SC BN VT LIU

NAM NH - 2009
t
o
Chng I
NHNG KHI NIM C BN

- hn hp kh ln y ptng ,
-trng lng hng ho vn chuyn ln satxi ca
xe ti,
-lc cn ct,
-trng lng ca on xe di chuyn trn cu,
-tc dng ca dng nc chy, ca gi bo ln
cu v. v. .
Ti trng la ngoi lc .

Ti trng:
1.1. Nhim v ca mn hc Sc bn vt liu (SBVL).
Cc b phn ca my mc, cng trnh cn:
- m bo bn
- m bo cng
- m bo n nh
SBVL nghin cu cc nguyn tc chung,
lm c s cho vic tnh ton cc chi tit,
b phn ca my mc cng trnh theo
bn, cng v n nh.
Cc mn khoa hc nghin cu bn:
l thuyt n hi, l thuyt do, t bin, c hc
ph hu vt liu, sc bn vt liu (SBVL)
khi chu tc dng ca ti trng
- bn: kt cu c kh nng tip nhn ti
trng quy nh m khng b ph hu trong thi
gian quy nh ca tui th.
- cng: trong khi nhn v truyn ti trng
nhng thay i kch thc hnh hc khng vt
qu gi tr cho php nhm m bo cho vic s
dng cng trnh mt cch bnh thng, p ng
c cc yu cu cng ngh.
- n nh l kh nng bo ton c trng thi cn
bng ban u ca kt cu trong qu trnh chu ti.
SBVL l mn khoa hc c xy dng trn
c s mt s gi thuyt xut pht t nhng
thc nghim cho php n gin ho nhiu vn
phc tp, nhng vn gi c nhng tnh
cht c bn ca hin tng c nghin cu.

Mc ch v ng lc pht trin ca SBVL
gii quyt mu thun gia tho mn cc yu cu
v bn, cng v n nh vi yu cu tit
kim nguyn vt liu, gim gi thnh.


SBVL nghin cu bn, cng v n nh
ca cc chi tit my dng thanh.
S dng cc kt qu nghin cu ca SBVL
tnh ton cc my mc, cng trnh c th lm bng
cc vt liu khc nhau l nhim v ca cc mn
hc k thut c th nh Kt cu kim loi, Kt cu
btng ct thp, My nng h v vn chuyn, Chi
tit my
SBVL l mn hc c s k thut, l cu ni gia
cc mn hc c bn nh Ton, Vt l. . . vi cc
mn k thut c th . Hiu bit v SBVL l mt
phn kin thc quan trng, khng th thiu c
i vi cc k s xy dng, c kh.
1.2. Lc v bin dng.

Ni lc: lc lin kt gia cc phn t ca vt th
gi cho vt th tn ti di hnh dng ta vn thy.

Ngoi lc: tc ng c hc ca cc vt th k
cn, ca mi trng bn ngoi ln vt th c
xt lm thay i hnh dng, kch thc ca vt th,
lm thay i ni lc ngha l gy ra ni lc ph.
Tnh cht ca vt th khi phc li hnh dng v
kch thc ban u khi ngoi lc thi tc dng
c gi l tnh cht n hi.
Vt th l hon ton n hi nu sau khi b ti
vt th hon ton tr li hnh dng v kch thc
ban u
Bin dng bin mt sau khi b ti c gi l
bin dng n hi.
Vt th khng hon ton n hi: Nu ngoi lc
tc dng ln vt th cho vt qu mt gii hn
no , sau khi b ti vt th khng hon ton
tr li hnh dng v kch thc ban u m tn ti
mt lng bin dng no (ln hay nh).

Phn bin dng khng bin mt sau khi b ti gi
l bin dng d hay bin dng do
.

1.3. Cc gi thuyt c bn ca SBVL.

1. Trong gii hn c xt vt liu c coi
l hon ton n hi,
2. Trong gii hn c xt h thc gia lc v
bin dng ca vt th l bc nht (nh lut Hc).
3. Vt liu cu thnh vt th c tnh cht lin tc ,
ng nht v ng hng .
4. Bin dng do ngoi lc gy ra rt nh so vi
kch thc ca vt th nn c th b qua khi
xc nh ti trng v phn lc lin kt.
L thuyt SBVL - l thuyt tuyn tnh v gn ng
1.4.1. Phn loi cc chi tit ca my mc,
cng trnh.
1.4. Phn loi cc chi tit ca my mc cng
trnh v s tnh ton.
a/ Khi
b/ Bn
c/ V
d/ Thanh thng
e/ Thanh cong
g/ Thanh khng gian
Thanh l mt vt th hnh hc c to thnh
bi mt hnh phng F dch chuyn dc theo ng
ta S sao cho trng tm ca F lun nm trn S
v F lun nm trong mt phng php tuyn ca S.

S c gi l trc thanh v
F l mt ct ngang. Tu theo
hnh dng ca trc thanh
ngi ta phn bit thanh
thng (S l ng thng,),
thanh cong (S l ng cong) v thanh khng
gian (S l mt ng bt k trong khng gian).
S
F
1.4.2. S tnh ton.
A


A B
P
l
1. 5. Ngoi lc v ni lc.

Ngoi lc l nhng lc do mi trng, do cc vt
th k cn tc dng ln vt th c xt.
Ngoi lc = ti trng , phn lc lin kt.
Ti trng = lc ch ng.

Phn lc lin kt l nhng lc nhng v tr lin
kt gia vt th ang c xt vi nhng vt th
xung quanh khi c tc dng ca ti trng
P
M
V
A
M
A
A
C
B
Cc loi ti trng: *
Lc tp trung , lc phn b,momen tp trung.

n v o lc tp trung l N, kN..., n v o lc
phn b theo chiu di l N/m, kN/m..., o lc phn
b theo b mt l N/m
2
, kN/m
2
...,o lc phn b
theo th tch l N/m
3
, kN/m
3
,o momen l Nm,kNm


d/
M
M
a/
e/
b/
c/
*Ti trng tnh v ti trng ng.


Ti trng tnh tng chm theo thi gian cho n khi
t ti tr s cui cng s dng li khng thay i.
Ti trng ng gy ra gia tc ln v th khng th
b qua lc qun tnh.
R
R
R
2
R
1

H
R
H
R
H
R
H
M
Ba loi lin kt thng gp:
Gi bn l di ng
Gi bn l c nh
Ngm
R
R
R
2
R
1

H
R
H
R
H
R
H
M
Xc nh cc thnh phn phn lc t iu kin
cn bng.
0 = X
;
0 = Y
; 0 =
A
M .
( x, y khng song song )
0 =
A
M ; 0 =
B
M ; 0 =
C
M .
(A, B, C khng thng hng)
0 =
A
M ; 0 =
B
M ;
0 = X
.
(AB khng vung gc vi x)
. 0 ; 0 ; 0
; 0 ; 0 ; 0
= = =
= = =
z y x
M M M
Z Y X
Bi ton phng
Bi ton khng gian
Bi ton tnh nh: s thnh phn phn lc lin kt
bng s phng trnh cn bng tnh hc v nu cc
lin kt c b tr hp l th c th xc nh c
cc thnh phn phn lc lin kt bng tnh hc.


Bi ton siu tnh : s thnh phn phn lc lin kt
ln hn s phng trnh tnh hc (cn phi lp thm
cc phng trnh b sung).
SBVL ch nghin cu phn ni lc ph xut hin khi
vt th chu tc dng ca ngoi lc
M
P
V
A
M
A
H
A
A
B
A
B M
P
V
A
M
A
H
A
V
B
1.6. Phng php mt ct.
P
1

P
2

y
x
z
N
x

Q
y

Q
z

M
x

M
z

M
y

P
1

P
2

Su phng trnh cn
bng xc nh su
thnh phn ni lc :
0 = +
i x
X N
i x
X N = .
N
x
- thnh phn lc dc ca ni lc trn mt ct;

i
X
-tng hnh chiu ca ngoi lc
mt bn mt ct xung trc x.

P
1

P
2

x
z
y
M
P
x
z
y
; 0 = +
i y
Y Q
i y
Y Q = ;
0 = +
i z
Z Q ; ;
i z
Z Q =
; 0 = +
xi x
M M ;
xi x
M M

=

. ; 0
; ; 0
zi z zi z
yi y yi y
M M M M
M M M M
= = +
= = +

0 = +
i x
X N ;
i x
X N = .
1.7. Biu ni lc.

Quy c v du ca cc thnh phn ni lc
Lc dc c gi tr dng khi gy ra bin dng ko
v gi tr m khi gy ra bin dng nn;
Lc ngang Q c gi tr dng khi c tc dng quay
phn c xt theo chiu kim ng h v gi tr m
khi quay phn c xt quay ngc chiu kim ng h.
Momen un c gi tr dng nu c tc dng lm cho
nhng th dc pha trn chu nn v c gi tr m khi
nhng th dc pha trn chu ko.
Momen xon: du c la chn tu .
N
M
Q
N
M
Q
Th d 1.1. Xc nh ni lc trong cc thanh 1 v 2
ca h chu lc P nh hnh v khi =30
o
.

; 0 sin
2
= P N o ; 2
sin
2
P
P
N = =
o

2 1
N N = cos =
2
3
) 2 ( P 3 P = .
P
N
1

N
2

x
B
y
P

A B
C

Th d 1. 2. V biu ni lc ca thanh chu
ko, nn nh hnh v.
3P
N
-2P
N
1

A
2P
x
1

1 1
2P
5P
A
C
B
l
1

l
2



on BC
N
2
= - 2P+5P = 3P.

2 2 1
l x l s s
A
2P
B
5P
l
1


x
2

2
2
N
2
on AB: 0 x
1
l
1
; N
1
= - 2P .
2 2
1 1
Th d 1. 3. V biu momen un v lc ct
ngang ca dm trn hnh v
M(kNm)
M
-30
10
M
max
=36,7
30
x

M
c
=0=
P.4-V
b
.3+q.2.1+M;
P=30kN
q=30kN/m
M=30kNm
V
b
=
V
c
=
=
+ +
=
3
2 4 M q P
V
b
. 70
3
30 30 . 2 30 . 4
kN =
+ +
M
B
=0=
P.1-q.2.2+M+V
c
.3;
=

=
3
4 M P q
V
c
. 20
3
30 30 30 . 4
kN =

40
Q(kN)
-30 -20
Q
x
E
A
B
C
D
1m 1m 2m
70kN
20kN
Kim tra: -P+V
b
-q.2+V
c
=0.
A
P
x
1

Q
1

M
1

1
1
on BD ( 1m x
2
2m)
Q
2
= P +V
B
= 30 + 70
= 40 kN = const.
M
2
= Px
2
+ V
b
(x
2
1)
= 30x
2
+ 70(x
2
1).
B: x
2
= 1m; M
2
= 30 kNm;
D: x
2
= 2m; M
2
= 10 kNm.
on AB ( 0 x
1
1m)






A
B 1
x
2

Q
2

M
2
P
2
2
V
b
Q
1
= - P = - 30kN = const;
M
1
= - Px
1
;
40
Q(kN)
-30 -20
Q
x
E
M(kNm)
M
-30
10
M
max
=36,7
30
x
A x
1
=0; M
1
=0;
B x
1
=1m;M
1
=-30kNm.
D x
3
= 2m; M
3
=10 kNm;
C x
3
= 4m; M
3
= 30kNm;
E x
3
= 3,33m;
M
3
= M
max
= 36,7 kNm.
M
3
= Px
3
+ V
b
(x
3
1)

( )
2
2
2
3

x
q
on DC ( 2m x
3
4m)
Q
3
= P + V
B
q (x
3
2)
= 40 30(x
3
2).
D: x
3
= 2m; Q
3
=40 kN;
C: x
3
= 4m; Q
3
= 20 kN.
E: Q = 0 =40 30(x
3
2)
x
3
= 3,33m



Q
3

M
3

x
3

1 1
P
A
B D
3
3
q



V
B
40
Q(kN)
-30 -20
Q
x
E
M(kNm)
M
-30
10
M
max
=36,7
30
x
A
3M
M
1

x
1

1
1
A
3M
B
2M
x
2

2
2
M
2

A
3M
B
2M
x
3

3M
C
3
3
M
3

l
2

A
B C D
l
1
l
3

3M
3M
2M
-2M
3M
M
Th d 1. 4. V biu momen xon ca thanh chu
lc nh hnh v.
on AB 0 x
1
l
1
:
M
1
= 3M = const.
on BC l
1
x
2
l
1
+ l
2
;
M
2
=3M 2M = M =const.
on CD l
1
+ l
2
x
3
l
1
+ l
2
+ l
3
.
M
3
= 3M 2M 3M
= 2M = const.
l l
l
M
o
P
q
M
o

P q
l
l
M
o

a
b
a
a
a
M
O

P
M
o

Pa
q
Bng 1
M
o

Pl
ql
2
/2
b a
ab
P
+ 8
2
ql
2
2
qa
1.8.Quan h gia cng ti trng, lc ct
ngang v momen un.
.
) (
) (
dx
x dQ
x q =
q(x)
Q(x)
M(x)
Q(x)+dQ(x)
M(x)+dM(x)
2
2
) ( ) (
) (
dx
x M d
dx
x dQ
x q = = . ( )
dx
x dM
x Q
) (
=

Q(x) + q(x)dx [Q(x) + dQ] = 0
dx

( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
2
. = + + + +
dx
dx x q x M x dM x M dx dQ x Q

q(x)
x dx
( 1. 1 )
o hm bc hai ca momen un theo honh x bng
o hm bc nht ca lc ct ngang theo honh x v
bng cng ca lc phn b.


Bc nhy ca biu momen un, lc ct v
cc ti trng tp trung.

P
o

M
o

dx
Q
tr

M
tr

Q
ph

M
ph

dx
x
N(x) N(x)+dN
p(x)
dx
x
N
tr

N
ph

P
O

; ) (
dx
dN
x p =


. 0
P N N N
tr ph
= = A
( 1. 2 )
( 1. 3 )
( 1. 4 )
.
;
0
0
P Q Q Q
M M M M
tr ph
tr ph
= = A
= = A


-N(x)+p(x)dx+N(x)+dN=0;
1. 9.V biu ni lc theo nhn xt
1.9.1. p dng nguyn l cng tc dng.
Th d 1.5. V biu momen un ca dm.
6
3
( b )
M
O
=4kNm
q=2kN/m
1m 4m
P=6kN
( a )
4
( c )
2
4
( d )
6
1
4
4
( e )
1.9.2. V theo tng mt ct.
Theo ti trng cho v theo lin h vi phn (1. 1) s nhn xt dng
ca cc biu v t xc nh s im cn thit v c tng
on biu ni lc.
Th d 1.6. V biu momen un v lc ngang ca dm chu ti
trng nh hnh v.

-20
7,5
8,44
D
20kN
30kN/m
1m

1m

1m
20kN
A B C
B
D
-22,5
27,5
7,5
-20
E
-
Th d 1.6. V biu momen un v lc ngang ca dm
chu ti trng nh hnh v.

0 =
B
M
; D = 22,5 kN;
0 =
D
M
; B = 47,5 kN.
-20
7,5
8,44
-22,5
27,5
7,5
-20
E
Q = - D + qx
E
=0;
75 , 0
30
5 , 22
= = =
q
D
x
E
.
M
max
kNm
x
q Dx
E
E
44 , 8
2
2
=
=
.

M
A
= 0;M
B
= - 20. 1= - 20 kNm.
M
C
= - 20. 2+ 47,5 .1= 7,5 kNm; M
D
=
0.

20kN
30kN/m
20kN
B
D
D
B C
1m

1m

1m
A
1.10. Quan h gia ti trng, lc ct ngang v
momen un trong thanh cong phng

.
;
;
m Q
ds
dM
q
N
ds
dQ
t
Q
ds
dN
+ =
+ =
+ =

- bn knh cong ca trc thanh;
ds - chiu di ca on trc thanh;
N, Q, M - lc dc,lc ngang, momen un;
t,q,m- cng ti trng ngang,dc v momen un phn b.

i vi thanh thng, ds=dx, = ,
ds=d
O
d
M
Q
M+dM
Q+dQ
N
N+dN
3PR
M
45
Q
P
2P
N + 2Pcos
Psin = 0;
N = P( sin 2
cos
);
Q P
cos
2Psin = 0;
Q = P(2sin +
cos
);
M + PRsin + 2PR( 1 cos) = 0;
M = P
R(2 + sin
2
cos
).
= 0; N = 2P; Q = P; M = 0;
= 45
o
;N =-0,707P ;Q = 2,12P; M = 1,29PR;
= 90
o
;N = P;Q = 2P; M = 3PR;
=
1
= 63
o
26; N = 0.

Th d 1.7. V biu lc
ngang, lc dc, momen
un ca thanh cong chu
ti nh hnh v.
2P
P
O
O
P
Q
M
N

2P
P
N
' 26 63
1
o
=
1

-2P
1.11. ng sut - iu kin bn.

dF
dN
= o ;
dF
dQ
= t ;
dF
dR
p = ;

2 2
t o + = p ;
2 2
dQ dN dR + = .
(1. 6)
n v o lng ca ng sut l Pa (N/m
2
) v MPa.
o
max

| | o s
t
max
| | t s
.

| |
n
gh
o
o =


(1. 7)
(1. 8)
(1. 9)
n - h s an ton.
dQ
dN
dF
dR
p

t
1. 12. Bin dng iu kin cng.
Mi cch lm bin i hnh dng v kch thc u
c th quy v hai loi bin dng: bin dng di v
Bin dng gc P
P
l dn tuyt i
( co tuyt i);
l
l A
= c
.


a
s A
=
.


trt tng i:
a khong cch gia hai mt phng trt.
iu kin cng

| | l l A s A
.
(1. 10)
(1. 11)
(1. 12)
- dn tng i:
P
P
P
P
s
a

a
s A
=
.


a - khong cch gia
hai mt phng trt .
iu kin cng :


| | l l A s A
.
(1. 11)
(1. 12)
P
P
trt tng i :
s - trt tuyt i ;
| | s
a

s

BI TP S 1A-V BIU NI LC
2.10.6.2
20 .12 10.8.8 40.4 0; 58,33 .
2
c A A
M V V kN = + + = =

2.10.6.14
20 10.8.4 40.8 .12 0; 121, 67 .
2
A c C
M V V kN = + + + = =

20 ; 20 10.8.4 58,33.8 126,64;

A B
M kNm M = = + =
'
58,33 ;
58,33 10.8 21, 67 ;
58,33 10.8 40 61, 67 .
A
B
B
Q kN
Q kN
Q kN
=
= =
= =
2.10.6
60 .
2
C
Q kN = =
M=20kNm
P=40 kN
2q
q=10kN/m
8m 4m 6m
VA
Vc
A
C B
; 0 = =
E A E
qx V Q
; 12 , 150
2
2
kNm
x
q x V M M
E
E A E
= + =
x
E
=5,833m
. 120
3
. . 2
2
1
kNm
c
c q M
c
= =
BI TP S 1A - V BIU NI LC
P=40 kN
M=20 kNm
A
B C
D
2q
8m 4m 6m
q=10kN/m
-20kNm
150,12
126,64
-120
60 kN
58,33
-21,67 -61,67
X
E
E
BI TP S 1B - V BIU NI LC
10.2.1 20.4 20 10.2
2.10
30.(4 1,5) 1,5(4 0,5) 67,5 ;
2
A
M
kNm
= + +
+ =
67,5 45.2 10.2.1 2,5 ;
B
M kNm = + =
67,5 45.4 10.2.3 52,5 ;
C
M kNm = + =
2.10
30.1,5 .1,5.0,5 52,5 ;
2
E
M kNm = + =
'
2.10
30.1,5 .1,5.0,5 10.1 62,5 ;
2
D
M kNm = + + =
45 ; 45 10.2 25 ;
A B
Q kN Q kN = = + =
V
A
=10 kN;
. 45 5 , 1 .
2
10 . 2
30 20 2 . 10
kN
H
A
=
+ + =


R=10kN
q=10kN/m
2q
S=20kN
P=30kN
1m 1m
M=20kNm
2
m

B
C D
A
2
m

G
E
A
V
A
H
A
M
1
,
5
m

52,5 52,5
M
67,5kNm
2,5
62,5
52,5
N
-10kN
-45
-45kN
-25kN
Q
10 45
30
Q
A
= -45 kN ; Q
B
= -45 + 10.2 = -25 kN ; Q
C
= 10 kN ;
Q
G
= 30 kN ;
; 45 5 , 1 .
2
10 . 2
30 kN Q
E
= + =
; 45 5 , 1 .
2
10 . 2
30 kN N
D
= =
N
C
= -10 kN.
Chng 2
KO NN NG TM
2. 1. Khi nim .
Ko (hay nn) ng tm l loi bin dng trong trn mt
ct ngang ch c mt thnh phn lc dc (ko hay nn)
khng c cc thnh phn ni lc khc .

P
b/
P
a/
P
x
y
z
h

g/
P
0,5Ph
e/
P
0
,
5
h

d/
P
M
z
=0,5Ph
M
y
=0,5Pb
h/
x
z
c/
p
2.2. Biu lc dc N.
N
1

6P
I
6P
8P
N
2

II
6P
III
8P 3P
N
3

6P
8P 3P
x
on I: 0 < x
1
< 1m
on II:
; 75 , 1 1
2
m x s s
on III:
; 25 , 2 75 , 1
3
m x m s s
; 0 6 8 3
3
= + + = P P P N X
i

N
3
=P; A=P.
; 0
=
i
X

; 0 6 8
2
= +
P P N
N
2
= - 2P .
+
6P
-2P
P
+
+
; 0
=
i
X

; 0 6
1
= +
P N

1
N = 6P
II
I III
0,5m 0,75m
1m
A B
H
A
Th d 2. 1.V biu lc dc ca thanh chu
lc nh hnh v.
2P
8P
+
+
-2P
I II
III
6P
10P
2P
on I:
. 2 ; 0 2
1 1
P N P N = = +
. 8 ; 0 6 2
2 2
P N P P N = = + +
on II:
on III:
. 2 ; 0 10 6 2
3 3
P N P P P N = = + +
2. 3. ng sut trn mt ct ngang.

1.Gi thuyt mt ct phng: mt ct ngang phng
v vung gc vi trc thanh trc khi bin dng
th sau khi bin dng vn phng v vung gc vi
trc thanh
2. Gi thuyt v cac th dc : trong qu trnh bin
dng cc th dc khng tc ng tng h ln
nhau.
- trn mt ct ngang c ng sut php.
- trn cc mt phn t song song vi trc thanh
khng c ng sut php.
Th nghim v gi thuyt
dF
A
x
y
z
x
o
A
P P
x
z
dF
A
y
x
o
dF N
F
x x }
= o
.


Phn t c xt chu ko (hoc nn) n do
ng sut php
x
o
.Cc th dc dn di nh nhau :
=
x
c const ;
x x
Ec o = =const.
(2. 1)

F
N
x
x
= o .

o
max

| | o s =
F
N


ba loi bi ton:

1. Kim tra bn ( bit N,F ):
o
max
| | o s =
F
N
.
2. Chn mt ct ngang (bit N, ):
| | o
| |
| | o
N
F F = > .
3.Xc nh ti trng cho php
(bit F v ):
| | o
| | | | . F N P o = s
F

x
ng sut tp trung.
k - h s tp trung ng sut.
F
o
- din tch ca mt ct b gim yu;
iu kin bn ca thanh
lm bng vt liu do:

max
= k
;
(2. 2)

max

s | | o
;


(2. 3)
iu kin bn i vi
vt liu gin:
o
x
F
N
= o
.
( N
x
= P )
P
P

max

Nguyn l Xanh Vnng :
S phn b ca ng sut v
bin dng ca vt th ti
nhng min xa ni t lc s
khng thay i nu thay lc cho bng mt h lc
tng ng.

