IMMUNITY

Ability of a body to resist almost all types of organisms or

toxins that tends to damage the body is called immunity.

2 TYPES
Innate Immunity.

Acquired Immunity.
1) Innate Immunity:

a)
b) c)

d)

Non-specific No memory Host defense by barriers such as: Phagocytosis by WBCs Killing of swallowed organisms by secretions of stomach By complement complex By Natural killer cells

e) Elevates body temperature that retards bacterial growth

Initiates inflammatory response that limits spreads of organism Interferons: inhibits viral replication & multiplication
2) Acquired Immunity: 2 types : a) Humoral immunity or B-cell immunity b) Cell-mediated immunity or T-cell immunity a) Humoral Immunity or B-cell immunity: Antibodies are formed in response to antigen released by the foreign invader The B-lymphocyte are located in lymph nodes & lymphoid tissue such as spleen, sub-mucosal areas of GIT & bone marrow

These specific location are important because it prevents the

spread of infections The B cells are derived from PHSC cells of bone marrow. These B-cells are Pre-processed in bone marrow & liver & gives rise to antibodies These B lymphocytes gives rise to milions of different types of antibodies CLONES OF LYPHOCYTES Each B cell when stimulated by antigens , forms multiple specific antibodies of the same type This is known as clone of lymphocytes

Mechanism of action of clone of lymphocytes:

Each B-cell is stimulated by specific type of antigen , because

its surface contains receptors for a specific type of antigen

ROLE OF MACROPHAGE IN ACTIVATION PROCESS Present in lymphoid tissue provides first line of defense against

organisms They Phagocytize organisms, releases its antigen & presents it to B cell leading to its activation Also releases Interleukin I , which further promotes still further growth & differentiation of specific lympohocyte Macrophage participate both in innate & acquired immunity In innate immunity it kills the organism & Presents this antigen to T lymphocyte which is the first strep in the activation of acquired immunity

Formation of antibodies in Humoral immunity The B-lymphocyte remain dormant in lymphoid tissue unless they are exposed to antigen the B-lymphocytes are activated by 2 processes. 1) The macrophage phagocytize the organism & presents its antigen to B-cell & leads to its activation 2) This antigen is also present to T-cell & causes formation of Helper T cell which further activates the B-cell.

STEPS IN FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES

lymphoblast

plasma blast

Memory cell

Plasma cell

Antibodies (secreted into the blood)

Memory cells Difference B/W Primary & Secondary response Some B-lymphocytes after its formation forms antibodies Whereas, some B-cells do not form antibodies , but gives rise to B-lymphocyte similar to original clone. These lymphocytes are called Memory cells. They remain dormant until they are activated by new quantity of same antigen When these memory cells are stimulated by second exposure of the same antigen , they give rise to more potent antibodies This is known as Secondary Response in contrast to primary response that cause formation of antibodies on first exposure of the same antigen

Difference B/W Primary & Secondary Response Primary Response Appearance is delayed On exposure to antigen Less potent Form antibodies for Few weeks Secondary Response appearance is rapid More Potent form antibodies for several months

This increased potency & duration forms basis of immunization in which an antigen is injected in multiple doses for period of weeks or months

ANTIBODIES Antibodies or Immunoglobin reacts specifically with the antigen that stimulate their production Consists of 20% of plasma proteins. Blood contains 3 types of globulin, , & globulin. They are globulin. MW is 160,000- 970,000. Five types, IgM, IgG, IgA , IgD & IgE Each antibody is mad up of 2 heavy & 2 light chain These heavy & light chain are divided into 2 regions i.e., variable & constant region. The variable are responsible for antigen binding site. Whereas, constant region are responsible for complement activation & binding to cell-surface receptor

CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES 5 classes 1) IgM: main antibody produced in Primary response Do not cross the placenta Important in defense against virus & bacterias. Causes agglitination, complement fixation Can be produced bt foetus in ceratin infections

2) IgG: Main antibody produced in secondary response Crosses the placenta, therefore most abundant andibody in new borns Can opsonize i.e. enhance phagocytosis Activate complement which enhances bacterial killing & neutralization of toxins

3) IgA: present in secretions such as clostrum, saliva, tears, respiratory tract, genital tract & G.I tract secretions 4) IgD: has no known functions Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens.It has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors. 4) IgE: Causes hypersensitivity reactions by causing release of mediators from mast cells & basophils upon exposure to antigen Doesnot activate complement & does not crosses the placenta Also protects against parasitic worms

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIBODIES Protects the body against foreigner by 2 ways: 1) By direct attack on bacteria: antibodies inactiavtes the foreign invader by following mechanism 2) By activation of complement system 1) Agglutination: bacteria & virus with antigen on their surface are bound together to form clump 2) Precipitation: antibodies forms complex with antigen & makes them insoluble 3) Neutralization: 4) Lysis:

2) Complement system: The cell killing effect of innate & acquired immunity are mediated by system of more than 30 plasma proteins called complement system . The complement system is made up of a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one another to opsonize pathogens and induce a series of inflammatory responses that help to fight infection they enhanced the effect of antibodies 3 different pathways or enzyme cascades activates the system: 1) classic pathway: triggered by immune complex 2) mannose binding lectin pathway: triggered when lectin binds with mannose group of bacteria. 3) Alternative pathway: triggered by contact with various , bacteria, fungi & tumor cells. They help in killing the organism by opsonization, chemotaxis & evantually lysis of the cell.

T-LYMPHOCYTE SYSTEM CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY The T-lymphocyte are derived from PHSC cell of bone marrow These T-lymphocytes are migrated to thymus for proliferation. 3 types 1) helper T cell 2) cytotoxic T cell 3) supressor T cell

1) Helper T cell: Main regulator of immune system Express CD4 receptor Release mediators called lymphokines

Interleukin 2: activates other helper T cells & cytotoxic T cell

IL 4 & IL5: stimulates B cell to produce antibodies.

IL 3 promotes growth & differentiation of bone marrow stem

cell Releases GMCSF ; promotes growth of granulocyte & monocyte & enhance their phagocytic property Releases gamma interferron which enhance phagocytic activity of macrophage

Cytotoxic T cell:

Kills the microorganism

Express CD8 receptor during their proliferation in thymus Bind with microorganism secrete hole forming proteins called

perforins that makes hole in membrane , secretes cytoxic substances results in cell swelling & burst
Supressor T cell: