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Ngoc Thuan Le
Need for advanced wastewater treatment
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Technologies used for advanced treatment
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Depth filtration Surface filtration
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1. Removal of dissolved organic constituents (total organic carbon,
refractory organic, volatile organic compounds)
• Carbon adsorption
• Reverse osmosis
• Chemical precipitation
• Chemical oxidation
• Advanced chemical oxidation
• Electrodialysis
• Distillation
3. Removal of dissolved inorganic constituents (ammonia, nitrate,
nitrite, phosphorus, total dissolved solids)
• Chemical precipitation
• Ion exchange
• Ultrafiltration
• Reverse osmosis
• Electrodialysis
• Distillation
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4. Removal of biological constituents (bacteria, protozoan cysts
and oocysts, viruses)
• Depth filtration
• Micro and ultrafiltration
• Reverse osmosis
• Electrodialysis
• Distillation
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Introduction to depth filtration
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Particle removal
mechanisms
a. By straining a. By adhesion
c. By interception
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Available filtration technologies
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Synthetic-medium filter High pressure filter
A large size sand diameter is used in the first filter to increase the contact time and to
minimize clogging
A smaller sand size is used in the second filter to remove residual particles from the
first stage filter
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Effluent filtration with chemical addition
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Surface filtration
Materials: woven metal fabrics, cloth fabrics of different weaves, and variety of synthetic
materials
Surface filters have openings in size range from 10 to 30µm. In membrane filters the pore
size can vary from 0.0001 to 1.0µm
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Membrane filtration
Membrance Membrane Typical Operating Typical Permeate Typical constituents
process driving force separation structure operating description removed
mechanism (pore size) range, µm
Microfiltration Hydrostatic sieve Macropore 0.08-2.0 Water+dissolved TSS, turbidity, protozoan,
pressure difference s (>50nm) solutes some bacteria and viruses
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Reverse osmosis (RO)
• When two solutions having different solute concentrations are separated by
a semi permeable membrane, a difference in chemical potential will exist
across the membrane
• RO is used for the removal of dissolved constituents from the wastewater
remaining after advanced treatment with depth filtration of microfiltration.
a. Osmotic flow
b. Osmotic equilibrium
c. Reverse osmosis
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Electrodialysis (ED)
• In the electrodialysis process, ionic components of a solution are separated
through the use of semipereable ion-selective membrane
• The current required for electrodialysis can be estimated by Faraday’s Laws of
electrolysis
FQNŋ
I=
nEc
Where:
I = current, amp
F = Faraday’s constant
= 96,485amp.s/gram equivalent = 96,485
A.s/eq
n = number of cell in the stack
Ec = current efficiency expressed as a
fraction
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Adsorption
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Fundamentals of adsorption
• Absorbent phase concentration data
(C 0 −C e )V
qe =
m
Where:
qe= absorbent (solids) phase concentration
after equilibrium, mg adsorbate/g
adsorbent
Co = initial concentration of adsorbate, mg/L
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Types of activated carbon contactors
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Gas stripping
• Gas stripping involves the mass transfer of a gas from the liquid phase to the gas phase.
• Considerable attention: remove ammonia, odorous gases and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs)
Cross flow
Countercurrent flow Current flow
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Typical stripping towers for the removal of volatile gases from water
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ION EXCHANGE
• Ion exchange is a unit process in which ions of a given species are displaced
from an insoluble exchange material by ions of a different species in
solution.
• Domestic water softening: where sodium ions from a cationic-exchange resin
replace the calcium and magnesium ions in the treated water.
• Ion exchange has been used in wastewater application for removal of
nitrogen, heavy metals, and total dissolved solids
• Ion-exchange materials:
• Naturally, zeolites (complex of aluminosilicates with sodium)
• Synthetic ion-exchange material: resins or phenolic polymers
1. Strong-acid cation
2. Weak-acid cation
3. Strong-base anion
4. Weak-base anion
5. Heavy-metal selective chelating resins
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Typical ion-exchange reaction
• For natural zeolite (Z)
Ca2+ Ca2+
ZNa+ + Mg2+ Z Mg2+ + 2Na+
Fe2+ Fe2+
• For synthetic resin (R)
Strong acid cation exchange:
RSO3H + Na+ RSO3Na + H+
2RSO3Na + Ca+2 (RSO3)2Ca + 2Na+
Weak acid cation exchange:
RCOOH + Na+ RCOONa + H+
2RCOONa + Ca+2 (RCOO)2Ca + 2Na+
Strong-base anion exchange:
RR’3NOH + Cl- RR’3NCl + OH-
Weak-base anion exchange:
RNH3OH + Cl- RNH3Cl + OH-
2RNH3Cl + SO42- (RNH3)2SO4 + 2Cl-
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Application of ion-exchange
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Application of ion-exchange
• Typical flow diagram for the removal of hardness and for the complete
demineralization of water
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Chemical oxidation
• Oxidizing agents:
ozone (O3),
permanganate (MnO4),
oxygen (O2)
COD,
ammonia,
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• Phosphate precipitation with aluminum and iron
Al3+ + HnPO43-n AlPO4 + nH
• There are many competing reactions because of the effects of alkalinity, pH,
trace elements, and ligands in wastewater
• Dosages are established of bench scale test and occasionally by full scale tests.
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Ozone/Hydrogen peroxide
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DISTILLATION
• Distillation is a unit operation in which the components of a liquid solution are separated
by vaporization and condensation.
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Thank you for your
attention!
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