P
P
P P
2P
2P
(2. 4)
| | | |
. ;
k k n n
o o o o s s



2.4. Bin dng ca thanh.
2.4.1. Bin dng di dc trc
Bin dng di tng i dc trc:
EF
N
E
= =
o
c
.


(2. 5)
Bin dng di tuyt i
dx
EF
N
dx l
l l
} }
= = A c
.

(2. 6)
EF
l N
l

= A
.

(2. 7)
2.4.2. Bin dng di theo phng ngang.
E
o
c c = = '
.

(2. 8)
bin dng di tng i theo phng ngang;


h s bin dng ngang ( h s Poatxng ).
Vt liu E (kN/cm
2
)
Thp cn 2,1. 10
4
0,30 - 0,05
Hp kim nhm 7,0. 10
3
0,30
ng 1,0. 10
4
0,32
Btng 2,4. 10
3
0,20
G dc th 1,0. 10
3
0,48
G ngang th 4,0. 10 0,02
Gch 7,0. 10
2
0,25
Cao su 0,7 0,50

2.4.3. Cc hng s n hi ca vt liu.

Xc nh E v bng thc nghim.
E c trng cng ca vt liu [ lc/(chiu di)
2
] .
khng th nguyn
5 , 0 0 s s .

2.4.4. Chuyn v ca mt ct.

1
2
l
1

l
2

2P P
1
2
+
on thanh l
1
:
EF
Pl
l
1
1
3
= A
.
on thanh l
2
:
EF
Pl
l
2
2
= A
.
Chuyn v
ca mt ct 1 - 1 :
ca mt ct 2 - 2 :
n
n
l
n
1

n
1

P
l

l
2

n
E
Pl
l A = = A
F
( N = P )
EF
Pl
l
1
1
3
= A
.
1
=
EF
l l P
EF
Pl
EF
Pl
l l
) 3 ( 3
2 1 2 1
2
1
+
= + = A + A
.

2
=
(2.7)
+
N
1
=3P
N
2
=P
+
+
2.5. ng sut trn mt ct nghing.
AB AC
dF dF u = o o
o
cos

= 0;

0 sin = = o o t
o AB AC
dF dF v ,
cos
AC
AB
dF
dF
AC
AB
= = o
;

= 0 ,
max
= =
F
N
;
ng sut tip trn hai mt nghing vung gc vi
nhau c cng tr s nhng ngc du.

(2. 10)


=45
0
v =135
0
;
max
= /2
min
(2. 9) ; 2 sin
2
cos sin ; cos
2
o
o
o o o t o o o
o o
= = =
A
B
C

P P
u
v
A
B
C

o
t
u
v

2.6. c trng c hc ca vt liu.
2.6.1. Nhn xt.

Quy c phn cc vt liu thc thnh
vt liu do v vt liu gin.
Vt liu do khi b ph hu c bin dng ln,
quan st c bng mt nh thp, ng,
cht do, nhm, g v. v . . .

Vt liu gin khi b ph hu bin dng hy cn
nh, khng thy c bng mt thng nh
gch, , gang, btng v. v . . .
2.6.2. Mu th nghim
Mt ct hnh trn ng knh
ban u d
o

v chiu di tiu
chun ban u l
o
.
Mu th di l
o
= 10 d
o
, mu
th ngn l
o
= 5 d
o
.
Mt ct ngang hnh ch nht F
o
= ab (a/b = 1 5).
Mu th di ,mu th ngn
o o
F l 3 , 11 =
o o
F l 65 , 5 =
.

l
O

d
O

a

b
h

d
Mu th nn (thp, gang):h 3d
Mu th nn (btng) :
-hnh lp phng cnh 15;20cm
-hnh tr ngn ng knh 10cm.
2.6.3. Ko vt liu do.
l
P
O
A
B
C
D
P
B

P
C

P
tl


- Giai on t l OA:
- Giai on chy BC.

- Giai on cng c CD.
o
c
c
F
P
= o

Gii hn chy
(2. 12)
Gii hn bn
o
B
B
F
P
= o


(2.13)
(2. 11)
Gii hn t l :
0
F
P
tl
tl
= o
- Giai on tht eo DE
E
-Biu ng sut quy
c-biu ng sut
thc

l
O
, F
O
- chiu di v din
tch ban u ca mu th;
l
1
- chiu di ca mu th sau
khi t ( chp li);
F
1
- din tch mt ct ch c eo.
Cc tr s v c trng cho do ca vt liu.
dn di tng i
% 100
1
o
o
l
l l
= o
;


% 100
1
o
o
F
F F
=
.


tht tng i
(2. 15)
(2. 14)
=l/l
o

tl

E=tg
=P/F
o

b
Biu ng sut quy
c
Biu ng sut thc
2.6.4. Nn vt liu do.
th quy c
ng sut - bin dng.
2.6.5. Ko v nn vt liu gin.
th quy c ng sut
bin dng ca mu th bng
vt liu gin ch c mt giai
on, ng biu din c
cong b, gn nh thng
v kt thc ti D khi mu
th chu ko t t ngt
hoc mu th chu nn nt v .

ng thc
ng quy c

tl


O
D
o
2.7. Mt s hin tng trong th nghim vt liu.

P
K

K
O
K
O
P
P
B

P
C

P
Tl

A
B
C
l A
a/Bin cng ngui
O
t
o
o
o
c
=const
b/nh hng ca thi
gian:Hin tng ro -
t bin
O
t
A
B
C
c
= o
const
OK-Bd h
OO-Bd do
c/nh hng ca
nhit n
bn ca vt liu:



(kN/cm
2
)

o
E
B
o

c
o

%


80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 200 300
400
t
O
,C
90
80
70
60
50
40





o
45

35
25
15
%
o

nhit thp tnh
do ca vt liu gim,
tnh gin tng.
nhit cao cc
c trng c hc
ca phn ln vt
liu gim.
22
18
14

(MN/cm
2
)

E
2.8. ng sut cho php - H s an ton.
Vt liu do: ng sut nguy him ,
vt liu gin
0
=
B
. .
o
o
=
c
o

Kt cu ch c th lm vic tr s []<
0
ng sut
cho php [] thng c xc nh theo cng thc :
| |
n
o
o
o =


(2. 16)
Gi tr ca h s an ton n c la chn trong mi
trng hp c th tu thuc cht lng vt liu v
iu kin lm vic: Ti trng tnh, vi thp rn n=
1,25 - 1,5; thp c 1,5 - 2,0 (theo gii hn chy),
gang v g l 2,5 - 3,0 (theo gii hn bn).

( vi h s an ton n > 1 )
Th d 2. 2. Xc nh ti trng
cho php ca h theo bn
ca thanh AB bit d
1
= 2,5 cm,
[]
1
= 16 kN/cm
2
, = 30
O
. Xc
nh ng knh d
2
ca thanh
BC, bit []
2
= 20 kN/cm
2
.

| | ; 54 , 78
4
5 , 2
. . 16
4
2 2
1
1
kN
d
N = = = t t o
N
1
sin Pcos = 0. P = N
1
tg = N
1
tg30
o
=45,35kN

N
2
si n
+ P = 0. 70 , 90
30 sin
35 , 45
sin
2
= = =
o
P
N
o
kN.
| | 70 , 90
4
2
2
2
>
d t
o

4 , 2
20
4 70 , 90
2
~

>
t
d
cm.
ng knh ca thanh BC

A B
C
1

2
P
B
P
N
1
N
2
; 35 , 45 30 5 , 78 kN tg P
o
= =
2. 9 . nh hng ca trng lng bn thn,
thanh c bn u.

2.9.1. ng sut v bin dng khi c tnh
n nh hng ca trng lng bn thn.
Vt liu lm thanh c trng lng ring
l , mt ct ngang ca thanh l F
N
x
= P + Fx ( a );
x
F
P
x
+ = o

( b )
Ti ngm B: x = l ; o
max
=
l
F
P
+
( c )
Bin dng di ca thanh:
dx
EF
Fx P
EF
dx N
l
l l
x
} }
+
= = A
0 0

Q = Fl
trng lng ca thanh,
EF
Ql
EF
Pl
l
2
+ = A


A
B
1 1
x

l

P
(2.17)
2.9.2. Thanh c bn u.

( )| | ( ) ; dx x F P x F
x
o
o
}
+ = o
F(x)
F
o

P
0
A

B
x

Thanh bn u :ng sut mi mt ct
u t ti gi tr ca ng sut cho php
| |
x
F
x F
o
o

=
(

) (
ln
.
| |
x
o
e F x F

=
o

) (
;
| | o
o
o
P
F =
.

Quy lut bin i ca din
tch mt ct dc theo trc x:
:
| |
| |
x
o
e
P
x F

=
o

o
) (
.
x = 0, F(x) = F
0
; lnF
O
= C ;

.
| | ( ) ( )dx x F x dF o =
( )
( ) | |
( )
| |
; ln ; C x x F dx
x F
x dF
+ = =
o

(2.18)
2.10. Th nng bin dng n hi.
dA = P dl.
2 2
2
x x x
E Fl
U
V
U
u
c o o
= = = =
.

(2. 19)
(2. 20)
P+dP
P
P
O
A
C
l dl
l
l

P

l

. . 5 , 0 . ) ( 5 , 0 l d dP l d P l d dP P P dA A + A = A + + =
EF
P
2
l l P
A U
2 2

=
A
= =

2.11. Bi ton siu tnh.

V
A
+ V
B
- P = 0. (a)
N
1
=-V
B
, N
2
= P - V
B
.
V
B

V
A

P
V
B

1
1
2 2

(b)
0
2
1
=

+ l
EF
V P
EF
l V
B B
2 1
2
l l
l
P V
B
+
=
;
2 1
1
l l
l
P V
A
+
=

. 0
2 2 1 1
= + = A
EF
l N
EF
l N
l

P
A
B
l
1

l
2


Th d 2.6. V biu lc dc v ng sut ca thanh.
;
5
4
2 . 5
8
1
F
P
F
P
= = o
2F
A
F B
2P
P
l l l
1
2
P 2P
V
A
V
B

1
2 3
3
- V
A
+ P + 2P - V
B
= 0 ( a )
0
2
3 2 1
= + + = A
EF
l N
EF
l N
EF
l N
l .
( b )
N
1
= V
A
; N
2
= V
A
- P;
N
3
= V
A
- P - 2P = V
A
- 3P.
; 0
) 3 ( ) (
2
=

+
EF
l P V
EF
l P V
EF
l V
A A A
.
5
7
;
5
3
;
5
8
3 2 1
P
N
P
N N
P
V
A
= = = =
F
P
5
3
2
= o
F
P
5
7
3
= o

+
+
F
P
5
4
F
P
5
3
F
P
5
7
.
P
5
3
+
+
P
5
8
P
5
7

+
+
2. 12. Cc quan im tnh ton bn kt cu.

2.12.1. Tnh ton theo ng sut cho php.
ng sut hoc t hp ng sut ti im nguy him
no gi l ng sut nguy him:

max
s [o ] ,
(2. 21)
| |
n
o
o
o =
(2. 22)
2.12.2. Tnh ton theo ti trng gii hn.

o

c
o

c

c
c

P
max

| |
n
P
P
gh
= s
Khi xc nh ti trng gii hn
ca vt th lm bng vt liu
do ta dng s bn.
* n l h s an ton (ging nh
i vi ng sut cho php).

(2.23)
Th d 2.7.Xc nh ti trng cho php P
cp
theo ng
sut cho php v theo ti trng gii hn bit cc
thanh 1,2 v 3 c chiu di l
0
.Cc thanh 1,2 c mt
ct ngang F, thanh 3 c mt ct ngang 2F. Vt liu
lm cc thanh c modun n hi E, c gii hn chy

c
, h s an ton n.
Phng trnh cn bng:
N
1
+N
2
+N
3
-P=0;
Phng trnh b sung:
.
3
1
F F
N
F F
0 1 0 3
0 1 0 2
=

E
l N
E
l
E
l N
E
l N
3
l
3
l
N
1
+P -N
3
3
2l
= 0.
l/3
A
B C D
l/3 l/3
N
3
N
2 N
1
P
l
0

1
2
3
l
1
l
2 l
3
Phng trnh cn bng:
N
1
+N
2
+N
3
-P=0;
Phng trnh b sung:
.
3
1
F F 2
N
F F
0 1 0 3
0 1 0 2
=

E
l N
E
l
E
l N
E
l N
3
l
3
l
N
1
+P
-N
3
3
2l
= 0.
27
6P
N
2
=
N
1
=
27
5P
l/3
B C D
l/3 l/3
P
l
0

1
2
3
P
cp1
=
27F
c
8n
3
8
27
P
F
o =
.
8
5
;
4
3
8 . 27
27 . 6
27
6
1
1
1
1
2
c c c
gh
F
F
F
P
o
o
o o
o = = = =
;
27
5
1
F
P
= o
;
27
6
2
F
P
= o
;
8
27
1
c
gh
F
P
o
=
A
N
3
N
2
N
1
l
1
l
2 l
3
;
27
16
3
P N =
Giai on 1
n
F
P
c
cp
2
7
2
o
=


N
1
+ N
2
P = 0 ;
M
A
=N
2
.l/3 P.2.l/3
= 0 .
N
1
= - P
N
2
= 2P;
1 2
P P P
gh gh gh
;
2
7
8 8
27 F F F
c c c
o o o
= + = + =
D C
B A
l/3 l/3 l/3
N
1
N
2
P

;
2
4
3 2
1
2
F
P
F
P
c c
A
+ =
A
+ = o o o
.
4
3
;
8
5
1
2
1
1 c c
o o o o = =
Giai on 2
N
12
=N
1
-P;N
22
=N
2
+2P.
.
8
F
P
c
gh
o
= A
n
F
c
P
cp
8
27
1
o
=
Th d 2. 8. Dm tuyt i cng AB chu tc dng
ca lc Q v c gi bng khp bn l A v
cc thanh treo BC v DE.
2m 3m
3
m

E
D
F
2F
Q
A B
1m
1
2
45
0
C
1. Xc nh ni lc v
ng sut trong cc thanh
treo theo ti trng Q khi
F = 10
-3
m
2
;

2. Xc nh [Q] theo ng
sut cho php khi ;

3. Xc nh Q
gh
v Q
cp
nu
v h s an ton n = 1,5
( tnh theo ti trng gii hn ).
| |
2
/ 16 cm kN = o


2
/ 5 , 23 cm kN
c
= o


) ( ;
5
2
2
1
b =
o
o
= 2
1
N M
A
cos45
O
+N
2
( 2 + 3 )- Q(2+3-1) = 0
0 4 5 2
2 1
= + Q N N
.( a )
2m 3m
3
m

E
D
F
2F
Q
A B
1m
1
2
45
0
C
H
A
V
A

2

D
1
D
N
1
N
2
A
B
. ; 2
45 cos
2 2 1
0
1
1
l l
l
A = A =
A
= o o

1

D
D
1
45
0
(a)+ (c) N
1
= 0,1153Q; N
2
= 0,769Q.
. 5 , 384 ; 3 , 115
2
2
1
1
Q
F
N
Q
F
N
= = = = o o ;
384,5[Q] | | o s ; | | 416
5 , 384
10 16
4
=

= Q kN.

1/
2/
(F = 10
-3
m
2
)
+(b)
;
EF 2
3
;
F
2 2
2
2
1
1
N
l
E
N
l = A = A
;
10
3
;
5
2
3 EFN
F 2 2 2 2
2 1
2
1
N N
E N
= =
( c )
Ti trng gii hn Q
gh
c xc nh t phng
trnh (a ) khi thay N
1
v N
2
bng cc gi tr gii hn :

0 4 470 5 2 235 = +
gh
Q .
Q
gh
= 671 kN.
447
5 , 1
671
= = =
n
Q
Q
gh
cp
kN.
| |
1 , 1
416
447
= =
Q
Q
cp
.

3/
N
1gh
=
c
F = 23,5.10
-3
.10
4
= 235 kN;
N
2gh
=
c
2F = 23,5.2.10
-3
.10
4
= 470 kN.
(a)
1.Xc nh lc P khi mt di
H ca thanh gia va chm
vo nn.
2.Tm phn lc ca nn tc
dng ln thanh gia, ni lc
v ng sut trong cc thanh
bn khi P = 200 kN; = .10
-4
;
E = 2.10
4
kN/cm
2
.
3. Cn phi h nhit ca thanh gia xung bao
nhiu phn lc ca nn ln thanh gia bng
khng khi gi nguyn gi tr ca P, bit
7
10 125

= o


1/.
= c
Th d 2.9. Mt x ngang tuyt i cng AB t trn
hai thanh thp AC v BD c din tch mt ct ngang
F. Thanh thp c 2 bc GH c gn vo x ngang
v c khe h so vi nn
R
A
F
C
B
G
F
H
P
2
c

c

c

H

2F
D
F
Ni lc v bin dng trong 2 thanh bn l nh nhau.

H

-chuyn v ca mt di H ca thanh gia khi
mt ny va chm vo nn
Chuyn v
H
ph thuc
vo bin dng thanh
gia v thanh cnh .
P
O
- gi tr ca lc P
khi mt di H chm
vo nn.
A
F
C
B
G
F
H
P
R
2
c

c

c

H

2F
D
F
-phn lc ca nn ln
thanh gia.
R

H
= R= 0.

EF
c P
EF
c P
EF
c P
EF
c P
o o o o
H

=

= A = A 4
2
4
2
2
'
,

=

c;
;
4
c
EF
c P
o
| =

4
EF
P
o
|
=
.
10
4
10
10 2 10 2
4 4
= =

o
P
kN.

H
-chuyn v ca mt di thanh gia do lc P=200kN
gy ra khi gi nh mt nn khng cn tr bin dng ca h;

R
-chuyn v ca mt y H do phn lc R ca nn gy ra

H
-
R
=.
EF
Rc
EF
c R
EF
c R
EF
c R
EF
Pc
R H
5
2
4 2
2
2
;
4
= + + = A = A
;
c
EF
Rc
EF
Pc
| =
5 4
;

. 152
5
) 10 200 ( 4
;
5
) ( 4
5
4
kN R
P P EF P
R
o
=

=
|

Khi R = 0 do h nhit , lc trong thanh bn
N = P/2.
h nhit t c xc nh t iu kin:

; 4 c c t
H
| o = A = A A
c c t
EF
c P
| = A 4 4
4
.

. 76
;
4 10 125
1
10 2
10 10 2
200 4
'
4
1 4
7
4
4
o
t
t
EF
P
t
= A

|
.
|

\
|



= A
|
.
|

\
|
= A

o
|

24
2
152 200
2
2 1
=

= = =
R P
N N N
kN;

4 , 2
10
24
= = =
F
N
o
kN/ cm
2
.
Th d 2.10 Xc nh lc trong cc thanh c cng
cng EF ca dn chu ti nh hnh v.
0
2
2
12
= + N A
2
2
12
P N =
0
2
2
12 15
= + N N
N
23
N
25
N
12
2
A
N
15
N
12
45
0
1
P N 5 , 0
15
=
P N N N = = +
23 23 12
; 0
2
2
0
2
2
23 25
= + N N
2
2
25
P N =
A = B = 0,5P
A
a/
B
P
d d
0
,
5
d

2 3
4
5
1
A = B = P
0
2
2
2
2
23 12
= +
P
N N
N
23
N
25
N
12
2
P
x
90
0
45
0
P N =
23
0
2
2
2
2
23 25
= + + P N N
0
25
= N
A
N
15
N
12
45
0
1
2 ; 0
2
2
12 12
P N N A = = +
P N N N = = +
15 12 15
; 0
2
2
1-5 , 4-5 0,5P P
2-3 -P -P
2-5 , 3-5 0,5P 0

2
1-2 , 3-4 -0,5P -P 2 2
Thanh a b

P P
A
b/
1
2 3
4
5
d
0
,
5
d

B
V biu ni lc v ng sut ca thanh di y.
F
1
F
2
P
Q
l
1
l
2
l
3
F
3
A B
V
A
V
B
-V
A
+P+Q-V
B
=0 ; ( 1 ) l
AB
= 0 ; ( 2 )
; 0
EF EF F E
3
3 3
2
2 2
1
1 1
= + +
l N l N l N
; ; ; ;
3 2 1
N N N V
A
N
1
=V
A
; N
2
=V
A
-P ; N
3
=V
A
-P-Q ;
. ; ;
3
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
F
N
F
N
F
N
= = = o o o
( 3 )
( 3 )
Chng 3
TRNG THI NG SUT V THUYT BN
3.1.Khi nim.
3.1.1. Trng thi ng sut mt im.
Tp hp cc ng sut trn cc mt ct khc
nhau i qua mt im c xt l trng thi
ng sut ti im .

x
y
z
y
x
z
t

y
t
yx
yz
t
t
zx
zy

z
t
t
xy

x
xz
3.1.2. Mt chnh, phng chnh, ng sut chnh.
Quy c c trng cho trng thi ng
sut ti mt im:
3 2 1
o o o > >
3.2. Trng thi
ng sut phng.
3.2.1. nh l i ng
ca ng sut tip.
Quy c v du ca
.s.tip
0 = + = dxdydz dydzdx m
yx xy z
t t ;
yx xy
t t = .

nh l i ng : ng sut tip trn hai mt vung
gc vi nhau c cng tr s nhng ngc du.
(3. 1)

3
Trng thi
ng sut
khi
phng
n
nh ngha mt chnh, phng chnh, ng sut chnh.

x
t
xy

y
yx
t

x
t
xy

y
yx
t
3.2.2. ng sut trn mt ct nghing.
dx = ds.sin ; dy = ds.cos ;
yx xy
t t = ,
o
o o o o
o 2 cos
2 2
y x y x
u

+
+
=

o t 2 sin
xy

.

( 3. 2)
.
u=
u
dsdz-
x
dydzcos -
y
dxdzsin+

dydzsin
+ dxdzcos = 0
xy
t
yx
t
x
z
y
tyx

y
xy
t

x

xy
t

x
tyx

y
t
uv
v
d
y

dx
xy
y x
uv
t o
o o
t +

= 2 sin
2
cos2
o
.


( 3. 3)
3.2.3.ng sut chnh.
0 2 cos 2 sin
2
= +

=
o xy o
y x
uv
o t o
o o
t
.
Trn mt chnh:

y x
xy
o
tg
o o
t
o

=
2
2

max

2
2
2 2
xy
y x y x
t
o o o o
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
.

min
.
v=
uv
dsdz-
x
dydzsin+
y
dxdzcos-
xy
dydzcos
+
yx
dxdzsin=0 ;
t
t
t
Th d 3. 1. Xc nh gi tr ng sut trn mt ct
nghing,cc ng sut chnh v cc mt
chnh. Cc ng sut c n v l kN/cm
2
.
30
o

5
5
5
3
.
x
o
= 5 kN/ cm
2
;
y
o
= - 3 kN/ cm
2
;

xy
t
= - 5 kN/ cm
2
;

= 30
O
.

2
) 3 ( 5
2
) 3 ( 5
+
+
=
u
o
cos60
O
- (-5)si n60
O
= 7,3 kN/ cm
2
.
(3. 2), (3. 3),(3. 4)
) 5 ( 60 sin
2
) 3 ( 5
+

=
o
uv
t
cos60
O
= 0,96 kN/ cm
2
.

max
=

1
= 7,4 kN/cm
2
;
2
= 0 ;
3
= - 5,4 kN/cm
2
.
) 3 ( 5
) 5 ( 2
2

=
o
tg o ; 448 , 0
1
=
o
o rad; 019 , 2
2
=
o
o rad.
min

o
max =
6,4 1 ) 5 (
2
) 3 ( 5
2
) 3 ( 5
2
2
= +
.
|

\
|


+

kN/cm
.
2
3.3. Vng trn Mo ng sut.

; 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
o t o
o o o o
o
xy
y x y x
u
3.3.1.Phng trnh vng trn Mo ng sut
(3.2),(3.3)
2
2
2
xy
y x
R t
o o
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
.

