laminated rock

Particle Shape Classification (contd) (BS 812 : Part 1 : 1975)


Classification
Angular

Description
Possessing well-defined edges formed at the intersection of roughly planar faces Material usually angular, in which the length is considerably larger than the other two dimensions Material having the length considerably larger than the width, considerably larger than the thickness

Shape
Crushed rocks of all types, talus, crushed slag. -

Elongated

Flaky and elongated

Source : Neville, A.M. (2002). Properties of Concrete, Prentice Hall,

Surface Texture of Aggregates


Classification Glassy Description Conchoidal Fracture Examples Black Flint, Vitreous Slag Gravels, chert, slate, marble, some rhyolites

Smooth

Water-worn, or smooth due to the fracture of laminated or fine-grained rock Fracture showing more or less uniform rounded grains

Granular

Sandstones, oolite

Source : Neville, A.M. (2002). Properties of Concrete, Prentice Hall, England

Water Absorption of Aggregate (BS 812, ASTM C 127, EN 1097-6)

Water absorption of aggregate as the weight of water absorbed by an oven dry aggregate in reaching the saturated and surface dry condition. is expressed as percentage of the weight of the dry aggregate.

Water Absorption of Aggregate (contd)

it is determined by measuring the increase in weight of an oven dry sample immersed in water for 24 hours and weighed at a saturated and surface dry condition.

Moisture content

is expressed as a percentage of the weight increased of the saturated surface dry aggregate. water absorption represent the water contained in the aggregate in the SSD condition.

Moisture content

moisture content is the water in excess of that, the total water content of a moist aggregate is equal to the sum of absorption and moisture content.

Four (4) conditions of moisture content


Wet and damp Moisture Air dry

Aggregate Saturated and surface dry Oven dry or bone dry

Grading of aggregate

can have considerable effect on the workability and stability of concrete mix.
The particle size distribution of aggregate should be such that the smaller particles fill the voids between the larger particles.

Particle size distribution

Unpacked and loose

Uneconomic

Dense and strong

Grading curve (derived from BS 882)

What happen if the grading curve

Lower than the specified grading curve, the aggregate is coarser and segregation of mix might take place.
Lies well above the specified curve, the aggregate is finer and more water will be required, thus increasing the cement content.

What happen if the grading curve . (contd)

is steeper than the specified, it indicates an excess of middle-size particles and leads to harsh mix.
is flatter than the specified grading curve, the aggregate will be deficient in middle size particles.

Durability of Aggregate

Soundness of Aggregate Alkali-aggregate reaction Thermal properties Deleterious substance (clay, silt, decayed vegetable, salt, unsound particles, etc.)

Admixtures

as materials or substances other than aggregates, cement and water which are added to the concrete batch immediately before or during mixing.
it is used to modify or improve one or more of its properties in the plastic or hardened state.

Types of admixture

Chemical Admixtures Mineral Admixtures Bonding Admixtures Water-Repellent Admixtures

Chemical

admixtures

Retarders Accelerators Water reducers or plasticisers Air entraining

Chemical admixtures (Retarders)

retarders delay the setting and hardening of concrete. it is used in hot weather concreting.
calcium sulphate (gypsum) is added during the manufacture of cement to retard the setting.

Chemical admixtures (Accelerator)


The chemicals used to accelerate the setting

and hardening of concrete.


The most commonly used accelerator is

calcium chloride.
The disadvantages of using accelerators is

that it may lead to corrosion of steel reinforcement.

Effect of Accelerator on the compressive strength

Chemical admixtures (Water Reducers or Plasticisers)

It is used to increase the workability of concrete without increasing water content. A typical water reducing admixture is made from the metallic salts, lignosulphonic acids, carbohydrates and organic acids.

Chemical admixtures (Superplasticisers)


will impart very high workability or allows a large decrease in water content for a given workability. as a means of producing flowing concrete without undesirable seggregation. useful to place concrete where the reinforcement is heavily congested.

Chemical admixtures (Air entrained)

used to entrain air in the form of very small disconnected air bubbles in concrete. It increases the workability and decreases the bleeding and seggregation. It improves the resistance of concrete to frost under cold climatic conditions.

Mineral
fly ash

admixtures

silica fume slag

Other

admixtures

bonding admixture water-repellent admixtures

curing agent

HOMEWORK
Search the standard procedures to conduct AIV, ACV and ten percent fine tests to determine the strength of aggregate. a. Briefly elaborate the procedures. b. Compare and contrast the three(3) tests.

You might also like