. 2 cos 2 sin
2
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= o t o
o o
t
xy
y x
uv

2
2
2
2
2 2
xy
y x
uv
y x
u
t
o o
t
o o
o +
|
|
.
|

\
|

= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

.
2
y x
c
x
o o +
=
2
2
2
2
2 2
xy
y x
uv
y x
u
t
o o
t
o o
o +
|
|
.
|

\
|

= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

.
2
y x
c
x
o o +
=
2
2
2
xy
y x
R t
o o
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
.

x
t
xy
O

t

y
yx
t
A
(
x
, )

t
xy
t
yx
(
y
, )B
P
C
D(
max
)

max
E

min

min
(
max
)F
t
t

max


min

t
(
min
)G
t
t
H(
u
,
uv
)

max

min


I
3.3.2.ng sut trn mt ct nghing bt k.
OI = OC + CI =
2
y x
o o +
+ CHcos
); 2 2 (
1
o o +

o
o o o o
2 cos
2 2
y x y x
OI

+
+
=
-
o t 2 sin
xy
=
u
o
.
o t o
o o
o o 2 cos 2 sin
2
) 2 2 sin(
1 xy
y x
CH IH +

= + =
=
uv
t
.

max
2
2
2 2
o t
o o o o
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+
= + =
xy
y x y x
CD OC OD
.

min
2
2
2 2
o t
o o o o
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= + =
xy
y x y x
CE OC OE

Cc im F v G din t cc ng sut tip cc i v cc tiu:


max
=
;
2
2
2
xy
y x
CF t
o o
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=

min
=
2
2
2
xy
y x
CG t
o o
+
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
.
; / 400
2
cm kN
x
= o

; 0 =
y
o

2
/ 200 cm kN
xy
= t
;


o
max
= 483kN/ cm
2
;
o
min
= - 83 N/ cm
2
.
' 30 22
400
2 200
5 , 0
1
o
arctg =
|
.
|

\
|

= o
.





200kN/cm
2
400kN/cm
2

P

max


B
O
t
400
200

A

C



-200
max
o
min
o
min
o

o
max
=
2
2
200
2
400
2
400
+
|
.
|

\
|

;

min
D
E
; / 483
2
max
cm kN kOD = = o
. / 83 .
2
min
cm kN OE k = = o

Th d 3.2 Xc nh ng sut chnh v mt chnh
ca phn t trng thi cng nh hnh v.
3.2.3.Trng thi ng sut trt thun tu

max

min

xy

yx

min

max
P
A
B
O

xy

max
min
=

yx

xy
Ba vng trn ng sut tm C
1
,C
2
,C
3
ng vi
cc cp:
) , ( ); , ( ); , (
1 3 3 2 2 1
o o o o o o


*ng sut trn mt mt nghing bt k ng vi cc to ca
im nm trong vng gch cho gia ba vng trn Mo.
ng sut tip cc i:
.
2
;
2
;
2
3 1
13
3 2
23
2 1
12
o o
t
o o
t
o o
t

=

=


(3. 5)




3.4. Khi nim v trng thi ng sut khi
3.5. Quan h gia ng sut v bin dng. nh lut
Hc
3.5.1. Trng thi ng sut ko (nn)n.
Bin dng di tng i theo
phng dc:
E
o
c =

(3. 6)
Bin dng tng i theo phng
ngang:
E
o
c = '
(3. 7)

-
h s Poatxng;
ng sut php khng gy ra bin dng gc.
3.5.2. Trng thi ng sut trt thun tu.
Phn t c xt ch c bin dng gc, khng c
bin dng di.
) 1 ( 2 +
=
E
G


;
(3. 9)
G - mun trt;
(3. 8)
;
G
t
=


3.5.3. Trng thi ng sut tng qut.

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
E E E
z
y
x
x
o

o
c
.
| | ) (
1
z y x x
E
o o o c + =
;
| |; ) (
1
z x y y
E
o o o c + =

| | ) (
1
y x z z
E
o o o c + =
.

(3. 10)
;
G
xy
xy
t
=

;
G
yz
yz
t
=

G
zx
zx
t
=
.

(3. 11)
Bin dng th tch tng i .
Trc bin dng: dx,dy,dz, dv = dxdydz.

dV
1
=dxdydz
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
z y x
c c c + + +
.
Sau bin dng:
.
z y x
c c c u + + =
(3. 12)
) (
2 1
z y x
E
o o o

u + +

=
.


+ (3. 10)
(3. 13)
nh lut Hc tng qut.
(3. 10), (3. 11), (3. 13)
( )( )( ) | |
;
1 1 1 1
1
dxdydz
dxdydz
dV
dV dV
z y x
+ + +
=

=
c c c
u
( ) ( ) ( ); 1 ; 1 ; 1
z y x
dz dy dx c c c + + +
3.6. Th nng bin dng n hi.
Th nng ring bin dng n
hi ( trng thi ng sut n):
2
oc
= u
3 2 1
, , o o o
:

Trng thi ng sut khi vi
cc ng sut chnh
2 2 2
3 3 2 2 1 1
c o c o c o
+ + = u
3 2 1
, , c c c
xc nh theo cng thc (3. 10)
| | ) ( 2
2
1
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
o o o o o o o o o + + + + =
E
u
.

(3. 14)
( )
3 2 1
3
1
o o o o + + =
tb

a/

2

=

b/
+

tb

tb

tb
c/

2

-
tb

3
-

tb

1
-
tb
* Phn t trn hnh b/ chu ko u theo ba phng
vi
tb
s khng thay i hnh dng, ch thay i
kch thc cc cnh, ngha l ch thay i th tch.
* Phn t trn hnh c/:
tb
o o o =
1 1
'
,
tb
o o o =
2 2
'
,

tb
o o o =
3 3
'
.
tb
o o o o o o o 3 ' ' '
3 2 1 3 2 1
+ + = + +
= 0 ;

+ (3. 12)
ch bin dng hnh dng
u = u
tt
+ u
hd
.
u = u
tt
+ u
hd
.
| | ) ( 2
2
1
2 2 2
tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tb tt
E
u o o o o o o o o o + + + + =
;

(3. 14)
( )
2
3 2 1
6
2 1
o o o

+ +

=
E
u
tt
.

(3. 15)
u
hd
= u - u
tt
;
| | ) (
3
1
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
o o o o o o o o o

+ + + +
+
=
E
u
hd
.

(3. 16)
Th d 3. 3. Mt phn t hnh lp phng lm bng thp
trng thi ng sut phng (n v tnh kN/cm
2
).
Xc nh :
1. Tr s v phng ca
cc ng sut chnh;
2. ng sut tip cc i;
3. Bin dng di tng i;
4. Bin i th tch tng i;
5. Th nng bin i hnh dng ring.
2 4
/ 10 . 2 ; 3 , 0 cm kN E = = . Bit


x

y


xy


4



6

12




1. (3. 4)

max
=
1
= 14 kN/cm
2
;
2
= 0;
3
= - 6 kN/cm
2
.
'. 30 18 ; 37 2
; 75 , 0
4 12
6 2
2
2
o
o
o
o
y x
xy
o
tg
= =
=
+

=
o o
o o
t
o
(3. 4)

= 4 10
min

max

=

2
2
2 2
xy
y
x y x
t
o o
o
o
+
.
|


\
|
-

+

2
2
6
2
4 12
2
4 12
+
.
|

\
|
+

-
=

max
2
3 1
/ 10 ) 6 14 (
2
1
2
cm kN = + =

=
o o
.
2.
; 10 6 , 6 )] 4 ( 3 , 0 12 [
10 2
1
) (
1
4
4

=

= =
y x x
E
o o c
; 10 8 , 3 ) 12 3 , 0 4 (
10 2
1
) (
1
4
4

=

= =
x y y
E
o o c
. 10 2 , 1 )] 4 ( 12 [
10 2
3 , 0
) (
4
4

=

= =
y x z
E
o o

c
3.
4 4
10 6 , 1 ) 2 , 1 8 , 3 6 , 6 ( 10

= = + + =
z y x
c c c u
4
5
10 6 , 1 ) 4 12 (
10 2
3 , 0 2 1
) (
2 1

=

= + +

=
z y x
E
o o o

u
.
4.
. / 68 )] 6 ( 14 ) 6 ( 14 [
10 2 3
3 , 0 1
) (
3
1
2 2 2
5
3 1
2
3
2
1
cm kN
E
u
hd
= +

+
=
= +
+
= o o o o

5.
3.7. Khi nim v cc thuyt bn.
iu kin bn trng thi ng sut n:

max
=
1
| |
k
o s ; | |
n
o o o s =
3 min
.
(3. 17)
| |
c
c
k
n
o
o = ; | |
B
B
n
n
o
o = . (3. 18)
n
B
v n
C
l h s an ton theo gii hn chy hay
gii hn bn.
Vt qua nhng kh khn bng cc gi thuyt v
nguyn nhn ph hu ca vt liu (cc thuyt bn) .
*Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca vt liu:
ng sut php, ng sut tip, bin dng di, th
nng bin dng . . . c th c chn lm tiu
ch nh gi bn ca vt liu .
3.8. Thuyt ng sut php ln nht
(thuyt bn th nht).
Vt liu trng thi ng sut phc tp (phng hay
khi) b ph hu khi gi tr ln nht ca ng sut
php t ti gi tr gii hn ca ng sut ko (hay
nn) ca phn t trng thi ng sut n.
| |
| | .
;
3 2
1 1
n td
k td
o o o
o o o
s =
s =

(3. 19)
3. 9. Thuyt bn bin dng di tng i ln nht
(thuyt bn th hai).
Vt liu trng thi ng sut phc tp (phng,
khi) b ph hu khi bin dng di tng i ln
nht t ti gi tr gii hn ca bin dng di
tng i trng thi ng sut n: | | c c s
1
.
trng thi ng sut khi :
)] ( [
1
3 2 1 1
o o o c + =
E
.
Trng hp ng sut n:
| |
| |
E
o
c =
Thuyt bn th hai tng i ph hp vi vt liu gin.
(3. 20)
| | o o o o o s + = ) (
3 2 1 2 td
.

3. 10. Thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht
(thuyt bn th ba).
Vt liu do b ph hu khi ng sut tip ln
nht ca phn t trng thi ng sut phc tp
t ti gi tr ca ng sut tip nguy him ca
phn t trng thi ng sut n:

max

| | t s

max

2
3 1
o o
=
;

(3. 5)

| |
| |
2
o
t =
.
(2. 8)
| | o o o o s =
3 1 3 td
.

(3. 21)
3. 11. Thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng
(thuyt bn th t).
( );
1
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
o o o o o o o o o

+ +
+
=
E
u
hd
Vt liu b ph hu khi th nng bin i hnh dng ca
phn t trng thi ng sut phc tp t ti gi tr
nguy him ca th nng bin i hnh dng ca phn t
trng thi ng sut n:
| |
hd hd
u u s .
(3. 16)
=
4 td
o | | o o o o o o o o o o s + + ) (
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
.
(3. 22)
Thuyt bn ny ph hp vi vt liu do v c dng
rng ri trong ch to my, trong xy dng.

| | | | ;
1
2
o

E
u
hd
+
=
3.11.Thuyt bn Mo (thuyt trng thi ng sut
gii hn).

nn n
ko n
ng bao
Trt thun tu


o

3

1

[]
k

-[]
n

F
C
1

C
B
D
A
E
O


C
3
G
EA=FC
1
=FO+OC
1
;
FO=GO-GF;
=-
3
-0,5(
1
-
3
)
=-0,5(
1
+
3
);
OC
1
=0,5[].
AE=0,5([]-
1
-
3
)
| | | | ( );
2
1
k n
BC o o =
| | ( );
2
1
3 1 k
DE o o o =
| | | | ( );
2
1
1 3 n k
C C CA o o + = =
| | ( ).
2
1
3 1
o o o =
k
EA
| |
| |
n
k
k
o
o
=
;
| |
k
k o o o =
3 1

| |
k tdM
k o o o o s =
3 1
.

(3. 23)

1

3

[]
k
-[]
n

O
F
C
3

C
1


C
B
D
A
E

EA
DE
CA
BC
=
( a )


| |
| |
| |
k
n
k
o o
o
o
o =
3 1

( b )
Th d 3. 4. Tm phn t lm bng vt liu do trng
thi ng sut nguy him ca phn t (n v o kN/cm
2
)

Vt liu do chu ko, nn nh nhau nn c th s dng
thuyt bn ba xc nh ng sut tng ng:
3 1
o o o =
td
; / 80 ) 30 ( 50
2
cm kN
td
= = o
b/
; / 100 0 100
2
cm kN
td
= = o
c/
100
20
50
a/


30
50
b/
100
50
c/

a/
td
=
o
/ 80 20 100 kN =
-
cm
2
;
Th d 3. 5. Dng thuyt bn Mo so snh cc ng sut
tng ng trong hai khi lng tr lm bng vt liu gin
hai trng hp

( ) | |
; 0
' '
=
+
=
'
E
o o o
c
a. Cc ng sut chnh:
. ; 0 ; 0
3 2 1
o o o o = = = o o o o k k
td
= =
3 1
.
( a )

a

b

( b )

b.ng sut theo phng ngang ca lng tr ():
;
1
2 1
o o

o
o = =
+
=
'
;
3
o o =
a/Nn t do;
b/Nn trong cng khng
cho php n ngang.
.
1
3 1
o
=

o o o
|
.
|

\
|

+
= = k k
tdM
So snh (a) v (b) ta thy ng sut tng ng gim.
BI TP S 4 - TRNG THI NG SUT

xy

y
Xc nh tr s v phng ca cc
ng sut chnh, ng sut php v
ng sut tip trn mt nghing
bng cng thc gii tch v bng
cch v.

2
min max
max
o o
t

=
.
2
2
1
y x
xy
tg
o o
t
o

=
; 4 ) (
2
1
2
2 2
xy y x
y x
t o o
o o
+
+
=
min
max
o t o
o o
t
o
2 cos 2 sin
2
xy
y x
+

=
o t o o o o o
o
2 sin sin cos
2 2
xy y x
+ =
1/ Phng php gii tch

1
;
2
.
. / 82 , 13 6 . 4 ) 6 12 (
2
1
2
6 16
2 2
max
cm kN = + + +

= o
. / 82 . 7 6 . 4 ) 6 12 (
2
1
2
6 12
2 2
min
cm kN = + +

= o
. / 82 , 10
2
82 , 7 82 , 13
2
max
cm kN =
+
= t

1
=13,82kN/cm
2
;
2
=0;
3
= -7,82kN/cm
2
.
'. 10 73 ; ' 50 16 ;
3
2
6 12
6 . 2
2
0
12
0
1
1 1
= = =
+
= o o o tg
. / 38 , 10 40 cos 6 40 sin
2
6 12
. / 04 , 6 40 sin 6 20 sin 6 20 cos 12
2 0 0
2 0 0 2 0 2
cm kN
cm kN
= +
+
=
= =
o
o
t
o
. 20 ; / 6 ; / 6 ; / 12
0 2 2 2
= = = = o t o o cm kN cm kN cm kN
xy y x
2. Phng php v
-Chn t l xch, v h to .
-V vng trn ng sut ng knh A(
x
, ),B(
y
, ).
-Tm
max
(E),
min
(D), (G).
-Tm cc P, phng ca ng sut chnh(
11
), mt chnh.
-Tm im H(

, ).
xy
t
max
t
yx
t
o
t

max
=k.OE

min
=k.OD

max
=k.CG

= k.OI

= k.IH

B
A
C

min

D E
P
G
M
N

max
O
H
(x)
(y)

11

12

max
y

xy

1
x

11

I
; / ; / k MA k OM
xy x
t o = =
; / ; / k NB k ON
yx y
t o = =

C TRNG HNH HC CA MT CT
P
a
a

f

P
0,5a
2
a

f
/
4

0
,
5
a

P
2a
4
f

4.1. Khi nim.

Kh nng chu lc v
bin dng ca vt th
ph thuc:
- din tch mt ct ngang
-s phn b ca
mt ct so vi
phng tc dng ca lc .

CHNG 4
4.2. Momen tnh.
Din tch ca hnh
}
=
F
dF F



(4. 1)
Momen tnh ca hnh i vi cc
trc x v y

}
=
F
x
ydF S ;
}
=
F
y
xdF S . (4. 2)
Momen tnh c th nguyn [chiu di]
3

v c gi tr dng, m hay bng khng.
nh l Varinhng
Trng hp hnh phng
c ghp t nhiu phn
F
S
x
y
c
=
;
F
S
y
x
c
=
.
(4. 3)
i
ci i
c
F
x F
x

=
;
i
ci i
c
F
y F
y

=
;
(4. 4)
F
i
, x
ci
, y
ci
- din tch v to trng tm ca tng phn
hnh phng.
dF
C
O
y
y
y
C

x
C

x
x
C
1
C
2
C
3
Y
X
F = bh y = b/2
y =
b/3
F =
bh/2
F =
bh/3
y = b/4
F =
2bh/3
y =
3b/8
Hnh
Din tch
Trng tm
h

y
b
h

y
b
h

y
b
h

y
b
C
C
C
C
4.3. Momen qun tnh.
Momen qun tnh trc
;
2
dF y I
F
x }
=

.
2
dF x I
F
y }
=
(4. 5)
Momen qun tnh ly tm
}
=
F
xy
xydF I
.

(4. 6)
Momen qun tnh cc i
vi mt im (cc) O :
(4. 7)
dF
O
y
x
y
C

x
C

C
y
x
Trc trung tm - trc i qua trng tm;
Trc chnh momen qun tnh ly tm I
xy
= 0;
Trc i xng - trc chnh trung tm;
Momen qun tnh trc ca hnh phng i vi hai trc
chnh trung tm c gi tr cc i hay cc tiu
Hnh phng c trn hai trc i xng: mi trc trung tm
u l trc chnh
.
2
y x
F
p
I I dF I + = =
}

4.4. Momen qun tnh ca mt s hnh n gin.

. 05 , 0
64 2
4
4
d
d
I
I I
p
y x
~ = = =
t
Hnh ch nht
O
h

b
x
y
Hnh tam gic
.
12
;
12
3 3
hb
I
bh
I
y x
= = .
(4. 8)
12
3
bh
I
x
=
.

(4. 9)
x
y
b
h

Hnh trn
d=2r
D

d

); 1 (
64 2
4
4
o
t
= = =
D
I
I I
p
y x
,
Hnh vnh khn.
( ). 1 05 , 0
4 4
o ~ = D I I
y x
= d/D
( 4.10 )
( 4.11 )
4.5. Cng thc bin i h trc to .
4.5.1. Cng thc chuyn trc song song.
; 2
2
F b bS I I
y y v
+ + =


. abF aS bS I I
y x xy uv
+ + + =
(4. 12)
a
b u u
v
v
; 2
2
F a aS I I
x x u
+ + =
y
y
x
x
O
dF
u
x
v
y
b
a

a>0
b>0
x
u
y
v
b
a

a<0
b<0
Nu cc trc x, y l trc trung tm S
x
= S
y
= 0
. ; ;
2 2
abF I I F b I I F a I I
xy uv y v x u
+ = + = + =


(4. 13)
u = x+b ;
v = y+a
;
2 3 12
2
2
3
bh h
I F a I
bh
I
x x u
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + = =
.
36 3
.
2 12
3
2
3
bh h bh bh
I
x
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
h

b
h
/
3

u
x
C
C- trng tm ca tam gic
Th d 4.1.
4.5.2. Cng thc xoay trc.
. 2 sin sin cos
2 2
o o o
xy y x u
I I I I + =


(4. 14)
. 2 sin cos sin
2 2
o o o
xy y x v
I I I I + + =


(4. 15)
v
u
u
v

dF
y
y
x x
o
. 2 cos 2 sin
2
o o
xy
y x
uv
I
I I
I +

=
(4. 16)
4.5.3. Trc qun tnh chnh. Momen qun tnh chnh.
V tr ca trc qun tnh chnh
:
y x
xy
I I
I
tg

=
2
2o



(4. 17)
(4. 18)
min
2
2
max
2 2
xy
y x y x
I
I I I I
I
+


.
|


\
|


+
=
.

Momen qun tnh chnh
4.5.4.Vng trn Mo qun tnh.
C
P
I
max

Phng trc chnh ng vi I
min
I
tr

Phng trc chnh
ng vi I
max
E
I
min

O
D
I
lt

I
xy

-I
xy

Phng trc x
A
I
x

B
I
y

T l xch
|
|
.
|

\
|
cm
cm
k
4
A(I
x
, I
xy
)

B(I
y
, -I
xy
)
D(I
max
,0) E(I
min
,0)
Th d 4.1 Xc nh v tr ca cc trc qun tnh
chnh trung tm ca cc hnh di y.
4.5.5.Bn knh qun tnh.
F
I
r
x
x
=
;
F
I
r
y
y
=
.
=
+
= +
F
I I
r r
y x
y x
2 2

Const.
Th d 4.2 Xc nh v tr ca cc trc qun tnh chnh
trung tm v tr s ca cc momen qun tnh chnh
trung tm ca hnh phng. Kch thc ca hnh c
o bng cm.

cm
F F
y F y F
y
C
29 , 1
2 6 6 3 5 , 0
0 2 6 3 6 3 5 , 0
2 1
2 2 1 1
=
+
+
=
+
+
=

4 2
3
2
3
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
3 , 68 ) 29 , 1 ( 3 . 6
12
2 . 6
71 , 1 . 6 . 3 . 5 , 0
36
6 . 3
cm a F J a F J J
II
x
I
x
c
x
= + + + = + + + =
X
1

C
1

a
1

a
2

y
c

Y
1

1
X
2

Y
2

x
c

b
1
b
2

Y
c

X
C

C
2

C
2

3
6

2

1

6
cm
F F
x F x F
x
C
857 , 0
2 6 6 3 5 , 0
0 2 6 ) 2 ( 6 3 5 , 0
2 1
2 2 1 1
=
+
+
=
+
+
=

4 2
3
2
3
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
1 , 61 857 , 0 . 2 . 6
12
6 . 2
) 14 , 1 .( 6 . 3 . 5 , 0
6
3 . 6
cm
b F J b F J J
II
y
I
y
c
y
= +
+ + =
+ + + =

4
3 2
2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1
1 1 2
4 , 35 875 , 0 ). 29 , 1 ( 6 . 2 0
) 14 , 1 .( 71 , 1 . 6 . 3 . 5 , 0
72
6 . 3
cm
b a F
J b a F J J
II
y x
I
y x
c
y x
= + +
+ =
+ + + =

Y
1

Y
c

Y
2

X
1

X
2

X
C

x
c

b
1
b
2

C
2

C
1

C
a
1

a
2

y
c

1
3
6

2

2

1

U
V
6

a
1
= y
1
- y
C
= 3 - 1,29 = 1,71 cm; b
1
= x
1
x
C
= -2+0,857 =
-1,14 cm; a
2
= -y
C
= -1,29; b
2
= -x
C
= 0,857 cm.

4 2
3
2
3
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
1 , 61 857 , 0 . 2 . 6
12
6 . 2
) 14 , 1 .( 6 . 3 . 5 , 0
6
3 . 6
cm
b F J b F J J
II
y
I
y
c
y
= +
+ + =
+ + + =

4
3 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
4 , 35 875 , 0 ). 29 , 1 ( 6 . 2 0
) 14 , 1 .( 71 , 1 . 6 . 3 . 5 , 0
72
6 . 3
2 2 1 1
cm
b a F
J b a F J J
II
y x
I
y x y x
c c
= + +
+ =
+ + + =

Y
c

x
c

b
1

Y
1

C
1

1
2

1

Y
2

X
2

C
2

U
V
C
X
1

X
C

b
2

a
1

a
2

y
c


a
1
= y
1
- y
C
= 3 - 1,29 = 1,71 cm; b
1
= x
1
x
C
= -2+0,857 =
-1,14 cm; a
2
= -y
C
= -1,29cm; b
2
= -x
C
= 0,857 cm.
3
6

2

6
a
1
= y
1
- y
C
= 3 - 1,29 = 1,71 cm; b
1
= x
1
x
C
= -2 + 0,857 =
-1,14 cm; a
2
= -y
C
= -1,29;

b
2
= -x
C
= 0,857 cm.

33 , 1
9
12
857 , 0
14 , 1
29 , 1
71 , 1
;
1
2
2
1
2
1
= = = = =
F
F
b
b
a
a
' 6 42 ; ' 12 84 2
83 , 9
3 , 68 1 , 61
) 4 , 35 ( 2
2
2
o o
c
x
c
y
c
y
c
x
J J
J
tg
= =
=

=
o o
o

2
2
) 4 , 35 (
4
) 1 . 61 3 , 68 (
2
1 , 61 3 , 68
+

+
=
J
max
=
2
2
4
) (
2
c
y
c
x
c
y
c
x
c
y
c
x
J
J J J J
+

+


min
J
max
= 100,3 cm
4
; J
min
= 29,1 cm
4
.
J
xc
+ J
yc
= J
max
+ J
min

68,3 + 61,1 = 100,3 + 29,1 = 129, 4 cm
4

Kim tra
Th d 4.3 Cho dm ghp gm thp hnh ch UN
0
10
v thp gc u cnh N
0
8 .
- Xc nh v tr trng tm hnh ghp;
- Xc nh momen qun tnh ca mt ct i vi hai
trc trung tm, - Xc nh v tr ca cc trc qun
tnh chnh trung tm v tr s ca cc momen qun
tnh chnh trung tm;
- V mt ct c ghi r kch thc v v tr ca cc trc



. 44 , 1 ; 4 , 20
; 174 ; 9 , 10 ; 10
4 4
4 2
1 1
1
1
cm z cm J
cm J cm F cm h
I I
y
I
x
I I
= =
= = =

. 19 , 2 ; 4 , 33
; 57 ; 38 , 9 ; 8
4
4 2
2 2
2 2
cm z cm J
cm J J cm F cm b
II
y x
II
y
II
x
II II
= =
= = = =

Cc kch thc ca thp gc N
0
8
Cc kch thc ca thp ch UN
0
10


. 44 , 1 ; 4 , 20
; 174 ; 9 , 10 ; 10
4 4
1
4
1
2
1 1
cm z cm J
cm J cm F cm h
I I
y
I
x
I I
= =
= = =

. 19 , 2 ; 4 , 33
; 57 ; 38 , 9 ; 8
4
2 2
4
2 2
2
cm z cm J
cm J J cm F cm b
II
y x
II
y
II
x
II II
= =
= = = =

; 68 , 1
38 , 9 9 , 10
63 , 3 . 38 , 9 0 . 9 , 10
2 1
cm
F F
x F x F
x
II I
II I
c
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
; 30 , 1
38 , 9 9 , 10
81 , 2 . 38 , 9 0 . 9 , 10
2 1
cm
F F
y F y F
y
II I
II I
c
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
x
2
= z
I
+ z
II
= 1,44 + 2,19 = 3,63 cm;
y
2
= . 81 , 2 19 , 2
2
10
2
cm z
h
II
I
= =
Cc kch thc ca thp gc N
0
8
Cc kch thc ca thp ch UN
0
10
y
2

a
2

y
c

z
I
I

h
I

C
1

Y
1

X
1

b
I
I

X
2

X
Y
2
Y
z
I

C
2

C
a
1

z
II

b
1
b
2

x
c

x
2

; 271
) 51 , 1 ( 38 , 9 57 ) 3 , 1 ( 9 , 10 174
4
2 2
2
2
2
2
1
1
cm
a F J a F J J
II II
x
I I
x
c
x
=
+ + + =
= + + + =

; 144 ) 95 , 1 ( 38 , 9
57 ) 68 , 1 ( 9 , 10 4 , 1720
4 2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
cm
b F J b F J J
II II
y
I I
y
c
y
= +
+ + =
= + + + =

; 8 , 84 ) 95 , 1 )( 51 , 1 ( 38 , 9 4 , 33
) 68 , 1 )( 3 , 1 ( 9 , 10 0
4
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 1
cm
b a F
J b a F J J
II
II
y x
I I
y x
c
y
c
x
= + +
+ =
+ + + =

trong a
1
= - y
c
= - 1,30 cm.
X
1

Y
1

Y
c

Y
2

z
I

C
1

C
2

C X
c

X
2

a
1

a
2

y
c
y
2

z
II

z
I
I

b
I
I

h
I

b
1
b
2

x
c

x
2

Chng 5
Xon v ct
5.1. Biu momen xon
Th d 5. 1. V biu momen xon
Trn on AB: M
x
= 0;
trn on BC: M
x
= 50 kNm;
trn on CD: M
x
= - 30 kNm;
trn on DE : M
x
= 20 kNm.

M
x
>0 M
x
>0
M
x
kNm
-
+
+
50
30
20
A
B C D E
Chiu dng ca momen xon
M
3
= 50
M
2
= 80
M
1
= 50
5.2. Xon thanh c mt ct ngang hnh trn

5.2.1. Gi thuyt .
1. ng knh v khong cch gia cc mt ct khng
thay i
2. Cc lp vt liu dc trc khng ko hoc y nhau
ngha l khng c ng sut php trn cc mt song song
vi trc thanh.
3. Mt ct thanh hnh trn vn phng v quay quanh trc
thanh, bn knh mt ct quay quanh trc thanh nhng
vn thng.

Th nghim
x
x
M
x

M
x

x
x
- S xon thanh hnh tr l kt qu ca bin dng trt do
cc mt ct ngang quay tng i quanh trc x.
- Trong mt ct ngang xut hin ng sut tip c phng
vung gc vi bn knh tng ng.
Kt lun
- Khng c ng sut php trn cc mt ct ngang v dc
- Trng thi ng sut l trng thi trt thun tu.

a
b
b
dx
x
d
;
dx
d

=
;
dx
d
G

t

=
O
M
x
;
p
x
I
M
t

=
; W ;
W
p
p
max
r
I
M
p
x
= = t
(5. 2)
O
M
dF

t
Hnh trn:
d/D=.
3
3
2 , 0
16
D
D
W
p
~ =
t

) 1 ( 2 , 0 ) 1 (
16
4 3 4
3
o o
t
~ = D
D
W
p


(5. 1)

max

max

D

max

D
d
Hnh vnh khn:
Ba bi ton c bn ca SBVL v bn
Xc nh ng sut, iu kin bn
iu kin bn
| |.
W
p
max
t t s =
x
M
( 5.3 )
5.3. Bin dng ca thanh chu xon.


p
x
GI
l M
=
. (5. 6)
| | s =
p
x
GI
l M
.

(5. 7)
p
x
GI
M
l
= =

u
-

Gc xon tng i.
| | u u s =
p
x
GI
M
;

(5. 8)
iu kin cng
Ba bi ton c bn ca SBVL v cng

t
max
=
x
x
W
M

5.4. Xon thanh c mt ct khng trn
3
b W
x
| =


t t =
1
max
.

;
x
x
GI
l M
=
.
4
b I
x
o =
(5.10)
(5.11)
(5.12)
(5.13)
(5.14)
G modun trt ca vt liu (N/m
2
)
I
p
0,1D
4
- momen q.t. cc ca hnh trn
( 5.9 )
Mt ct
W
x
cm
3

im c ng
suttip cc i
J
x
cm
4


h
b

b

B

H
h
16
16
1 ;
2
3
h b
W
n b
W
n
b
h
n
x
x
t
t
=
=
> =
u trc ngn
x
x
W
M
=
max
t

u trc di
n
max
t
t =

1 16
2
3 4
+
=
n
n b
J
x
t
B
b
H
h
nB
W
B
h b H B
W
n
B
H
b
h
x
x
= =

=
> = =
o
o
t
t
) 1 (
16
16
1
4
3
2 2
1
) 1 (
16
1 16
2
4 3 4
2
3 3
+

=
+

=
n
n B
J
n
bh BH
J
x
x
o t
t
u trc ngn
x
x
W
M
=
max
t

u truc dai
n
max
t
t =


W
x
cm
3

im c ng sut
tip cc i
J
x
cm
4


b

h
A
W
x
=2BH B
Trung im cnh di
bn ngoi

H
n
0,208
0,1404
1,0
1 1,5 2 3 4 6 8 10
0,346
0,2936
0,8588
0,493
0,4572
0,7952
0,801
0,7899
0,7533
1,150
1,1232
0,7447
1,789
1,789
0,7426
2,456
2,456
0,7425
3,123
3,123
0,7425

3
1
b W
n
b
h
x
=
> =
|
Mt ct
4
b J
x
o =



x
x
W
M
=
max
t
H B
H B
J
x
+
=
o
2 2
2
max
max
t t
t t
=
= =
B
x
x
A
W
M
B
Mt ct W
x
cm
3

im c ng sut
tip cc i
J
x
cm
4

W
x
=2F
F din tch
nm trong
ng trung
bnh
im trn chu vi
ngoi gn tm nht



F v l din tch
v chiu di ca
ng trung
bnh
b

h
Trung im
ca cc cnh


x
x
W
M
=
max
t
l
F
J
x
o
2
4
=
99 , 12
05 , 0
3
3
h
b W
x
=
=
x
x
W
M
=
max
t
981 , 25
188 , 46
4
4
h
b
J
x
=
=
5.5. Cc dng ph hu ca thanh chu xon.
M
x

M
x

M
x

M
x

max

x
x
dr
R

max

max

x
x
M
x

M
x

Vt liu: do
M
x

M
x

45
O

gin
g

3

t
P

max

min
O
A
B
t
max
Th d 5.2. Mt trc thp c mt ct ngang hnh trn chu tc
dng ca cc momen xon M
1
= 1800 Nm, M
2
= 1400 Nm,
M
3
= 2000 Nm v M
x
.
1.Xc nh M
x
khi
gc quay ca mt
ct u bn phi
trc bng khng.
2. V biu momen
xon vi gi tr tm c ca M
x
.
4.V biu gc xon.
5.Tm gc xon tng i ln nht. Bit moun trt ca
thp l 8.10
10
N/m
2
.
M
1
=1800Nm
M
2
=1400Nm
M
3
=2000Nm
M
x

A
B C
D
E
2m 3m 4m 6m
3.Vt liu c ng sut cho php Xc nh
ng knh ca trc theo bn(ly trn theo gi tr gn nht
30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60,70, 80, 90, 100, 200 mm.)
| |
2 6
/ 10 . 60 m N = t .


M
1
=1800Nm M
2
=1400Nm
M
3
=2000Nm
M
x

A
B C
D
E
2m 3m 4m 6m
;
) 6 4 3 2 (
p
x
EMx
GI
M + + +
=
; 0
3 2 1
= + + + =
EMx EM EM EM E

Nm M
x
33 , 493
15
7000 3600 18000
=

=
.
1/


;
) 4 3 2 ( 2000
3
p
EM
3
GI
+ +
=
;
0 , 2 . 1800
1
p
EM
GI
=
;
) 3 2 ( 1400
2
p
EM
GI
+
=

2/ on DE:
M
4
= 493,33 Nm;
on CD: M
3
= 493,33
2000 = -1506,67 Nm;
on BC:M
2
= 493,33
-2000 + 1400 =
-106, 67 Nm;
on AB:M
1
= 493,33
-2000 + 1400 + 1800
= 1693,33 Nm.

3/M
xmax
= 1693,33 Nm,
t
max
= | |;
max
t s
p
x
W
M

-
-
+
+
1693,3
3
-106,67
-1506,67
493,33
M
x
(Nm)
;
16
3
D
W
p
t
= vi
| |
m
M
D
x
0524 , 0
10 . 60 . 14 , 3
33 , 1693 . 16 16
3
6
3
max
= = >
t t
=
52,4

mm.
M
1
=1800N
m
M
2
=1400Nm
M
3
=2000N
m
M
x

A
B C
D
E
2m 3m 4m 6m
rad
BA B
0333 , 0
10 . 7 , 101
2 . 33 , 1693
3
=
= =
;
rad
CB
0031 , 0
10 . 7 , 101
3 . 67 , 106
3
= =
;
rad
CB B C
0302 , 0 0031 , 0 0333 , 0 =
= + =
;
rad
DC
0593 , 0
10 . 7 , 101
4 . 67 , 1506
3
= = ;
rad
DC C D
0291 , 0 0593 , 0 0302 , 0 = = + = ;
0 =
E

.
4/
0
=
A
.
3
8 4 10
10
.
7 , 101
10 . 6 .
32
. 10 . 8
Nm
GI
p
=
=

t

M
1
=1800Nm
M
2
=1400Nm
M
3
=2000Nm
M
x

A
B C
D
E
2m 3m 4m 6m
M
x
(Nm)
-
-
+
+
1693,33
106,67
1506,67
493,33
0,0333
0,0302
-0,0291
(rad)
5/

m
rad
GI
M
p
x
0166 , 0
10 . 7 , 101
33 , 1693
3
max
max
= = = u .
;
1 1
td
T
F
T
d
= = o
F
Q
= t (5. 1) | | t t s =
F
Q
(5. 15)
Mi inh chu ct theo hai mt
a - a v b b.
Tng din tch chu ct :
4
2
d
ni F
t
=
n - s inh tn; i - s mt
chu ct ca mt inh;
d - ng knh inh tn.
(n = 4; i = m - 1 = 3 - 1 = 2)
m - s tm ni;
tng lc ct Q = T
| | t
t t
t s

= =
4
2 4
4
2 2
d
T
d
ni
Q
iu kin bn ct:
Q
Q
Q
Q

d
T
1
T T
d
T a
T/2
a
b b
T/2
t
iu kin bn dp :
| |.
d d
ntd
T
o o s =
ng sut dp
5.6.Tnh ton quy c theo ct v dp
( 5.16 )
( 5.17 )
( 5.18 )
t

5. 6. Tnh ton gn ng l xo xon c hnh tr.
P
P
P
Q
D
d
M
Q = P;
2
D
P M
x
=
;
4
2
d
F
t
=

d - ng knh dy l xo.
t
max
=
3 3
8
2
16 .
d
PD
d
PD
W
M
p
x
t t
= =

t
max
=
)
2
1 (
8 8 4
3 3 2
D
d
d
PD
d
PD
d
P
+ = +
t t t

ng sut tip tng cng cc i:
40
1
20
1
2
=
D
d
thng c th b qua
t
max
| | t
t
s ~
3
8
d
PD
;

(5. 19)
A
ng
= A
n

2 2

x
M P
=
;
p
x
GI
l M
=
;
p
x
GI
l M
P
2
=

; Dn l t ~
ly gn ng
n - s vng tnh ton ca l xo.
D - ng knh l xo.
2
PD
M
x
=
4
2 2
4
32
d G
Dn D P
P
t
t

=
M
x

Q

4
3
8
Gd
n PD
=
Bin dng ca l xo:
Khi tnh ton nhng l xo c v tr quan trng ngi
ta a thm h s hiu chnh vo cng thc xc
nh ng sut tip cc i. Khi iu kin bn c
dng:
| | s =
4
3
8
Gd
n PD
iu kin cng ca l xo:
(5. 20)
| | t
t
s
3
8
d
PD k
(5. 21)
c c
c
k
615 , 0
4 4
1 4
+

=
vi
d
D
c =
32,2kW. W 32200
1 . 32
80 . 04 , 0 . . 10 . 8 . 10 . 2
4 10 2
= =

t
| |
= e

l
I G
p
. .
= 60300w = 60,3 kw.
2. N = M =
Chn N = 32,2 kW
Th d 5.3
Mt trc c ng knh d = 4 cm, quay vi vn tc = 80
rad.Vt liu lm trc c modun trt G = 8.10
4
MN/m
2
; ng sut
cho php =60 MN/m
2
. Gc xon cho php [] = 2.10
-2
rad/m.
Xc nh cng sut truyn qua trc theo iu kin bn v iu
kin cng.
| | t
1.

= = = =
16
80 . 04 , 0 . . 10 . 60
W ] [
3 6
P
t
e t e M N
Th d 5.4. Mt trc gm ba on: AC v DB c mt ct
ngang hnh vung cnh d = 4 cm v CD c mt ct ngang
hnh trn ng knh d, Chiu di ca cc on trc
l
1
=l
2
=40cm, l
3
=60cm. Trc chu tc dng ca cc momen
M
c
=80kNcm v M
d
=40kNcm. Modun trt ca vt liu G =
8.10
3
kN/cm
2
.V biu momen xon; xc nh ng sut
trong cc on trc. Xc nh gc xon
AC
M
d
M
c
D C B A
l
2
l
3
l
1
M
A
1
1
3
2
2
3
M
1
=M
A
M
2
=M
A
-M
c
M
3
=M
A
-M
c
+M
d
;
( ) ( )
. 0
3 2 1
=
+
+

+
x
d c A
p
c A
x
A
GI
l M M M
GI
l M M
GI
l M
M
A
=M
1
=44,1kNcm,M
2
=-35,9kNcm;M
3
=4,1kNcm
; 00615 , 0
4 . 1404 , 0 . 10 . 8
40 . 1 , 44
4 3
1 1
rad
GI
l M
x
AC
= = =
M
d
M
c
D C B A
l
2
l
3
l
1
M
A
1
1
3
2
2
3
M
B
M
A
+ M
B
M
c
+M
d
= 0 ;

AB
= 0 =
AC
+
CD
+
DB
;
J
p
=0,1d
4
;
J
x
=d
4
;
W
p
=0,2d
3
;
W
x
=d
3
;
n = 1
= 0,1404
= 0,208
M
D
=40kNcm

M
C
=80kNcm

D C B A
l
2
l
3
l
1
M
A
1
1
3
2
2
3
M
1
= 44,1kNcm; M
2
= -35,9kNcm; M
3
= 4,1kNcm
; / 31 , 3
4 . 208 , 0
1 , 44
2
3
1
cm kN = = t
; / 8 , 2
4 . 2 , 0
9 , 35
2
3
2
cm kN =

= t
. / 31 , 0
4 . 208 , 0
1 , 4
2
3
3
cm kN = = t
-
+
+
M(kNcm)
44,1
-35,9
4,1
Thanh ch yu chu un c gi l dm

Khi nim v nh ngha nh nghi :

Mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm: mt phng to nn
bi trc ca thanh thng ( thanh c trc l ng thng ) v
mt trc qun tnh chnh trung tm ca mt ct ngang

Khi ti trng nm trong mt phng qun tnh chnh trung
tm v vung gc vi trc thanh, ni lc trong mt ct
ngang c hai thnh phn ( momen un v lc ct ngang ),
trc thanh s b un cong nhng vn l ng cong phng
nm trong mt phng qun tnh chnh trung tm, bin dng
ca thanh l un ngang phng.
Chng 6
Un ngang phng
Khi ni lc trong mt ct ngang ch c mt thnh phn
momen un thanh chu un thun ty.

B
P
A C
l
a
b P
D
a a
Pa
-P
P
Cc on dm CA
v BD chu un
ngang
on dm AB chu
un thun ty
x
z
O
y
Q
M
q
z
x
y
P
P
Mt ct ngang ca cc dm thng gp c trc i xng.
Trc dm v trc i xng ca cc
mt ct ngang to thnh mt phng
i xng v l mt phng qun tnh
chnh trung tm ca dm. Nu ti
trng nm trong mt phng i xng
v vung gc vi trc dm s gy ra
bin dng un ngang phng.

1. Trc dm l mt ng thng, mt ct ngang c trc i
xng. Dm c mt phng i xng do trc dm v trc i
xng ca mt ct ngang to ra.
2. Ngoi lc (lc tp trung hay lc phn b) nm trong
mt phng i xng v vung gc vi trc dm, cc momen
tc dng trong mt phng i xng ca dm.
3.Ch tnh n nhng ng sut trong mt ct ngang ca
dm, ng sut php gia cc th dc c gi tr khng ng k
v c b qua. S tnh ca dm l on thng trng vi
trc dm chu tc dng ca ngoi lc.
4.Ti trng tc dng ln dm l ti trng tnh.
Trong chng ny ng sut v bin dng ca dm chu
bin dng un ngang phng c xc nh da trn nhng
iu kin sau :
Lc ct ngang Q
y
v momen un M
z
ti mt mt ct
ngang bt k c xc nh bng phng php mt ct:
Q
y
(x) = P
i(y)
M
z
(x) = m(P
i
)
P
i(y)
- Tng i s hnh chiu tt c ngoi lc (tp trung,
phn b) tc dng trn phn dm mt bn mt ct ln
trc y
m(P
i
) -
Tng i s momen ca tt c cc ngoi lc (tp
trung, phn b, momen tp trung) tc dng trn phn dm
mt bn mt ct i vi trng tm ca mt ct
Ni lc v biu ni lc
B
P
A
x
q
M
y
M
M
Gi thuyt tnh ton dm chu
un thun ty
1. Gi thuyt mt ct phng : Mt ct
ngang phng v vung gc vi trc
dm s di chuyn nhng vn phng
v vung gc vi trc dm b un
cong khi bin dng.
2. Gi thuyt v cc th dc : Trong qu
trnh bin dng Cc th dc khng ko, p
ln nhau. Chiu di ca cc th dc thay
i dn dn t co ngn chuyn thnh b ko
di v tn ti mt lp th dc khng thay
i chiu di gi l lp trung ha. Giao
tuyn ca lp trung ha v mt ct ngang
Gi l ng ( trc )trung ha.
d
O
O
1
2
2
dx
1
( ) ;

c
y
x
y
=
( ) ;

o
y
E x
y
=
;
z
z
y
J
y M
= o y

b
h

z
y
+

max

min

-
z
y
dN
dN=
y
dF
z
y
x
M
z
( ) = = =
}
0 0 z S dF N
F
y
o
} }
= = =
F F
y y
yzdF zdF M 0 0 o
= 0
yz
S
Trc z ( ng trung ha i qua
trng tm mt ct
y,z l cc trc qun tnh chnh trung tm.
.
z
z
y
F
y z
I
y M
ydF M = =
}
o o
;
z
z
y
J
y M
= o
;
W J
z z
max
max
z z
M y M
= = o
;
12
;
6
W
3 2
z
bh
J
bh
z
= =
Hnh ch nht :
Hnh trn: ;
64
;
32
W
4 3
z
d
J
d
z
t t
= =
Hnh ch I, ch U : tra bng.
(6.1)
(6.2)
(6.3)
(6.4)
;
max
y
J
W
z
z
=
6.1.4. iu kin bn. Dng hp l ca mt ct
ngang.
o
max
= | |
k k
z
z
y
I
M
o s ;
| |
n n
z
z
y
I
M
o o s =
min

(6.5)
Mt ct nguy him cn c kim tra l mt ct
c momen un dng (hoc m) c tr s tuyt
i ln nht.
Vt liu do ( ng sut cho php theo ko v nn
nh nhau):
o
max
=
| | o s
z
z
W
M

( 6. 6 )
Mt ct c hnh dng hp l phi tn dng c
cao nht kh nng lm vic ca vt liu .
Cc ng sut cc im nguy him ng thi t ti
gi tr ca ng sut ko v ng sut nn cho php.
Thp I N
O
30; F = 46,5 cm
2
, W
z
= 472 cm
3
; mt ct hnh
vung cng din tch W
z
= 52,9 cm
3
(nh hn gn 9 ln).
3
F
W
= |
nh g kh nng chng un ca mt ct.
I N
O
30 = 131,26; hnh vung cng din tch =14,70.
| |
;
z
max k
k
z
M
y
I
o o = =
| |
| |
.
k k
n
n
y
y
o
o
o
= =
Vt liu gin 1; y
k
y
n

Vt liu do = 1; y
k
=y
n

| |
n n
z
z
y
I
M
o o = =
min
| |
n n
z
z
y
I
M
o o = =
min
( 6.7 )
| | o s =
W
Pl
W
M
4
max
iu kin bn ca dm:
| |
l
W
P
o 4
s
| | kN P 1216
8
16 . 152 . 4
1
= =
+
M
max
=Pl/4
B
P
A
C
l
0,5l
a/
z
y
b/
y
z
c/
b/
| | kN P 164
8
16 . 5 , 20 . 4
2
= =
c/
[P1]/[P2] =
1216/164 = 7,41
Th d 6.1. Xc nh ti trng cho php P t trn dm
N
O
20 c gi bn l hai u cho hai trng hp t
dm khc nhau nh trn hnh v. Bit l=8m; vt liu c ng
sut cho php | |
2
/ 16 cm kN = o
.
N
O
20: W
z
=152 cm
3
,
W
y
= 20,5 cm
3
.
Th d 6. 2. Kim tra bn theo ng sut php ca dm
chu ti trng nh hnh v. Vt liu c ng sut chophp
| |
2
/ 2 , 4 cm kN
k
= o
;
| |
2
/ 10 cm kN
n
= o
.
P=10kN
A

C B D
q=0,56kN/cm
100cm
30cm
M
C
= 550 kNcm M
B
= -300kNcm.
Dm khng bn mt ct B, ti momen
un c gi tr tuyt i khng phi l ln nht.

2
550.4
4,125 / ;
533,34
kc
kN cm o = =
300kNcm
550kNcm
2
550.8
8, 25 / ;
533,34
nc
kN cm o = =
2
300.8
4,5 /
533,34
kB
kN cm o = =
| |
k
o
2
300.4
2, 25 / .
533,34
nB
kN cm o = =
100
20
2
0

1
0
0

y
c
C
Mmen tnh ca mt ct i vi trc z
o
:
S
ZO
= 10 x 2 x 1 + 2 x 10 x 7 = 160 cm
3
.
100
20
2
0

1
0
0

y
C

O
2

Z
2

z
z
1

z
O

O
1

C
O


y
cm
F
S
y
zo
C
4
10 2 2 10
160
=
+
= =
; 34 , 533 3 . 2 . 10
12
10 . 2
3 . 2 . 10
12
2 . 10
4 2
3
2
3
cm I
z
= + + + =
6.2. Un ngang phng.
b
h

y
z
+
-
P

Q
M+dM M
-Pl
dx
x
2 2
4
4
3
3
r
p
s
q
y

a
b
d
c
l
x
P
6.2.1 Bin dng ca dm chu un ngang phng
a c
b d
m n
a
1

c
1

b
1

d
1

m
1
n
1
Nhn xt :
- Mt ct ngang b un cong ;
- Gc vung trc khi bin dng
vn khng thay i mt trn ca
v mt di db ;

- Gc vung lp trung ha mn
bin i nhiu nht ;
Kt lun : ng sut tip mt
trn, mt di bng khng v c
gi tr cc i lp trung ha.

+
-
P

Q
M+dM
M
-Pl
6.2.2. Xc nh ng sut.

h
/
2

y

dx
p
3
3
4
4
q
r
s
N
1
N
2
Q
Q
T
( )
;
1
z
y
I
z MS
N =
( )
;
z y
y
y
I b
z QS
= t
; bdx T
y
t =
( ) ( )
;
2
z
y
I
z S dM M
N
+
=
T = N
2
N
1
;
;
z
z
y
I
y M
= o
( 6.8 )
6.2.3 Biu ng sut tip ( mt ct hnh ch nht).
z
y
y
bI
z QS ) (
= t
;
C y y
y F z S = ) (
;
y

dF

max
F
y
z
y
Mt ct hnh trn
;
3
4
max
F
Q
= t
;
2
3
max
F
Q
= t
F
t
- din tch mt
ct ngang phn
thnh ch I
( a
2
e
2
e
3
a
3
).
r
g
s
f
m
n
t
k

max
e
1

e
c
1

a
c
d
d
1

a
1

a
2
e
2

e
3
a
3

B
b
h
y

;
max
t
F
Q
= t
( 6.9 )
( 6. 10 )
( 6. 11 )

- ti A v D trn mt ct c momen un ln nht.

i vi dm lm bng vt liu do
z
y
x
B
C
D

min

max



A

max

Dm bng vt liu gin

-ti im B (trt thun tu) trn
mt ct c lc ct ln nht:
(6. 12)
o
max | |
k
o s
; | |
n
o o s
min

(6. 13)

t
max
| | t s
.

(6. 14)
vt liu do (thuyt bn th ba);
vt liu gin: thuyt bn Mo.

| |
| |
2
o
t =


Vt liu gin dng thuyt bn Mo.
| |;
max
o o s
- ti C (trng thi cng phng): mt ct c Q v M c gi
tr ln. Kim tra im c ng sut , c gi tr kh ln.
Vt liu do dung thuyt bn ba :
| | o t o s +
2 2
4
,

t
Kim tra ton phn bn
q=40kN/m
P=30kN
A
B C D
4m
1m
h

b
d
t

. 5 , 87 30 5 , 42 4 . 40
. 5 , 42
4
5 . 30 2 . 4 . 40
; 0 5 . 30 4 . 2 . 4 . 40
kN A
kN B
B M
A
= =
=

=
= =

Mt ct D:M
max
= 97,5kNm.
Mt ct A Q
max
= 87,5kN.
Mt ct B: M = 30 kNm v Q=72,5 kN.
.
Th d 6. 3. Chn v kim tra ton phn bn ca dm ch
I chu ti nh hnh v. Vt liu c ng sut cho php
| | . / 16
2
cm kN = o
+
97,5kNm
30kNm
30kN
72,5kN
+
87,5kN
2,1875
+
-
+
97,5kNm
30kNm
h

b
d
t

Ti D: M
max
= 97,5kNm.
Ti A: Q
max
= 87,5 kN.
Ti B: M = 30 kNm;
Q = 72,5 kN.
Chn s hiu ca dm
ch I theo ng sut php
cc i (ti D):
| |
| |
. 598
16
9570
;
3
max
max
max
cm
M
W
W
M
z
z
= = >
s =
o
o o

Chn thp ch I N
O
33 c I
z
= 9840 cm
4
;
S(z) = 339 cm
3
; W
z
= 597 cm
3
;
h = 33 cm; d = 0,7 cm; t = 1,12 cm.
30kN
+
-
87,5kN
2,187
5
72,5kN
A
D B
C
Phn t trng thi trt thun tu (mt ct A ):
; / 31 , 4
7 , 0 . 9840
339 . 5 , 87
) (
) (
2
max
max
cm kN
d z I
z S Q
= = = t

Phn t trng thi ng sut phng (mt ct B):
; / 69 , 4
9840
12 , 1
2
33
3000
). (
2
cm kN
I
y z M
z
y
=
|
.
|

\
|

= = o

.
| | . / 8
2
16
2
max
cm kN = = s t t
( ) =
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
2
2 2
z S t
h d
d I
Q
z
xy
t
. / 7 , 2 12 , 1
2
33
2
7 , 0
339
7 , 0 . 9840
5 , 72
2
2
cm kN =
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
| |. / 62 , 6 7 , 2 . 3 69 , 4
2 2 2
o o < = + = cm kN
td
h

b
d
t

z
6.3. Qu o ng sut chnh khi un ngang.
q
E
M M
A
B
C
D
Q
Q
im B

1



P
im D

3



P
6.4. Th nng bin dng n hi ca dm chu un.
Th nng ring bin dng n hi c xc nh theo
cng thc (3.14):

( ) | |
1 3 3 2 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
o o o o o o o o o + + + + =
E
u
.
Cc phn t vt liu ca dm chu un trng thi ng sut
phng c bit. Tr s ca ng sut chnh c xc nh
theo cng thc:

( ) | | .
2 2
1 2
2
1
2 2
2 2
G E E
u
t o
t o + = + + =
(3. 14)
E=2G(1+)
; 0 4
2
2 2
1
> + + = t o
o
o

o
= < + =
2
2 2
3
; 0 4
2
o t o
o
o

Mt ct hnh trn : k = 1,1;
Mt ct hnh ch nht:

Dm c chiu di ln
;
2
2
}
~
l
z
z
EI
dx M
U
Thp ch I: k = 2,2 2,4 ;

k = 1,2
dV
G E
udV U
V V
} }
(

+ = =
2 2
2 2
t o
;
Th nng bin dng ca ton b dm:

;
2 2
2 2
dF
G E
dx U
l F
} }
(

+ =
t o
.
2
) (
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
} } } }
+ =
l F l F
y
dF
b GI
z S Q
dx dF y
EI
M
dx U
}
=
F
I dF y
2
t
dF
b
z S
I
F
k
F
y
}
=
2
2
2
) (
dx
GF
Q
k dx
EI
M
U
l l
} }
+ =
2 2
2 2
(6.15)
(6.16)
6.5. Bin dng v chuyn v ca dm chu un.
6.5.1. Bin dng ca dm chu un.
z
z
EI
M
=

1
cong (6. 3)
Chuyn v ( vng, gc xoay).
vng y ca dm l chuyn v ca trng tm mt ct theo
phng vung gc vi trc dm: y = y( x ).

Gc xoay ca mt ct hay chuyn v gc l gc gia hai
v tr ca mt ct trc v sau khi bin dng. Da theo gi
thuyt mt ct phng ta c:

' y
dx
dy
tg = =
(6.17)
6.5.2. Phng trnh vi phn ca vng.
cong ca ng cong phng y = y( x ) :
3 2
) ' 1 (
' ' 1
y
y
+
=

(6.18)
(6. 3), (6. 23)
) (
) (
) ' 1 (
' '
3 2
x EI
x M
y
y
z
z
=
+
(6.19a)
Nu chn chiu dng ca trc y hng ln trn v chiu
dng ca trc x hng sang phi th du ca cong v
momen un trng nhau, ta s ly du cng trong biu thc
(6. 19a ):

) (
) (
) ' 1 (
' '
3 2
x EI
x M
y
y
z
z
=
+
(6.19b)
Phng trnh vi phn gn ng ca ng n hi (y0):

M
z
(x) - momen un i vi trc z mt ct c to x;

EI
z
(x) - cng chng un ca dm trong mt phng yx ti
mt ct c to x.



( )
( ); ' ' ' ' x M EIy
EI
x M
y
z
z
z
= + =
6.5.3. Phng php thng s ban u.
A
B
y
M
P
q
k
2

k
1

p
m
x
l
dk
dk
dp
dm
dx
x
) (
2
) (
2
2
2
1
k k
q
Pp M x M + + =
) (
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
k k
q
Pp M
dx
y d
EI
z
+ + =
+(2. 5)
. ) (
2
) (
2
2
2
1
dk k k
q
Ppdp Mdm
dx
dy
d EI
z
+ + =
). (
6 2
3
2
3
1
2
k k
q
p
P
Mm C
dx
dy
EI
z
+ + + =
= C EI
z 0
( );
6 2
3
2
3
1
2
k k
q
p
P
Mm EI
dx
dy
EI
z
+ + + =
( ) ( ) ;
2
2 1
2 1
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + =
k k
k k q Pp M x M
); (
! 3 ! 2 ! 1
3
2
3
1
2
k k
q
p
P
m
M
EI EI
o
+ + + =
). (
! 4 ! 3 ! 2
4
2
4
1
3 2
k k
q
p
P
m
M
x EI EIy y EI
o o
+ + + + =
(6. 20)
Cc hng s c xc nh theo iu kin lin kt ca dm.

f
max | | f s
.

(6. 21)
Dm cu trc

| | ;
500
1
600
1
l f
|
.
|

\
|
=
l - chiu di ca dm.
). (
24 6 2
4
2
4
1
3 2
k k
q
p
P
m
M
x EI D y EI
o z z
+ + + + =
( );
24 6 2
4
2
4
1
3 2
0 0
k k
q
p
P
m
M
x EI y EI y EI
z z z
+ + + + =

= D y EI
z 0
Th d. Xc nh vng v gc
xoay ca mt ct A.

Phng trnh gc xoay
y
P
p
B
x
x
l
A
2
2
Px
EI EI
o
=
; x = l,
0 =
;
2 2
2 2
Px Pl
EI =
Phng trnh vng
6 2
3 2
Px
x
Pl
EIy EIy
o
+ =
Khi x = l, y = 0
;
2
;
2
0
2 2
Pl
EI
Pl
EI
o o
= =
EI
Pl
2
2
0
=
(6. 22)
;
3
;
6 2
0
3 3 3
Pl
EIy
Pl Pl
EIy
o o
= + =
EI
Pl
y
o
3
3
= (6. 23)
6 2 3
3 2 3
Px
x
Pl Pl
EIy + =
Th d 6.5. Xc nh vng
v gc xoay ln nht ca dm .


2
l
q V V
B A
= =
.
Cc phng trnh vng v
gc xoay:

( b )
.
24 6 2
4 3
qx x ql
x EI EIy EIy
o o
+ + =
;
6 2 2
3 2
qx x ql
EI EI
o
+ =
( a )
Khi x = 0; y = 0; y
O
= 0; khi x = l; y = 0:
x
l
x
A
B
ql/2
k
1
p
ql/2
x
y
B
A
q

b

.
24 12 24
4 3 3
qx qlx
x
ql
EIy + =
.
384
5
24
2
12
2
2 24
4
4 3
3
ql
l
q
l
ql
l ql
EIy =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
x = l/2
;
24 6 2
0
4 3
0
ql l ql
l EI + =
;
24
;
24 12
3 3 3
0
EI
ql ql ql
EI
b a
= = + =
.
384
5
4
max
EI
ql
y f = =
x
l
x
A
B
ql/2
k
1
p
ql/2
x
y
B
A
q

b

( 6.24 )
Th d 6. 6. Xc nh vng v gc xoay ln nht ca
mt ct trn dm

l
Pa
V
l
Pb
V
B A
= = ;
.
.
2 2
2
2
Pp
x
l
Pb
EI EI
o
+ =

.
6 6
3
3
Pp
x
l
Pb
x EI EIy EIy
o o
+ + =


x = 0, p = 0 v y = 0 nn EIy
O
= 0.
x = l; p = l-a; y = 0:
(6. 25)
EI
Pl
y
48
3
=
(6. 26)
x
B
A

b

y
a b
P
C
l
a
b
p
x
V
A

A
B
l
P
P t gia dm (a = b = l/2).

;
6 6
0
3 3
0
Pb
l
Pbl
l EI + =
( )
.
6
2 2
0
l
b l Pb
EI

=
.
48
3
EI
Pl
f =
EI
Pl
b a
16
2
= = .

6.6. Phng php ti trng gi to.
;
2
2
q
dx
dQ
dx
M d
= =
( a )
EI
M
dx
d
dx
y d
= =

2
2
( b )
Bng phng php mt ct ta c th tm c lc ct
ngang Q v momen un M t cng ca ti trng phn
b
Nh vy nu coi M/EI l mt loi cng ti trng gi
to trn dm ta c th dng phng php mt ct tm
cc i lng chuyn v gc v chuyn v y nh mt loi
lc ct ngang gi to v momen un gi to:


q
gt
= M/EI; Q
gt
= v M
gt
= y.

Dm gi to cn c cc lin kt sao cho cc thnh phn ni
lc gi to ph hp vi cc chuyn v cc mt ct tng
ng trn dm thc.

Dm thc
Dm gi to

0
0
=
=

y

0
0
=
=

y

0
0
=
=
gt
gt
Q
M

0
0
=
=
gt
gt
Q
M

0
0
=
=

y

0
0
=
=

y

0
0
=
=
gt
gt
Q
M

0
0
=
=
gt
gt
Q
M

0
0
=
=

y

0
0
=
=

y

0
0
=
=

y

0
0
=
=
gt
gt
Q
M

0
0
=
=
gt
gt
Q
M

0
0
=
=

gt
M

Th d 6. 7. Xc nh vng v
gc xoay ti u A ca dm

;
6 2 3
1
3 2
EI
ql
l
EI
ql
Q
gt
= =
;
8 4
3
2 3
1
4 2
EI
ql
l l
EI
ql
M
gt
= =
.
6
;
8
3 4
EI
ql
EI
ql
y
A A
= =
;
2 2
1
2
EI
Pl
l
EI
Pl
Q
gt
= =
;
3 3
2
2
1
3
EI
Pl l
l
EI
Pl
M
gt
= =
.
2
;
3
2 3
EI
Pl
EI
Pl
y
A A
= =
y
x
q
l
B A

Dm thc

-
M
z

2
2
ql
Dm gi to
x
B A
y
EI
ql
2
2
x
-
y
B A
P
l
M
z

Dm thc

Pl
y
x
B A
Dm gi to

EI
Pl
6.8. Bi ton siu tnh.
V biu momen un v lc
ct ngang ca dm siu tnh .

Gi ta A phn lc VA + /k: yA = 0.
Th d 6. 7 + /k y
A
= 0
; 0
3 8
3 4
= +
EI
l V
EI
ql
A
.
8
3
ql V
A
=
.
128
9
8
3
2 8
3
2
2
max
ql l q l
V M
A
=
|
.
|

\
|
=

-

+



8
2
ql
16
2
ql
128
9
2
ql


-


+
8
5ql
8
5l
8
3l
l

B
q
A
V
A
.
8
3
0
8
3
l x qx ql Q = = + =
6.7. Dm c mt ct bin i, ng sut tp trung, xc nh
bin dng.
6.7.1. Xc nh ng sut, iu kin bn.
Dng h s tp trung ng sut khi un

tnh n nh
hng ca s tp trung ng sut :

| |;
max
o o
o
s
z
W
M
| |;
max
o o
o
s
y
W
M
( 6. 27 )
a/ Mt ct bin i dn dn ( gc cn cha vt qu 25
0
):
Dng cng thc i vi dm c mt ct khng i c cng
gi tr ca momen chng un hay momen qun tnh xc
nh ng sut php ( sai s khng qu 10
0
/
0
).
Xc nh ng sut tip theo cch ny sai s s ln hn
song c th b qua v nh hng ca ng sut tip thng
l nh v c th b qua.
b/ Mt ct bin i t ngt ( ni c l khoan, rnh then ):
6.7.2. Xc nh bin dng.

a/ Mt ct bin i cc b ( rnh then, l khoan ) b
qua nh hng ca s bin i cc b ca mt ct n
bin dng ca dm , coi nh dm c mt ct khng i.
b/ Mt ct bin i dn dng gi tr trung bnh ca momen
qun tnh tnh bin dng.
c/ Mt ct bin i theo nhiu bc:
- Dng momen qun tnh ca on chnh;
- Dng gi tr trung bnh ca momen qun tnh ca cc mt
ct c k n t l gia chiu di ca cc on.
- Dng phng php ca Gimtskin s c chnh xc
cao.
bin dng ca mt on dm c momen qun tnh ca mt
ct l Ii v ni lc trong mt ct l momen un M
i
v lc ct
ngang Q
i
s ging bin dng ca on dm c momen qun
tnh ca mt ct I
O
v ni lc trong mt ct l M
O
=
i
M
i
v
Q
O
=
i
Q
i
vi .

i o i
I I / = o
d/ Phng php Gimtskin : thay dm c mt ct bin
i theo nhiu bc bng mt dm tng ng c mt ct
khng i da trn tng sau :
Th d i vi dm c 3
on c momen qun tnh
ca cc mt ln lt l I
1
,
I
2
, I
3
c thay th bng
dm c mt ct khng i
c momen qun tnh I
0
.
I
1
I
2
I
3

M
q P
V
A

3
3
2
2
1
1
; ;
I
I
I
I
I
I
o o o
= = = o o o
I
1
I
2
I
3

M
q P
V
A

P
M
q
V
A

M
1

Q
1

M
2

Q
2

M
2

Q
1

M
1

Q
2

2
Q
2

2
q

1
M
1

1
Q
1

3
M
2

3
Q
2

2
M
1

2
M
2

3
P

1
V
A

2
Q
1

1
M
M
1
M
2

Q
1

2
q

1
V
A

1
M
Q
2

3
P
-Phn lc b sung v
(vn tun th quy tc v du ):
i
Q A
i
M A
). ( ); (
); ( ); (
2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1
2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1
o o o o
o o o o
= A = A
= A = A
M M M M
Q Q Q Q
(6. 28)
-Cc thnh phn lc b sung
v c t vo cc mt ct
chuyn tip.

i
Q A
i
M A
-C th kim tra kt qu tnh ton
theo iu kin cn bng.

-Cui cng xc nh bin dng ca
dm quy i theo cc phng trnh
( 6.20 ).

i t bn tri sang phi lc hng
ln l dong v momen theo chiu
kim ng h l dng).

Th d 6.9. Chn kch thc mt ct ngang ca dm ch I c
tng cng hai l thp cho phn chu ti ln nht Bit

| | | | mm f cm kN 15 ; / 14
2
= = o
.
V
A
=53,3kN
A
B
K C D
P=120kN
V
B
=106,7kN
2m 1m 1,5m 1,5m
6m
q=40kNm
150x12
I N
O
30a
1,53m 3,63m 0,79
V
A
= 53,3 kN;
V
B
= 106,7 kN.
Momen un cc i
M
max
= 160 kNm
Momen chng un
ca mt ct ngang:

140
106,6
152kNm
160kNm
53,3kN
13,3kN
106,7kN
83,58
.
| |
= >
o
max
M
W
z
. 1143
14
100 . 160
3
cm =
150x12 I N
O
30a
1,53m 3,63m 0,79
Chn dm I c

I N
O
30a c
W
Iz
= 597 cm
3
.
W
IZ
= 0,5.1143 =
570cm
3
.
140
106,6
152kNm
160kNm
53,3kN
13,3kN
106,7kN
83,58
Chn kch thc
ngang ca tm
thp gia cng
12x150 mm
I
IZ
=8950 cm
4
.
. 8760 6 , 15 . 2 , 1 . 15
12
2 , 1 . 15
2
4 2
3
2
cm I
z
~ |
.
|

\
|
+ =
I
Z
= 8950 + 8760 = 17710 cm
4
.
Momen un cho php ca thp ch I c gia cng l

Sai lch 5% so vi momen un cc i (M
max
= 160 kNm).

V biu momen un cho php ca thp ch I:

Tm thp gia cng c chiu di l3 = 3,63 m t cch u
tri mt khong l1 = 1,58m v cch u phi mt khong
l
2
= 0,79m.


| | | | ;
2 , 16
17710
14
max
2 1
=
+
=
y
I I
M
z z
o
| | . 152 15200 kNm kNcm M = =
[M
1
] = []W
1z
= 14.597 = 8400 kNcm = 84 kNm.
Xc nh bin dng ca dm v kim tra cng.
Dm quy i c momen qun tnh ca mt ct
I
O
= 17710 cm4.

Cc thnh phn ni lc cc mt ct phn chia cc on
dm : M
1
= 84 kNm; M
2
= 84 kNm; Q
1
= 53,3 kN; Q
2
=
- 106,7 kN.
2
8950
17710
~ =
3
o
; 2
8950
17710
1
~ = = o
1
I
I
o
;
17710
17710
=
2
o
=1

1
V
A
=106,6

3
V
B
=21
3,
Q
1
=53,3
M
1
=84
Q
2
=106,
7
M
2
=84
P=120
q=40kN/m
V
B
V
A
1,58 0,42
1,0
1,0 0,71
0,79
Cc thnh phn lc b sung:

; 84 ) 1 2 ( 84 ) (
; 84 ) 2 1 ( 84 ) (
; 7 , 106 ) 1 2 ( 7 , 106 ) (
; 3 , 53 ) 2 1 ( 3 , 53 ) (
2 3 2 2
1 2 1 1
2 3 2 2
1 2 1 1
kN M M
kN M M
kN Q Q
kN Q Q
= = = A
= = = A
= = = A
= = = A
o o
o o
o o
o o

1
V
A
=106,6

3
V
B
=213,
4
Q
1
=53,3
M
1
=84
Q
2
=106,7
M
2
=84
P=120
q=40kN/m
1,58
0,42
1,0 1,0 0,71
0,79
p
3
=m
2

p
2

k
2

k
1

p
1
=m
1

x=p

1
V
A
=106,6

3
V
B
=213,
4
Q
1
=53,3
M
1
=84
Q
2
=106,7
M
2
=84
P=120
q=40kN/m
1,58
0,42
1,0 1,0 0,71
0,79
p
3
=m
2

p
2

k
2

k
1

p
1
=m
1

x=p
Phng trnh vng cho mt ct on cui:

.
2 6 6 24
2 6 6
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
4
2
4
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
m
M
p
Q
p
P
k k
q
m
M
p
Q
p
V x EI y EI y EI
A o z o z z
A + A

A A + + = o
( a )
Khi x = 0; y = 0 ; y
O
= 0. Khi x = 6; y = 0; p = 6;
p
1
= m
1
= 4,42; k
1
= 4; k
2
= 3; p
2
= 1,5; p
3
= m
2
= 0,79.
Thay cc gi tr ny vo ( a ) ta xc nh c .
2
318kNm EI
o z
=
Mt ct gia dm : x = 3m; p = 3m; p
1
= m
1
= 1,42 m;
k
1
= 1m; k
2
= 0.
( a )
EI
z
y = 546 kNm
3
.
mm cm f y
c
4 , 15 54 , 1
17710 . 10 . 20
10 . 546
6
3
= = = =
(vt qu tr s cho php 2,6%).
6.9. nh hng ca lc ct n vng ca dm chu un.
Phng trnh vi phn gn ng ca ng
n hi (ch tnh nh hng ca momen un):
z
z
EI
x M
y
) (
' ' =
(6. 29)
Do bin dng trt trc thanh s quay
i mt gc rt nh
o
. chnh

o
- gc lch ca trc dm:
G
o
o
t
=
G dx
dy
o
Q
t
=
( a )
Trong ( a ) v phi c du tr v khi ng sut tip dng li
to ra gc trt m G - moun trt ca vt liu lm dm.
ng sut tip ti im nm trn ng trung ho,

o
t -
F
Q
o
o t =
Mt ct hnh ch nht = 1, 5;
,
dy
Q

dx
Q
Q

O


;
0 0 0
~ = = tg
dx
dy
dxtg dy
Q
Q
( a )
GF
Q
dx
dy
Q
o =
(6. 30)
dx
dQ
GF dx
y d
Q
o
=
2
2
(6. 31)
vng tng cng : y = y
M
+ y
Q
.

y = y
M
+ y
Q
;
dz
dQ
GF EI
x M
y
z
z
o
=
) (
' '
(6. 32)
Tch phn hai v phng trnh (6. 32) v xc nh cc hng
s tch phn theo cc iu kin bin s xc nh c
vng v gc xoay.

Mt ct hnh trn c = 1, 38;
hnh ch nht rng = F/F
t
;
F- din tch ton b mt ct;
F
t
- din tch phn thng ng ca mt ct.

Th d 6. 10. Xt dm n gin c gi bn l hai u
chu ti trng phn b u vi cng q, chiu di ca
dm l l.

. ) (
2
' '
2
GF
q
x xl
EI
q
y
z
o
+ =
.
2
) 2 (
24
2 1
2 3 4
C x C x
GF
q
lx x
EI
q
y
z
+ + + + =
o
GF
ql
EI
ql
C
z
2 24
3
1
o
=
C
2
= 0.
.
2
;
2 2
) (
2
qx
ql
Q x
q
x
ql
x M
z
= =
;
iu kin bin: y(x = 0) = y(x = l) = 0

h/l < 1/5 b qua nh hng ca lc ct n vng.
Dm rng (mt ct rng:cc mt ct ghp ca ct in cao
th, cc thp, cc dm dn) c bc xp x n v, nh
hng ca lc ct l ng k.

2
Fl
I
z
x=0,5l
Mt ct hnh ch nht t s c bc ca

2
Fl
I
z
2
|
.
|

\
|
l
h
.
5
48
1
384
5
8 384
5
2
4 2 4
max
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
GFl
EI
EI
ql
GF
ql
EI
ql
y
z
z z
o o
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
.
|

\
|
=
l
x
l
x
GF
ql
l
x
l
x
l
x
FEI
ql
y
z
1
2
1
2
24
2
2
2
3
3 4
o
( c )
( b )
6.10. Khi nim v dm bn u.


Thay i kch thc ca mt ct ngang ca dm dc theo
trc dm tng ng vi s thay i ca momen un, ta c
th t c tnh hung khi ng sut nhng th ngoi
cng ca dm ti mi mt ct u t ti gi tr ca ng sut
cho php. Nhng dm ny c gi l dm bn u.

ng sut nhng im nm xa trc trung ho nht trong
mi mt ct ca dm c bn u phi tho mn iu kin:

| | ;
) (
) (
const
x W
x M
z
z
= = = o o
( a )
M
z
(x); W
z
(x) l momen un, momen chng un mt
ct c honh x.

Mt ct hnh ch nht
| | | | 6
) (
) (
2
x x z
z
h b Px x M
x W = = =
o o
( b )
C th tho mn iu kin ny bng cch bin i mt hay
c hai kch thc bx v hx tng ng vi s bin i ca
momen un dc theo trc dm.

Trng hp mt ct hnh
ch nht c chiu cao khng
i v b rng bin i:

| |
;
6
2
h b
Px
x
=
o | |
x
h
P
b
x
o
2
6
=
b b
x

b
1

x
P
A B
l
h
Khi x = 0, b
0
= 0;
| | o
2
6
h
Pl
b b
l
= =
B rng ca mt ct u B ca
dm cn xc nh t iu kin bn
ct do tc dng ca lc ngang P.

t
max
=
| | t s = =
h b
P
F
P
F
Q
1
2
3
2
3
2
3
;
| | t h
P
b
2
3
1
=
.
Phng trnh ng n hi:

) ( ' ' ) ( x M y x EI
z z
=
I
z
l momen
qun tnh cc i

b
x
= b
x = l
( ) ;
12
3
l
x
I
l
x bh
x I
z z
= =
b b
x

b
1

x
P
A B
l
h
Momen un ca dm cng xn: M
z
(x) = - Px.

= , ' ' Px y
l
x
EI
z
; ' '
max
const M Pl y EI
z
= = =
cong ca c
hai dm ny l

const
EI
Pl
EI
M
z z
z
= = =

1
Dm bn u ny c un cong theo cung trn.

, Plx EI Mm EI EI
o z o z z
= =
2 2
2 2
x
Pl x EI y EI
m
M x EI y EI y EI
o z o z o z o z z
+ = + =
(6. 33)
x = l, = 0 v y = 0
hay
z
o
EI
Pl
y
2
3
=

z
EI
Pl
f
2
3
=
.
,
2
Pl EI
o z
=
,
2
3
l
P y EI
o z
=

Dm c mt ct hnh ch nht
chiu cao h khng i v b rng
bin i bx v c gi bn l
hai u chu lc tp trung gia
dm.


A
P/2
P/2
P
x
l/2
f
h
b
x

b
l
Trong t thng s dng lm
cc l xo l.
C th coi dm bn u gm
nhiu l l xo ring bit tch
ra t dm bn u v ghp li nh trn hnh v.

vng ca cc l xo l c xc nh gn ng theo
cng thc f = f
1
vi = 1,25 - 1,4 ( f
1
- vng ca dm
c mt ct khng i).

b
B
h
l
1
0
2
3
4
5
5
4
3
2
1
b
0
1
2
3
4
5
h
l
0 1 2 3 4 5
P
Dm bn u c mt ct hnh
ch nht vi b rng b khng i
v b cao bin i .

P
x
b
h
x

| |
,
6
2
o
Px bh
x
=
| |
x
b
P
h
x
o
6
2
=
( c )
Dm c mt ct hnh trn:
| | o
Px
d
x
=
3
1 , 0
| | o 1 , 0
3
Px
d
x
=
ng knh ca dm bin i
theo quy lut parabn bc ba.

P
y
x
z
Q
y

P
1

P
2

y
x
z
M
x

P
1

P
2

y
x
z
M
z

P
1

P
2

Ct ( trt )
Xon
Un
y
x
z
N
x

P
1

P
2

Ko ( nn )
CC BIN DNG C BN
Chng 7
Thanh chu lc phc tp

7. 1. Khi nim.
x
y
z
m
m
Q
z

Q
y

N
x

M
x

M
y

M
z

Trng hp tng qut nht:
z
x
y
1/ Bin dng ko (nn) do lc dc N
x
;
2/ Hai bin dng ct do lc ct ngang Q
y
, Q
z
;
3/ Bin dng xon do momen xon M
x
;
4/ Hai bin dng un do momen un M
y
, M
z
.
Trong thc t thng gp cc bin dng phc tp sau:

1/ Un xin v un phc tp;
2/ Un cng ko (nn);
3/ Un cng xon;
4/Mt s bi ton ring bit (thanh cong, ng thnh dy, thng
cha thnh mng, thanh mnh . . .).

Trnh t nghin cu:
1.Xc nh tt c cc thnh phn ngoi lc tc dng ln thanh
c xt. nh gi so snh cc thnh phn ny, loi b cc
thnh phn tng i nh, t nh hng n bin dng v
bn ca thanh c xt. Theo cc thnh phn ngoi lc cn
li xc nh trng hp c xt thuc loi bin dng phc
tp no.
2. V biu cc ni lc thnh phn, tm mt ct nguy him.
3. V biu ng sut trn mt ct nguy him do tng thnh
phn ni lc gy ra; b qua nhng ng sut nh, nh hng
khng ng k n bn ca thanh; tm im nguy him
trn mt ct nguy him; xc nh ng sut do tng thnh
phn ni lc gy ra v c im ca trng thi cng ti im
nguy him.

4. Xc nh biu thc gii tch ca ng sut tng cng cc i
ti phn t c xt, tch ra t im nguy him. Lp iu kin
bn.
5. Xc nh bin dng do tng thnh phn lc gy ra, tm
bin dng tng cng v lp iu kin cng.

7.2. Un xin v un phc tp.
q
1

q
2

P
1

P
2
P
3

1/ Chiu tt c cc ngoi lc xung hai mt phng qun tnh
chnh trung tm;

2/ Nghin cu bin dng un phng trong tng mt phng
qun tnh chnh trung tm ngha l v biu momen un
v lc ngang, xc nh mt ct nguy him v im nguy him,
xc nh ng sut cc i v bin dng cc i;

3/ S dng nh lut tc dng c lp ca cc lc tm ng
sut tng cng cc i v bin dng ca dm, kim tra iu
kin bn v iu ki\n cng hay l t iu kin bn v iu
kin cng chn mt ct ca dm.


x

P
q
y
z
7.2.1. Xc nh ng sut
z
A

y
A

A
Qy
t
z
A z
y
A y
A
I
y M
I
z M
+ = o
(7. 1)
My
o
m
n
y
z
y
z
x
Mz
o
Qz
t
P
z

P
y

P

y
z
m
n
M
y

M
z

P
ng lc

ng trung
ho
y
O

z
O

y
z
m
n
M
y

M
z

P
ng lc

7.2.2. ng trung ho.
Phng trnh ng trung ho
0 = +
z
o z
y
o y
I
y M
I
z M
y
z
z
y
o
o
I
I
M
M
z
y
=
(7. 2)
(7. 3)
Trng hp ang xt
M
y
= Pcos.l v M
z
= Psin.l
y
z
o
o
I
I
ctg
z
y
tg o | = =
(7. 4)
trong bin dng un xin
ng trung ho khng vung gc vi ng lc.
y z
I I = Ni chung nn tg.tg - 1
=

7.2.3. ng sut cc i. iu kin bn.
im nm trn ng bin ca mt ct ngang xa ng
trung ho nht s c ng sut ko (hoc ng sut nn) c
gi tr tuyt i cc i.. iu kin bn:

y
m,n
; z
m,n
- to ca im trn mt ct xa ng trung ho
nht;
| |
n k,
o
- ng sut cho php theo ko hay nn ca vt liu lm dm.
Mt ct c hai trc i xng (mt ct hnh ch nht, ch I . .)
| | o s +
y
y
z
z
W
M
W
M
| | o s
+
z
z
y
z
y
W
M
W
W
M
o
max
= | |
n k
y
n m y
z
n m z
I
z M
I
y M
,
, ,
o s .
(7. 5)
z
y
z
y qd
M
W
W
M M + =
(7. 6) iu kin bn:
| | o s
z
qd
W
M
(7. 7)
7.2.4. Xc nh bin dng.
ng trung
ho
y
z
f
z

f
y

f


ng lc
2 2
z y
f f f + =
(7. 8)
Trong trng hp ang xt:
z
y
EI
l P
f
3
sin
3

=
o
;
y
z
EI
l P
f
3
cos
3

=
o
.
( a )
z
y
z
y
z
y
I
I
tg
l P EI
EI l P
f
f
o
o
o
=

=
3
3
cos 3
3 sin
.
1 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
y
z
z
y
z
y
I
I
ctg
I
I
tg tg
f
f
o o |
Phng ca vng vung gc vi ng trung ho v
khng trng vi ng lc
z
A z
y
A y
A
I
y M
I
z M
+ = o
o
max
= | |
n k
y
n m y
z
n m z
I
z M
I
y M
,
, ,
o s .
z
y
z
y qd
M
W
W
M M + =
(7. 6)
iu kin bn:
| | o s
z
qd
W
M
(7. 7)
| | f f f
z y
s +
2 2
iu kin cng:
(7. 9)
Phng ca vng cng gn vi phng ca trc z th I
y

cng nh so vi I
z
hoc f
z
cng ln so vi f
y
. Mt ct hnh
ch nht c cnh h = 20cm, cnh b = 4 cm, = 85
o
:
19 , 2
4
20
85
12
12
2
2
2
2
3
3
= = =

=
o
ctg
b
h
ctg
hb
bh
ctg tg o o |
;
' 26 65
o
= |
.
7.2.5. iu kin bn v iu kin cng
(7. 1)
Mt ct c hai trc i xng
( hnh ch nht, ch I . .)
y
z
m
n
M
y

M
z

P
ng lc

V d 7. 1. Mt dm ch I N
O
14 chu ti trng nh hnh v.
Kim tra bn v cng ca dm bit : =10kN/cm
2
;
P
1
= 3kN; P
2
= 4kN; l=4m; a = 0,7m; b = 0,8m; = 80
o
.
a b
q
l
P
1

P
2

A
B
C D
z
y
P,q

P
1y
= 2,954 kN; P
1z
= 0,521 kN; P
2y
= 3,030 kN; P
2z
= 0,695 kN;
q
y
= 0,492 kN/m; q
z
= 0,087 kN/m.
Thp ch I N
O
14 c I
z
= 712 cm
4
; I
y
= 64,4 cm
4
; W
z
= 102 cm
3
;
W
y
= 16,1 cm
3
.
V
Ay
= 4,21 kN;
a/ Trong mt phng xy.
4,06kNm
2,83kNm
3,56kNm
0,7
0,8
q
P
1y

P
2y

A B
C D
2,5
V
Ay

V
By

2,56
. 56 , 3
2
8 , 0
492 , 0 8 , 0 . 65 , 4
; 83 , 2
2
7 , 0
492 , 0 7 , 0 . 21 , 4
2
2
kNm M
kNm M
D
C
= =
= =
Q = 4,21 - 2,954 - 0,492x = 0.
x = 1,86 m.
. 06 , 4
2
86 , 1
49 , 0 ) 7 , 0 86 , 1 ( 954 , 0 86 , 1 . 21 , 4
2
max
= =
z
M
V
By
= 4,65 kN.

A: x = 0; y = 0; p = 0; p
1
= 0; p
2
= 0; k
1
= 0 EI
z
y
O
= 0.
B: x = 4m; y= 0; p = 4m; p
1
= 3,3m; p
2
= 0,8m; k
1
= 4m
2
4 , 5 kNm EI
o z
=
. 0
6 2 2
3
1
2
1
1
2
= + = k
q
p
V
p
V
EI EI
y y Ay
o z z

p = x; p
1
= x- 0,7; k
1
= x, x = 2,038m.
.
24 6 6 6
4
1
3
2
2
3
1
1
3
k
q
p
V
p
V
p
V
x EI y EI y EI
y y y Ay
o z o z z
+ + =
3 3
max
) 7 , 0 038 , 2 (
6
594 , 2
038 , 2
6
21 , 4
038 , 2 + =
o z z
EI y EI
; 60 , 6 038 , 2
24
492 , 0
3 4
kNm =
. 6 , 4 46 , 0
712 . 10 . 02 , 0
10 . 60 , 6
6
6
mm cm f
y
= ~ =
B
q
P
1z

P
2z

A
C D
V
Az

V
Bz

0,5
0,66
0,63kNm
b/ Trong mt phng xz.
V
Az
= 0,74kN; V
Bz
= 0,83kN;
M
Cy
= 0,5kNm; M
Dy
= 0,63kNm;
M
ymax
= 0,66kNm; EI
y
z
O
= 0;
; 945 , 0
2
kNm EI
o y
~
f
z
=0.92cm; = 9,2mm
2 max
max
/ 10 , 8
102
406
1 , 16
6 , 6
cm kN
W
M
W
M
z
z
y
y
~ + = +
ng sut php cc i:
mm f f f
z y
3 , 10 6 , 4 2 , 9
2 2 2 2
max
~ + = + =
bn v cng c m bo.
V d 7. 2. Mt dm lm bng thp gc khng u cnh
No 12, 5/8 chiu dy = 10mm, c cc thng s sau:
I
zo
=312cm4; I
yo
= 100cm4; y
o
= 4,14cm; z
o
= 1,92cm;
I
y
= I
min
= 59,3cm4; = 22
o
, P = 8kN.

Xc nh ng sut cc i v vng cc i ca dm.
V biu ng sut php mt ct nguy him.
z
O
=0,0192
P
Y
O

Z
O

y
O
=

0
,
0
4
1
4

P=8kN
l=1,2m
P
Y
O

Z
O

z
O
=0,0192
y
O
=
0
,
0
4
1
4

P=8kN
l=1,2m
9,6
kNm
y
O

y
P
z
O

z
80
4
1
,
4

1
2
5

19,2
280MPa
-295MPa
Phng
vng
ng trung ho
+
-
10
10
=22
o
=-67
o
25
H trc chnh trung
tm Oyz nm nghing
mt gc = 22
O
so
vi h trc trung tm
Oy
O
z
O
.

P
y
= Pcos= 8. cos22
O

= 8.0,927 = 7,4175 kN;
P
z
= Psin = 8sin22
O

= 8. 0,374 = 2,9967 kN.
M
z
= P
y
l = 7,4175.1,2
=8,901 kNm;
M
y
= P
z
l = 2,9967.1,2
= 3,596 kNm.
T iu kin I
max
+ I
min
= I
zo
+ I
yo
,
I
z
= I
max
= I
zo
+ I
yo
- I
min
= 312+100 - 59,3 = 352,7 cm
4
;
I
y
= I
min
= 59,3 cm
4
.
Phng trnh ca ng trung ho:
. 0 = + z
I
M
y
I
M
y
y
z
z
Gc nghing ca ng trung ho so vi trc z:
; 403 , 2
901 , 8 . 3 , 59
7 , 352 . 596 , 3
=

= = =
z y
z y
M I
I M
z
y
tg|
| = - 67
o
25.
im nguy him trn mt ct nguy him l A (chu ko),
B (chu nn).
To ca im A, B trong h to Oy
o
z
o
:
z
AO
= 1,92 cm; y
AO
= 4,14 cm;
z
BO
= 1,92 cm; y
BO
= - (12,5 - 4,14) = - 8,36 cm.
To ca im A, B trong h to Oxy:
z
A
= z
AO
cos + y
AO
sin =
= 1,92.0,927 + 4,41.0,374 = 3,326 cm;
y
A
= y
AO
cos - z
AO
sin =
=4,14.0,927 - 1,92.0,374 = 3,112 cm.
z
B
= z
BO
cos +y
BO
sin =
=1,92.0,927 - 8,36.0,374 = - 1,35 cm;
y
B
= y
BO
cos - z
BO
sin =
= - 8,36.0,927 - 1,92.0,374 = - 8,46 cm.
A
y
y
A
z
z
A
z
I
M
y
I
M
+ = o
= 280.10
6
N/m
2
= 280 MPa;
2
8
3
2
8
3
10 ). 35 , 1 (
10 . 3 , 59
10 . 596 , 3
10 ). 46 , 8 (
10 . 7 , 352
10 . 901 , 8

+ = + =
B
y
y
B
z
z
B
z
I
M
y
I
M
o
= - 295.10
6
N/m
.2
= 95MPa.
2
8
3
2
8
3
10 . 326 , 3
10 . 3 , 59
10 . 596 , 3
10 . 112 , 3
10 . 7 , 352
10 . 901 , 8

+ =
m
EI
l P
f
y
z
z
0146 , 0
10 . 3 , 59 . 10 . 2 . 3
2 , 1 . 10 . 997 , 2
3
8 11
3 3 3
= = =

m
EI
l P
f
z
y
y
0061 , 0
10 . 7 , 352 . 10 . 2 . 3
2 , 1 . 10 . 4175 , 7
3
8 11
3 3
3
= = =

E = 2.10
11
N/m
2

. 58 , 1 46 , 1 61 , 0
2 2 2 2
cm f f f
z y
= + = + =
Phng ca vng tng cng vung gc vi ng
trung ho.

Th d 7.2 Xc nh momen un tng ng cc i
trong dm bit mt ct ngang hnh ch nht cnh H = B
y
A C D B
P
Q
a
b
c d
b a
Pab
M
ZD
+
=
b a
Pbc
M
ZC
+
=
d c
cd
Q M
YC
+
=
d c
cb
Q M
YD
+
=
V
yA
V
yB
;
b a
Pb
V
yA
+
=
;
b a
Pa
V
yB
+
=
;
d c
Qd
V
zA
+
=
;
d c
Qc
V
zB
+
=
V
zB
y
A C
B
D
P
Q
a b
c d
b a
Pab
M
ZD
+
=
b a
Pad
M
ZC
+
=
d c
cd
Q M
YC
+
=
d c
da
Q M
YD
+
=
D D Y Z TDD
M M M o + =
YC ZC TDC
M M M o + =
| |;
max
max
o o s =
z
W
M
| |
. ;
6
3
2
max
B H
M
B o
o o
= =
| |
; W
max
z
o
M
=
;
6 6
W
3 2 2
z
B BH
o
= =
m
y
A

A
z
A

n
y
z
x
l
y
z
O
P
P
x
=N
P
z

P
y

(N) (M
y
)
(M
z
)
M
z
= P
y
l v M
y
= P
z
l.
ng sut php tng cng ti
im A bt k trn mt ct
ngang c to y
A
v z
A
:
A
z
z
A
y
y
x
A
y
I
M
z
I
M
F
N
+ + = o
(7. 10)
Mt ct nguy him: ngm.
Cc thnh phn ni lc:
*Lc dc v lc ngang:
N =P
x
;
Q
y
= P
y
; Q
z
= P
z
;
*Momen un:
Trng hp dm cng xn:
7.3. Un cng ko.
Trong trng hp c xt,im m l im nguy him,
iu kin bn:
| | o s + +
z
z
y
y
W
M
W
M
F
N
(7. 11)
i vi mt ct ch c mt trc i xng hoc hnh dng bt k,
trc ht cn xc nh v tr ca ng trung ho, phng trnh:

0 = + +
o
z
z
o
y
y
y
I
M
z
I
M
F
N
H s gc ca ng trung ho
.
y
z
z
y
o
o
I
I
M
M
z
y
tg = = |
Giao im ca ng trung ho v cc trc to c to :
y
y
y
y
o
M
N
r
M
N
F
I
z
2
= =
z
z
z
z
o
M
N
r
M
N
F
I
y
2
= =
(7. 12)
r
y
v r
z
- bn knh qun tnh ca mt ct.
| | o s + +
m
z
z
m
y
y
y
W
M
z
W
M
F
N
iu kin bn: (7. 13)
ng trung ho c th ct, tip xc hay ngoi mt ct.
m
y
z
O
z
O

y
O

Trng hp phi hp gia bin dng un phng v bin dng
ko (hay nn), ng trung ho song song vi mt trc chnh
trung tm. Khi ch cn xc nh mt to y
o
hay z
o
.
Khi chn kch thc ca mt ct cng cn thc hin theo
phng php ng dn nh trong bin dng un phc tp.
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2 2
1
y
A p
z
A p
A
r
z z
r
y y
F
P
o
(7. 14)
(7. 12) + ( N = P; M
z
= Py
p
; M
y
= Pz
p
)
(7. 15)
Gc to nm gia ng
trung ho v im t lc P
o o =
m max
= | | o s
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
2 2
1
y
m p
z
m p
r
z z
r
y y
F
P
.
(7. 16)
z
p
x
y
O
P
P
P
A
z
A

y
A

z
p

y
p

a
y
z
y
O

z
O

y
p

p
m
O
z
p
. ;
2
2
p
z
o
p
y
o
y
r
y
z
r
z

=

=
Ko (nn ) lch tm
Khi ng trung ho nm ngoi hoc tip xc vi mt ct
mi im trn mt ct ch chu mt bin dng ko hoc nn


Li mt ct l phn mt ct xung quanh trng tm tho
mn iu kin sau: nu im t lc nm trong hoc
trn ng vin ca min ny th mi im trn mt ct
ca thanh chu ko (nn) lch tm ch chu bin dng
ko (hay nn) . Mun vy th ng trung ho tng ng
khi phi nm ngoi hay tip xc vi mt ct.
-
-
-
V cc trc qun tnh chnh
trung tm y v z. Tnh cc bn
knh qun tnh;
;
12
3
bh
I
z
= ;
12
3
hb
I
y
=
12 12
2 3
2
b
bh
hb
F
I
r
y
y
= = =
h

b
z
y
V li ca mt ct hnh ch nht

Th d 7. 3.
;
12 12
2 3
2
h
bh
bh
F
I
r
z
z
= = =
F = bh;

(7. 15)

. 0
. 12
;
6 12
2 .
2 2
2
2
=

=
h
y
r
y
b
b
b
z
r
z
o
z
p
o
y
p
Li mt ct l hnh thoi 1-2-3-4.

V tip tuyn 1-1 vi mt ct .
Tip tuyn ny song song vi
trc y (y
o
= )v ct trc z
im c honh z
o
= b/2.
Nh vy im t lc pha tri ca li mt ct nm trn
trc z v bn tri gc to mt khong bng b/6.

Tng t cc im t lc ng vi cc tip tuyn 2-2 , 3-3 ,
v 4-4 ln lt c to (b/6, 0); (0, -h/6) v (0, h/6).

1 2
4
3
1
1
2
2
3 3
4 4
z
h

b
y

b
3
b
6
b
6
b
3

h
3
h
6
h
3
h
6
P
d
c
b
a
mt ct nguy him mc chu un cng ko. iu kin bn:
| |
W
M
F
P
+ > o Vi M = Pc.
]; [
1 , 0
1
3
o o s =
d
Pc

Trong gn ng th nht ta ch tnh vi ng sut do un
gy ra vi ng sut cho php h thp [
1
] = 12kN/cm
2
.

Th d 7. 4. Mt mc thp
c mt ct ngang hnh trn
ng knh d chu ko bi
lc P= 10kN, lch tm
c = 40mm. Vt liu c ng
sut cho php [] =14kN/cm
2

| |
cm
Pc
d 2 , 3
12 . 1 , 0
4 . 10
1 , 0
3
3
1
= = >
o
.
Kim tra theo ng sut ton phn:

2
3 2
/ 44 , 13
2 , 3 . 1 , 0
4 . 10
2 , 3 .
4 . 10
cm kN
W
M
F
P
= + = + =
t
o
Sai lch so vi ng sut cho php:
% 4 100
14
44 , 13 14
=

ng sut mt ct ab:
2
2
/ 24 , 1
2 , 3
4 . 10
cm kN

=
t
o
Th d 7. 5. Tm ng sut c gi tr cc i trong mng ca
mt ng c. Bit trng lng ca ng c P = 80 kN,
trng lng ring ca vt liu lm mng = 25 kN/m3.
Hnh chiu ca trng tm ng c xung mt phng yz
c to z
p
= 0,2 m; y
p
= 0,1 m. B qua nh hng p
lc bn sn mng.

P
Q
C
2
P
P
N = -(P + Q) = - (P + Fh) =
= -(80 + 25.1,2.2.2)= - 200 kN
M
y
= 80.0,2 = 16 kNm;
M
z
= 80.0,1 = 8 kNm.
; / 12
120 . 200
6 . 10 . 8
200 . 120
6 . 10 . 16
200 . 120
2000000
2
2
5
2
5
cm N
W
M
W
M
F
N
z
z
y
y
n
= =
= = o
; / 6 , 4
120 . 200
6 . 10 . 8
200 . 120
6 . 10 . 16
200 . 120
2000000
2
2
5
2
5
cm N
W
M
W
M
F
N
z
z
y
y
m
= + + =
= + + = o
V tr ca ng trung ho:
0,2
1,2
0,1
2
n
y
z
m

ng
trung ho

m
Fy
I
y
P
z
o
2 , 1
) 1 , 0 ( 2 , 1 . 2 . 12
2 , 1 . 2
3
=

= =
m
Fz
I
z
P
y
o
67 , 1
) 2 , 0 ( 2 , 1 . 2 . 12
3 . 2
3
=

= =
Th d 7.6. V biu ng sut php trn mt ct nguy him
ca thanh g
. 2 4 ; 2 12 cm y cm z
p p
= = To ca im t lc P:
24cm
24cm
P
P
z
24cm 24cm
y
A
B
C
cm 2 24
2 4
2 8
; 4608
) 2 4 (
2
24 . 24
2 . 12
24 . 24
4
2
3
cm
I
z
=
=
; 13824
2 . 12
24 . 24
4
3
cm I
y
= =
; 16
24 . 24
2 . 4608
2 2
cm
F
I
r
z
z
= = =
2 2
8 , 4
24 . 24
2 . 13824
cm
F
I
r
y
y
= = =
. 1
2 2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + = y
r
y
z
r
z
F
N
z
p
y
p
o
. 0 2 25 , 0 2 25 , 0 1
; 0
16
2 4
48
2 12
1
= +
= + +
y z
y z
z
O
= 0; y
O
= - 2 cm v z
O
= 2 ; y
O
= 0.
2 2
. / 1 2 4
16
2 4
) 2 12 (
48
2 12
1
24 . 24
2 . 32
2
cm kN
A
=
(

+ = o
2
/ 33 , 3 ) 2 8 (
16
2 4
0
48
2 12
1
24 . 24
2 . 32
cm kN
B
=
(

+ = o
Phng trnh ca ng trung ho
0 1
2 2
= + + y
r
y
z
r
z
z
p
y
p
z
24cm 24cm
y
A
B
C
cm 2 24
2 4
2 8
y
x
l
1
b
4
2
a
3
z
O
M
x

P
z

P
y

P
+
+
+
-
M
x

P
y
l
P
y

P
z
l
P
z

Mt phng xy
Mt phng xz
7. 4. Un cng xon.

7.4.1. Thanh c mt ct trn.

1
2
3 4
a
b
u
o
x
t
x
t
x
t
Mz
o
Qy
t
My
o
Qz
t
Momen un tng cng:
.
2 2
z y u
M M M + =
(6.17)
.
2
;
W
u
2 2
u
x
x
x
x
z y
u
u
u
W
M
W
M
M M
W
M
= =
+
= = t o
Theo thuyt bn th ba:
| | o t o o s
+ +
= + =
u
z y x
x u td
W
M M M
2 2 2
2 2
4
(7. 18)
u
o
u
o
x
t
x
t
u
o
u
o
x
t
x
t
Cc im nguy him: a, b.:
Theo thuyt bn th t:
| | o t o o s
+ +
= + =
u
z y x
x u td
W
M M M
2 2 2
2 2
75 , 0
3
(7. 19)
| |
o o o o s =
3 1 td
;
2 2
1
4
2
1
2
t o
o
o + + =
;
3
2
o
o =
2 2
4
t o +
,
2
1

M
x
M
u
a
b
y
z
x
7.4.2. Mt ct hnh ch nht.
y
z
x
1
2
4
3
6
5
b
P
1

P M
x

h
-
+
+
-
Mz
o
My
o
Qy
t
Qz
t
Mx
t
Phn t c tch ra t im 1 trng thi ko n.
My Mz
o o o + =
1
| | o s +
y
y
z
z
W
M
W
M
iu kin bn:
(7. 20)
im 2 trng thi nn n. Gi tr ca ng sut cng c
tnh theo cng thc (7. 20) nhng c du m. Cc im 3 v 4
(trung im ca cc cnh ngn ca hnh ch nht trng thi
cng phng :
;
4 , 3
z
z
W
M
= o

3
max 4 , 3
b
M
x
|
t t = =
.
| | o
|
s |
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
3
2
4
b
M
W
M
x
y
y
im 5 v 6: (7. 22)
im no nguy him hn trong s cc im 1, 2, 3, 4 hay
5, 6 tu thuc vo tng trng hp chu lc c th ( tu
thuc vo quan h gia cc momen M
x
, M
y
, M
z
v quan
h gia chiu di cc cnh b v h).

iu kin bn im ny khi thanh lm bng vt liu do
theo thuyt bn th ba :
| | o
|
s |
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
2
3
2
4
b
M
W
M
x
z
z (7.21)
Th d 7. 7. Kim tra bn ca trc bnh rng ch ng ca
t, bit P = 36 kN, Q = 19 kN, R = 20 kN. Cc kch thc cho
trn hnh v.
R
y
z
x
A
C
B
P
Q
V
A

V
B

H
A

H
B

M
x

35
118
24
30
N
A

; 0 30 . ) 35 118 ( 118 . = + + = Q R H M
B y
. 10 , 21
118
19 . 30 20 . 153
kN H
B
=

=
; 0 = + = P V V Y
B A i
. 7 , 10 7 , 46 36 kN V P V
B A
= = =
; 0 = = Q N X
A i
N
A
= - 19,0 kN.
; 0 ) 35 118 ( 118 . = + = P V M
B z
A C
B
35 33 50
D
; 0 = + = R H H Z
B A i
kN R H H
B A
11 , 1 . 20 1 , 21 = + = + =
. 7 , 46
118
153 . 36
kNkN V
B
= =
* Xt mt ct A ca trc :
M
u
= 0; M
x
= P.3 = 36.3 = 108 kNcm; lc dc N
A
= -19,0 kN.
ng sut php do nn:
2
2 2
/ 98 , 1
5 , 3 . 14 , 3
4 . 19 4 .
cm kN
d
N
A
n
=

= =
t
o
ng sut tip do xon:
2
3
/ 5 , 12
5 , 3 . 2 , 0
108
cm kN
W
M
p
x
= = = t
ng sut tng ng theo thuyt bn ba:
. / 3 , 25 6 , 12 . 4 98 , 1 4
2 2 2 2 2
cm kN
Atd
~ + = + = t o o
* Mt ct D c then hoa ch c momen xon Mx = 108 kNcm.
2
3
/ 6 , 12
5 , 3 . 2 , 0
108
cm kN = = t
ng sut tip danh ngha:
Ly h s tp trung ng sut then hoa

= 2,5 :

max
= 2,5. 12,6 = 31,5 kN/cm
2
.
* Mt ct C c cc thnh phn ni lc :
M
Cy
= N
A
.2,4 = 1,1. 2,4 = 2,64 kN/cm
2
;
M
Cz
= V
A
. 2,4 = 10,70. 2,4 =25,7 kN/cm
2
;
. 84 , 25
2 2
kNcm M M M
Cz Cy C
= + =
ng sut php do un:
. / 19 , 7
3 , 3 . 1 , 0
84 , 25
2
3
cm kN
u
= = o
2
2 2
/ 22 , 2
3 , 3 . 14 , 3
4 . 19 4 .
cm kN
d
Q
n
= = =
t
o
ng sut php do nn:
2
2 3
/ 0 , 15
3 , 3 . 2 , 0
108
2 , 0
cm kN
d
M
x
~ = = t
ng sut tip do xon:

ng sut tng ng cc i mt ct C:
2 2 2 2 2
/ 31 15 . 4 ) 22 , 2 19 , 7 ( 4 ) ( cm kN
n u Ctd
= + = + + = t o o o
ng sut php do un :
ng sut php do nn :
* Mt ct B c cc thnh phn ni lc sau:
Momen un : M
By
= R. 3,5 - Q.3 = 20. 3,5 - 19. 3 = 13 kNcm;
Momen un : M
Bz
= P. 3,5 = 36. 3,5 = 126 kNcm.
Momen xon ; M
Bx
= P.3 = 36. 3 = 108 kNcm;
Lc nn: N
B
= Q = -19 kN.
2
4 3
2 2
4
1
3
1
2 2
/ 4 , 10
) 4 , 0 1 ( 5 . 1 , 0
126 13
1 1 , 0
cm kN
d
d
d
M M
C
Bz By
u
=

+
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= o
2
2 2
2
1
2
2
1
/ 15 , 1
) 4 , 0 1 ( 5 .
4 , 19
1
4
cm kN
d
d
d
N
F
N
B B
n
=

=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
t
t
o
ng sut tng ng theo thuyt bn ba:
2 2 2 2 2
/ 6 , 14 43 , 4 . 4 ) 55 , 11 ( 4 cm kN
td
= + = + = t o o
Nh vy ng sut tng ng mt ct C (
Ct
=
31,0 kN/cm
2
) so vi gii hn bn ca vt liu lm trc (
B
=
110 kN/cm
2
) so vi gii hn bn ca vt liu lm trc (
B
=
110kN/cm
2
) h s an ton l n
B
= 3,55 l c th chp nhn,
nht l ch lm vic li xe ch xy ra trong thi gian ngn.


. / 55 , 11 15 , 1 4 , 10
2
cm kN
n u
= = + = o o o
ng sut php tng cng do un v nn :
ng sut tip do xon :
. / 43 , 4
) 4 , 0 1 ( 5 . 2 , 0
108
) ( 1 2 , 0
2
4 3
4
1
2 3
1
cm kN
d
d
d
M
x
=

=
(

(




= t
Th d 7. 8. Kim tra bn
cc im 1, 2 v 3 trn mt ct
1-1 ca thn cy
Ti mt ct 1-1 c cc thnh phn
ni lc:
P = N + T; M
z
= ( N + T )H;
M
y
= Na; M
x
= QH = NctgH.
Bit N = 6,5 kN; T = 5,5 kN;
= 40
O
; thn cy c mt ct hnh
ch nht c b = 10mm; h = 70mm ;
H = 560 mm; a = 260 mm. Vt liu
thn cy c
| | . / 20
2
cm kN = o
1
3
T
N
R
Q
N
a
H
y
b
z
2
h
1
1

Ti im 1 ng sut tip do xon gy ra
bng khng, ng sut php tng cng
c gi tr bng:
. / 18
6 . 7
6 . 26 . 5 , 6
7 . 6
6 . 56 ) 5 , 5 5 , 6 (
7 . 6
5 , 5 5 , 6
) (
2
2 2
1
cm kN
W
Na
W
H T N
F
T N
W
M
W
M
F
T N
y
z y
y
z
z
~ +
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
= + +
+
= o
Ti im 2 c ng sut tip cc i :
t
max
=
3
b
H Nctg
W
M
x
x
|
o
=
.
Vi t s n = b/h = 7/6 = 1,17; = 0,213.
t
max
=
2
3
/ 43 , 9
6 . 213 , 0
56 40 . 5 , 6
cm kN
ctg
o
~

.
. / 3 , 4
6 . 7
6 . 26 . 5 , 6
7 . 6
5 , 5 5 , 6
2
2
cm kN
W
M
F
T N
y
y
= +
+
= +
+
= o
ng sut php ti im 2:
2 2 2 2 2
2
/ 3 , 19 43 , 9 . 4 3 , 4 4 cm kN
td
= + = + = t o o
t t = =
x
x
W
M
max
= 0,952.9,43 =8,98kN/cm
2
.
ng sut tip ti im 3:
. / 14
7 . 6
6 . 56 ). 5 , 5 5 , 6 (
7 . 6
5 , 5 5 , 6
2
3
cm kN
W
M
F
T N
z
z
=
+
+
+
= +
+
= o
ng sut php im 3:
2 2 2 2 2
3
/ 8 , 22 98 , 8 14 4 cm kN
td
= + = + = t o o
ng sut tng ng ti im 3:
Thp lm khung cy c gii hn chy
c
= 40kN/cm
2
, nh
vy c th coi l bn ( n = 40/22,8 = 1,75 ).

Th d 7.9. Hai thanh thp lp l c mt ct ngang 120x10 mm
c ni vi nhau bng cch hn vi tm ni l thp gc
100x63x10 mm . So snh bn ca thanh lp l v thp gc
nu chng c lm bng cng mt vt liu.
Cc thng s ca thp gc 100x63x10: F = 15,5 cm
2
; I
X

= 47,1 cm
4
;
100x63x10
100x10mm
ng
trung ho
10
34
13,
4
1
6 60
49,
5
A
O
C
X
X
Y
Y
5 15,
8
P=100kN
P
' 10 21
o
= o
I
Y
= 154 cm
4
; I
X
= 28,3 cm
4
; tg = 0,387; = 21
o
10
.
I
y
= I
X
+ I
Y
I
X
=172,8 cm
4
;
; 825 , 1
2 2
cm
F
I
i
x
x
= =
; 10 , 11
2 2
cm
F
I
i
y
y
= =
Cc thanh lp l chu ti ng ng tm, ta d dng xc nh
tm p lc C trong h to XOY.
X
C
= 6 1,0 3,4 = 1,6 cm; Y
C
= ( 1,58 + 0,5 ) = 2,08 cm.
X
C
= X
C
cos(21
O
10) + Y
C
sin(21
O
10) =
= 1,6.0,9325 + 2,08.0,361 = 2,245 cm;
Y
C
= X
C
sin(21
O
10) +Y
C
cos(21
O
10) =
= 1,6.( 0,361) 2,08. 0,9325 = 1,364 cm.
ng sut mt im bt k trn mt ct ca thp gc: (7. 14)
Xc nh to ca im C trong h to XOY ( XOY quay
mt gc = 21
o
10 so vi h to XOY theo chiu kim
ng h)
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

y x y
i
Y
x
i
X
F
P
x
C
y
C
4
2
4
2
4
3
2 2
10 . 825 , 1
10 . 364 , 1
10 . 1 , 11
10 . 145 , 2
1
10 . 5 , 15
10 . 100
1 o
To ca im A,B(xa ng trung ho nht)trong h to
XOY :
X
A
= 3,4 cm; X
B
= 2,4 cm;Y
A
= 1,58 cm; Y
B
= 4,72 cm.
To ca A v B trong h to XOY:
X
A
= X
A
cos21
O
10 Y
A
sin21
O
10 =
3,4.0,9325 + 1,58.0,361 = 2,58 cm;
Y
A
= X
A
sin21
O
10 + Y
A
cos21
O
10 =
3,4.0,361 1,58.0,9325 = 2,7 cm;
X
B
= X
B
cos21
O
10 Y
B
sin21
O
10 =
2,4.0,9325 4,7.0,361= 3,94 cm;
Y
B
= X
B
sin21
O
10 + Y
B
cos21
O
10 =
2,4.0,361 + 4,7.0,9325 = 3,53 cm.
To ca giao im ca ng trung ho v cc trc to :
; 0495 , 0
5 , 224
1 , 11
m a = =
; 013 , 0
4 , 136
825 , 1
m b = =
. 157 / 157000000
) 0394 , 0 (
10 . 1 , 11
10 . 245 , 2
) 0353 , 0 (
10 . 825 , 1
10 . 364 , 1
1
10 . 5 , 15
10 . 100
2
4
2
4
4
4
3
MPa m N
B
B
= =
(

+ =

o
o
ng sut php trong thanh lp l:
MPa m N
F
P
3 , 83 / 83300000
12 , 0 . 01 , 0
10 . 100
2
3
= = = = o
Nh vy mc du din tch mt ct ngang ca thp gc ln
hn thanh lp l khong 30% nhng ng sut cc i trong
thp gc li ln hn 93%.
. 161 / 161000000
) 0258 , 0 (
10 . 1 , 11
10 . 245 , 2
) 027 , 0 (
10 . 825 , 1
10 . 364 , 1
1
10 . 5 , 15
10 . 100
2
4
2
4
4
4
3
MPa m N
A
A
= =
(

+ =

o
o
Th d 7.10. Mt p chn nc bng b tng c
chiu cao h, chiu rng nh p a, chiu rng chn
p b, trng lng ring ca b tng . Hy xc nh
tr s ng sut php ln nht v nh nht ti mt ct
chn p khi h cha y nc.

a
b
h
b
h

Q
h
/
3

C
1
P
1
C
1
P
2
C
2
C
2
p
max
p
max
= 10.h kN/m
2
;
Q = p
max
.h.1/2 =5h
2
kN;
P
1
= .h.a.1= .h.a kN;
P
2
= .h( b a ).1/2 = 0,5.h( b a ) kN;
N = - ( P
1
+ P
2
) ;
M = Q.h/3 P
1
.CC
1
+ P
2
.CC
2
;
CC
1
= ( b a )/2 ;
( );
3
2
2
2
a b
b
CC =
;
W
u
M
F
N
= o
F = 1.b ;
W
u
= 1.b
2
/6 .
a
C

1

Xt mt on p di 1m .
b
h

Q
h
/
3

P
1
C
1
P
2
C
2
p
max
a
b
a
C
1
a
P
1
b-a
P
2
C
2
P
2
= .h( b a ).1/2
= 0,5.h( b a ) kN;
P
1
= .h.a.1
= .h.a kN;
Q = p
max.
.h.1.1/2
=5h
2
kN;
h
/
3

Q
h

p
max
b = 2a = 2m ; h = 3m ; = 25 kN/m
3 .
P
1
= 25.3.1.1 =75 kN ;
P
2
= 0,5h(b-a).1 = 0,5.25.3.1 = 37,5 kN ;
Q = p
max
.h.1/2 = 10.h
2
.0,5 = 10.3
2
.0,5 = 45 kN ;
M = Q.h/3 - P
1
.CC
1
+ P
2
.CC
2

CC
1
= ( b a )/2 = ( 2 1 )/2 = 0,5 m ;
CC
2
= 0,5b 2/3.( b a ) = 1 2/3 = 1/3 m ;
M = 45.3/3 75.0,5 + 37,5.1/3 = 20 kNm
N = - ( P
1
+ P
2
) = - ( 75 + 37,5 ) = - 112,5 kN ;
F = 1.b = 2 m
2
; W
u
= 1.2
2
/6 = 2/3 m
3
;
2
3 . 20
2
5 , 112
W F
min max,

= =
M N
o

max
= - 26,25 kN/m2 ;
min
= - 86,25 kN/m2
-26,25
-86,25
3. Xc nh chiu rng ca chn p ( s a v b ) sao cho khng c
ng sut ko mt ct y chn p bit vt liu lm p c = 20 kN/m
3
.
6
m


7
m


a
a/
b
2m
6
m


7
m


b/
p
max
6
m


7
m


a
Q
2
m

p
max
= 10.h = 10.6 = 60 kN/m
2
;
Q = p
max
.h.1/2 = 60.6.0,5 = 180 kN;
P
1
m

a
P = h.1.a = 20.7 = 140a kN
M = Q.2 = 180.2 = 360 kNm
. 93 , 3 0
. 1
6 . 360
. 1
140
W
2
u
max
m a
a a
a M
F
N
= = + = + = o
N = - P = -140a kN;
F = 1.a m ; W
u
= 1.a
2
/6 ;
Q
2
m

C
1
C
2
p
max
P
1
C
1
P
2
C
2
b 2m
C

1

b
2m
6
m


7
m


p
max
= 10.h = 10.6 = 60 kN/m
2
;
Q = p
max
.h.1/2 =5h
2
= 5.6
2
= 180 kN;
P
1
= .h.a.1= .h.a = 20.7.2 = 280 kN;
P
2
= .h b .1/2 = 0,5.h.b = 0,5.20.7.b = 70b kN;
N = - ( P
1
+ P
2
) = - (180 + 70b ) kN;
M = Q.h/3 P
1
.CC
1
+ P
2
.CC
2
;
CC
1
= ( b + 2 )/2 1 = b/2 m ;
CC
2
= ( b + 2 ).1/2 b.2/3 = 1 b/6 m ;
0
W
u
max
= + =
M
F
N
o
F = 1( 2 + b ) m
2
; W
u
= 1.( 2 + b )
2
/6 m
3
.
7b
2
+ 42b - 80 = 0 b = 1,52 m
( ) ( )
2
u
min
6
52 , 1 2 . 1
6
52 , 1
1 52 . 1 . 70 52 , 1 . 5 , 0 . 280 2 . 180
52 , 1 2
52 , 1 . 70 180
W
+
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
+
= =
M
F
N
o

min
= - 219,54 kN/m
2
.
-219,54
Chng 8
PHNG PHP NNG LNG
XC NH CHUYN V

Mt trong nhng nhim v c bn ca SBVL l nh
gi cng ca cng trnh ngha l mc sai lch v
hnh dng v kch thc ca n do tc dng ca ti
trng.
Tnh ton theo cng nhm m bo iu kin cng:
], [o o s

]- [u u s

, l chuyn v thng v chuyn v gc ca mt ct
c xt;
[ ], [ ] l chuyn v thng v chuyn v gc cho php.
8.1. Cng ca ngoi lc, cng ca ni lc, th nng
bin dng n hi.
8.1.1.Cng ca ngoi lc.
P(N,Q,M
x
,M
u
)
O
A
1


A
Trong gii hn bin dng t l th
cng ca ngoi lc trong mi bin
dng c bn u c dng hnh tam
gic OAA
1
:
Cng ca ngoi lc cn thit gy ra mi bin dng
trong gi hn t l u c gi tr bng na tch s ca
lc tc dng thnh phn v bin dng tng ng, ngha
l:
A = P./2 . (8. 1)
8.1.2. Cng ca ni lc v th nng bin dng.
Vi ti trng tnh v trong gi hn bin dng n hi
cng ca ngoi lc lm bin dng vt th s hon ton
bin thnh th nng ca ni lc hay cn gi l th nng
bin dng:
A = U.
(8. 2)
x
z
dx x
P
2

P
n

y
P
1

M
z

M
z

x
N
N
M
y

Q
y

Q
z

M
x

z
Q
y

Q
z

M
x

M
y

y
dx
a/ Ko nn
dU
N
=
2
. N
dx ; dx
=
EF
dx N.
;


dU
N

=
.
2
2
EF
dx N

U
1N

=
}
l
E
dx N
0
2
F 2
;

dx
dx
N N
( a )
U
N

=
}

l
o
n
EF
dx N
2
.
2
1
.

b/ Ct.
dU
Qy
=
FG
dx Q
y
2
2
.
U
Qy
=
.
2
1
0
2

}

n
l
y
GF
dx Q


( b )
( c )
dx
dx
Q
y

Q
y


FG
;
2
y y
Qy
Q
G
dx Q
dU = = =
t

; ;
2
p
x x
x
M
GI
dx M
d
d M
dU

=

c/ Xon.
dx
x
M
x

M
x


d
( d )
;
2
;
2
1
0
2 2

}
= =
n
l
p
x
Mx
p
x
Mx
GI
dx M
U
GI
dx M
dU
;
2
;
2
1
0
2 2

}
= =
n
l
z
z
Mz
z
z
Mz
EI
dx M
U
EI
dx M
dU
( e )
=

}
n
l
y
y
y
M
EI
dx M
U
1
0
2
2
( g )
dx
M
z

M
z


d
0
d/ Un
;
1
; ;
2
z
z z
Mz
EI
M dx
d
d M
dU = = =

o
o
( a ) + ( b ) + ( c ) + ( d ) + ( e ) + ( g )
+ + +
+ + =

}
n
l
z
z
n
l
y
y
n
l
p
x
z
n
l
z
y
n
l
y
n
l
EI
dx M
EI
dx M
GI
dx M
GF
dx Q
GF
dx Q
EF
dx N
U
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
0
2
2 2 2
2 2 2

( 8. 3)
8.2. Xc nh chuyn v theo phng php Mo.
1.
ip
A
=

}
n
l
P
i
EI
dx M M
1
0
.
(8. 4)
A
B
V
PA
+V
1A

V
PB
+V
1B

P
1

P
n

M q
1
i
A B
V
PA

P
1
P
n

M q
V
PB

iP
;
2 2
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
2

}
+ + =
n
l
P
i
n
l
P
n
l
i
iP
EI
dx M M
EI
dx M
EI
dx M
U
( )
;
2
1
0
2

}
+
=
n
l
P
i
iP
EI
dx M M
U
;
2
1
0
2

}
=
n
l
P
P
EI
dx M
U
- momen un do lc
n v t " i .
i
M
;
2
1
0
2

}
=
n
l
i
i
EI
dx M
U
.
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0

}
+ + +
+ + = A
n
l
z
Pz
iz
n
l
y
Py
iy
n
l
P
Px
ix
z
n
l
Pz
iz
y
n
l
Py
iy
n
l
P
i
iP
EI
dx M M
EI
dx M M
GI
dx M M
GF
dx Q Q
GF
dx Q Q
EF
dx N N

(8. 5)
1.
ip
A
=

}
n
l
P
i
EI
dx M M
1
0
.
(8. 4)
a/ Chia dm thnh nhiu on, lp biu thc gii
tch ca cc ni lc thnh phn do ti trng gy ra
trn tng on.
b/ Lp biu thc gii tch ca cc thnh phn ni
lc trn cc on tng ng do lc n v gy
ra.
Ch khi chia on v xc nh gii hn ca tng
on cn quan tm n quy lut bin i ca tng
thnh phn ni lc do ti trng cho v do lc n
v gy ra cng nh s thay i kch thc mt ct
ngang.
Lc n v s l lc cng phng vi chuyn v thng
cn xc nh ( vng, dn di, trt . . .).
Trnh t tin hnh:
Lc n v l momen bng n v khi xc nh chuyn v
gc (gc xon, gc xoay ca mt ct khi un).
Hai lc n v cng phng ngc chiu hay hai momen
n v ngc chiu t vo hai mt ct khi cn xc nh
s thay i khong cch hay gc quay tng i gia hai
mt ct.
d/ Tnh cc tch phn v tnh tng s cc s hng ngha
l xc nh chuyn v. Nu kt qa tnh c du cng c
ngha l chuyn v cn xc nh cng chiu vi lc n
v, nu kt qu tnh c du tr th ngc li.
c/ Thay cc biu thc gii tch vo cc tch phn tng
ng.
8.3. Phng php Vrsaghin
Khi dm c cng un EI =const,
a EI ra ngoi du tch phn,

Tnh tch phn dng :
;
0
dx M M
P
l
i
}
o xtg M
i
=
,
dF dx M
P
=

} }
=
l
P
l
i
dF xtg dx M M
0 0
o

}
=
l
xdF tg
0
o
.
-momen tnh ca din tch biu M
P
ly
i vi trc y .
}
=
F
y
S xdF
x
y
x
b
a
x
dx
C
x
C

dF
M
P

l
O
o
iC
M
i
M
i
M
;
0
}
= A
l
P i
iP
EI
dx M M
Tnh tch phn
= A

n
iC
M
iP
EI
M F
P
1
( 8. 6 )
F
M
P

- din tch ca biu M
P
;
- tung ca biu ti v tr ng vi trng tm
C ca biu M
P
.
iC
M
i
M
Qua cch chng minh trn ta thy rng khi biu M
P
cng
l on thng ta c th hon v hai s hng t s trong
cng thc (8. 6):

= A

n
PC
i
M
iP
EI
M F
1
-momen tnh ca din tch biu
M
P
ly i vi trc y .
P
M
iC
P
M C P
l
i
F M F x tg dx M M = =
}
. .
0
o
; .
0
C MP y
l
x F S xdF = =
}
s
h
1

s
h
5

s
h
6

c
2

c
1

s
h
1

Biu
Biu M
P
h
2

1 2 3
s
h
3

h
4

s s
c
3

c
4

i
M
3
2 1
h sh
) 2 (
6
3 4
1
h h
sh
+
) 2 (
6
3 4
1
c c
sh

6
2 1
h sh
) 2 (
6
4 3
1
h h
sh
+
) 2 (
6
4 3
1
c c
sh
+
) 2 (
6
5 6
2
h h
sh
+
)] 2 (
2 ( [
6
3 4 6
4 3 5
h h h
h h h
s
+
+ +
)] 2 (
2 ( [
6
3 4 6
4 3 5
c c h
c c h
s

+ +
) 2 (
6
1 2
2
c c
sh

)] 2 (
2 ( [
6
3 4 2
4 3 1
h h c
h h c
s
+
+ +
)] 2 (
2 ( [
6
3 4 2
4 3 1
c c c
c c c
s

+ +
A
f
s
s
A
f
f
A
f
f
A
s
s
A - nh ca cc parabon
Biu
Biu M
P
h
2

1 2 3
s
h
3

h
4

s s
c
3

c
4

i
M
12
2
h sf
) 3 (
12
4 3
h h
sf
+
) 3 (
12
4 3
c c
sf
+
4
2
h sf
) 3 (
12
3 4
h h
sf
+
) 3 (
12
3 4
c c
sf

3
2
h sf
) (
3
4 3
h h
sf
+
) (
3
4 3
c c
sf
+
4
2
h sf
s
) 3 5 (
12
4 3
h h
sf
+
) 3 5 (
12
4 3
c c
sf
+
2
12
5
sfh ) 3 5 (
12
3 4
h h
sf
+ ) 3 5 (
12
3 4
c c
sf

Th d 8. 1. Xc nh vng v
gc xoay ca mt ct u t do
ca dm cngxn .
x
B
A
l
EI
P
1
x
.- Xc nh chuyn v ti A.
M
P
= - Px;
; 1 x M
i
=
vng y
A
cng chiu vi lc
n v (hng xung pha di).
- Xc nh gc xoay ti A.
Trong trng hp ny biu thc ca c dng
i
M
i
M = - 1 .
M
P

_
-Pl
1
x
( )
;
.
0
}

= A
l
iP
EI
dx x Px
;
3
3
EI
Pl
y
A iP
= = A
i
M
+
-1
i
M
_
;
3
) ( ) (
3
1 1
3
EI
Pl
l Pl l
EI
y
A
=
(

=
| | = =
EI
Pl
Pl l
EI
A
2
) 1 ( ) (
1
2

( )
.
2
1
2
0
EI
Pl
EI
dx Px
l
iP A
=

= A =
}

Chuyn v gc hng ngc chiu kim ng h ( ging

nh momen n v t A ).
V biu momen M
P
v biu momen , s
dng phng php Vrxaghin ta c ngay :
i
M
Th d 8. 2. Xc nh
vng mt ct C ca dm
trn hnh v.
1
q
A
C B
EI
2l l
M
P2

2
2
ql
M
P1

2
2
ql
l
i
M
EI
ql
l
ql
l l
ql
l
ql
l l
EI
y
C
8 3
2
2
3
2
2
4
2
1
4
2 2 2
=
(
(
(
(

+

=
Th d 8.3. Xc nh vng u
t do ca dm chu ti trng nh
hnh v. cng un ca on AB
l EI v on BC l 2EI.
V biu momen un M
P
v
i
M
A C
B
P P
0,5l 0,5l l
1
0,5Pl
M
P

)] 5 , 0 5 , 0 . 2 ( 2 ) 5 , 0 5 , 0 . 2 ( [
2 . 6
) 5 , 0 . 2 (
6
5 , 0 5 , 0 1
l l l l l l
EI
l
l l
Pl l
EI
y
A
+ + + +
+

=
.
48
23
8
3
48
5
3 3 3
EI
Pl
EI
Pl
EI
Pl
y
A
= + =
2l
0,5l
l
M
i
Th d 8. 4. Xc nh chuyn v thng ng ca im A trn
trc khuu bit ng knh trc d = 45 mm, chiu di ca cc
on l
1
= 220 mm; l
2
= 450mm; l
3
= 180mm; lc P =2,3 kN.
Vt liu lm trc c mun n hi E = 2.10
4
kN/cm
2
; mun
trt G=8.10
3
kN/cm
2
.
Biu momen
un (M
Pz
), ( ). iz M
Biu momen
xon (M
Px
), ( ).
ix
M
y
92(40)
41,4(18)
41,4(18)
103,5(45)
) (
iz
Pz
M M
41,4(18)
103,5(45)
) (
ix
Px
M M
y
z
x
D
C B
A
l
2

P
| |
. 7 , 0
5 , 4 . 1 , 0 . 10 . 8
) 18 . 45 . 4 , 41 ( ) 45 . 22 . 5 , 103 (
18 40 . 2 ( 92 ) 40 18 . 492 , 41
6
22
3
45 . 5 , 103 . 45
3
18 . 4 , 41 . 18
5 , 4 . 05 , 0 . 10 . 2
1
4 3
4 4
cm
y
A
~
+
+
+
)
`

+ + + + +
=
Xc nh y
A
theo phng php Vrsaghin:
92(40)
41,4(18)
41,4(18)
103,5(45)
) (
iz
Pz
M M
41,4(18)
103,5(45)
) (
ix
Px
M M
y
z
x
D
C B
A
l
2

P
Th d 8. 5. Xc nh vng ti trung im ca dm c
cc l thp tng cng trong th d 6. 9 .

Lp biu thc ca momen M
P
do ti trng gy ra v biu thc
ca momen do lc n v t ga dm gy ra. i
M
1.on I :

I
z
= 8950cm
4
;
M
P
= 53,3x
1
;
= 0,5x
1
.
; 58 , 1 0
1
m x s s
i
M
2. on II :

I
z
= 17710cm
4
;
M
P
= 53,3x
2


= 0,5x
2
.
; 2 58 , 1
2
m x < <
i
M
2
) 2 ( 40
2
3

x
1,58 3,63
0,79
2 1 1,5 1,5
53,3 120 106,7
q=40
1 1/2 1/2
C
x
1

x
2

x
3

x
4

x
5

x
6

1,5 3,63 0,79
2 1 1,5 1,5
53,3 120 106,7
q=40
1 1/2 1/2
C
x
1

x
2

x
3

x
4

x
5

x
6

4. on IV :

I
z
= 8950cm
4
;
M
P
= 106,7x
4
= 0,5x
4
;

; 79 , 0 0
4
m x < <
i
M
5. on V : I
z
= 17710cm
4
;
M
P
= 106,7x
5
; = 0,5x
5
.
; 5 , 1 79 , 0
5
m x < <
i
M
6. on VI : I
z
= 17710cm
4
;
M
P
= 106,7x
6
- 12(x
6
- 1,5)

; =0,5x
6
.
; 3 5 , 1
6
m x < <
i
M
3.on III :

I
z
= 17710cm
4
;
M
P
= 53,3x
3



= 0,5x
3
.
; 3 2
3
m x < <
i
M
2
) 2 ( 40
2
3

x
| |
. 54 , 1
17710 . 10 . 2 . 2
10 ) 5 , 1 ( 120 7 , 106
17710 . 10 . 2 . 2
10 7 , 106
8950 . 10 . 2 . 2
10 7 , 106
17710 . 10 . 2
10
2 2
) 2 ( 40
3 , 53
17710 . 10 . 2 . 2
10 3 , 53
8950 . 10 . 2 . 2
10 3 , 53
3
5 . 1
4
6
6 6 6 6
5 , 1
79 , 0
4
6
5
2
5
79 , 0
0
4
6
4
2
4
3
2
4
6
3
3
2
3
3
2
58 , 1
4
6
2
2
2
58 , 1
0
4
6
1
2
1
cm
dx x x x
dx x dx x
dx
x x
x
dx x dx x
f
d iP
=

+

= = A
}
} }
}
} }
Th d 8.6. Xc nh chuyn v thng ng ca A v gc
quay ca mt ct B bit x v ct c cng cng un EI.


1
1
40
40
80
M
P

(kNm)
2
M
1
(m)

1
M
2
); (
320 2 . 40 . 3
4
2 . 80 . 2
1
m
EI EI EI
y
P A
= + = A =
). (
80 1 . 40 . 3
2
1 . 40 . 2
2
rad
EI EI EI
P B
= = A =
3
m

2m 2m
q
P
A B
( xung di )
(ngc chiu kim ng h)
Bi tp s 8a. Xc nh chuyn v thng ng,nm ngang
v chuyn v gc ca mt ct A .Cc on thanh c cng
mt ct c cng un EI.
Pl
1
Pl
1
Pl
1
P
(l
3
-l
1
)
(l
1
)
(l
1
)
(l
1
)
(1)
P(l
3
-l
1
)
M
P
1
( ) M
( )( )( )
(

+ + =
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1
3
1
. . . .
3
1
2
1
l l l l l l P l Pl l l l Pl
EI
y
A
l
3
l
2

l
1
A
P
B
C
D
( )
(

+ =
2
2
1 3 2 1 1 1 2 2
2
1
. .
2
1
. .
2
1
l l l l l l l l l
EI
P
Z
A
l
2
l
2
2
M
X
2
=1
P
Pl
1
Pl
1
Pl
1
P(l
3
-l
1
)
M
P
1
1
1
3
M
X
3
=1
( )
(

+ + = 1 .
2
1
1 . .
2
1
1 . . 1 . .
2
1 1
2
1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1
l l P l Pl l Pl l Pl
EI
A

BI S 8B. Xc nh chuyn v ngang v chuyn v gc ca

mt ct A trn khung ABCD. Khung c mt ct ngang hnh
trn ng knh d vt liu c modun trt G = 0,4E.
D
A
P
b

c
a
C
B
P(c-a)
Pb
Pa
Pa
(c-a)
(a)
(b)
(a)
M
P
(M
1
)

| | | | c b b a
GI
P
a c b a
EI
P
Z
P
A
2 2 3 3 3
) ( 2
3
+ + + + =
( )( )
P
A
GI
Pab
a c a c P Paa
EI
1 .
1 .
2
1
1 .
2
1
2
1
+
(

=
(M
x2
)

X
2
=1
1
Pb

(b)
M
xP
(M
x1
)
Pa(a)
(M
u2
)

X
2
=1
1
1
b = 2a ; c = 3a ; I
P
= 2I ; G = 0,4E

( ) | | ( )
)
`

+ + + + = c b b a a c b a
EI
P
Z
A
2 2
3
3 3
8 , 0
1
2
3
1
EI
Pa
EI
Pa
Z
A
3 3
5 , 23
8 , 0
14
6 = |
.
|

\
|
+ =
EI
Pa a
a a
EI
P
A
2 2
2 2
5 , 1
8 , 0
2
2 =
(

+ =
Chng 9
TNH TON H SIU TNH BNG
PHNG PHP LC
9.1. Khi nim chung.
Cc kt cu hay h siu tnh c s n s ln hn s
phng trnh tnh hc c th lp c cho h . C th
lp cc phng trnh cn thiu xc nh s "n s
tha" ( so vi cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc )
bng cch lp cc phng trnh bin dng hay phng
trnh chuyn v.
9.2. Phng php lc.
A
B C
D
P
n

P
1

P
2

H ny c tng s phn lc : 7
S phng trnh tnh hc : 3.
S phn lc tha : 4.

Thay th h siu tnh bng mt h tnh nh tng ng
c gi l h c bn bng cch tm thi loi b cc lin
kt tha.
Phng php:
m bo cho h c bn lm vic nh h siu tnh
cho mi lin kt tha b i c thay th bng mt
phn lc tha tng ng km theo iu kin chuyn v
ca im t lc theo phng phn lc tha bng khng.

Ch :
1. H c bn phi l h tnh nh, bt bin hnh
2. Cc phn lc tha c chn khng c nm trong s
cc phn lc c th xc nh ngay c bng cc phng
trnh cn bng tnh hc.
3. S phn lc tha phi bng s lin kt tha b loi b.
-B gi bn l di ng, thm
khp bn l vo gia thanh l
b i mt lin kt;
-B khp bn l c nh l b
hai lin kt;
- B ngm l b i ba lin kt.
A
P
n

P
1

P
2

X
1

X
2

X
4

X
3

Cc phn lc tha c xc nh t iu kin
. 0 = A
i
S lng phng trnh dng ny bng s phn lc
cn xc nh .
; 0
2 2 2 22 1 21
= A + + + +
P m m
X X X o o o
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 0
2 2 1 1
= A + + + +
mP m mm m m
X X X o o o
(9. 1)
( h phng trnh chnh tc tnh ton h siu tnh theo
phng php lc)
. 0 = A
i
A
P
n

P
1

P
2

X
1

X
2

X
4

X
3

; 0
1 1 2 12 1 11
= A + + + +
P m m
X X X o o o
i vi cc thanh chu un

}
= A
n
l
P
i
iP
EI
dx M M
1
0
(8. 4)
;
1
0
1 1
11

}
=
n
l
EI
dx M M
o

;
1
0
2 1
12

}
=
n
l
EI
dx M M
o
. . .
;
1
0
1 2
21

}
=
n
l
EI
dx M M
o

;
1
0
2 2
22

}
=
n
l
EI
dx M M
o
. . .

;
1
0

}
=
n
l
m m
mm
EI
dx M M
o
. . .
;
1
0
1
1

}
= A
n
l
P
P
EI
dx M M
. . .

}
= A
n
l
P
m
mP
EI
dx M M
1
0
.
m
M M M ,..., ,
2
1
-momen un do cc lc n v t ti cc
im tng ng,
M
P
-momen un do ti trng gy ra.
1. c gi tr dng;
mm
o o o ,..., ,
22 11
2. ;
ji ij
o o =
H dn:
;
1

=
n
i
i
j i
ij
EF
l N N
o
(9. 3)
3. (vi i j ) v c gi tr m, dng hay bng khng;

ij
o
=
iP
A
;
1

= A
n
i
i
P i
iP
EF
l N N
Trnh t gii bi ton siu tnh
1. Tm cc phn lc ta;
2. Lp h phng trnh cn bng tnh hc ca h. Xc nh
s phn lc tha. Tm cc phn lc c th xc nh t cc
phng trnh cn bng tnh hc;
3. Chn h c bn. t ti trng v cc phn lc tha ln
h c bn;
4. Vit phng trnh chnh tc ( 9. 1 );
5. Xc nh cc biu thc gii tch v v biu ni lc trong
h c bn do ti trng gy ra;
6. Xc nh biu thc gii tch, biu ni lc do tng lc
n v gy ra;
7. Xc nh cc h s v s hng t do ca h phng trnh
chnh tc bng cch tch phn trc tip hoc nhn biu ;

8.Gii h phng trnh chnh tc, tm cc gi tr ca X
i


9. Xc nh ni lc trong h siu tnh theo cng thc:
i
i
P i P
X S S S S S + = + =
(9. 4)
S -thnh phn ni lc cn xc nh trong h siu tnh;
S
P
-thnh phn ni lc tng ng trong h c bn do ti
trng gy ra;
S
i
-thnh phn ni lc tng ng trong h c bn do X
i

gy ra;
i
S
-thnh phn ni lc tng ng trong h c bn do
gy ra. 1 =
i
X
Th d vi momen un
i
i
P
X M M M + =
(9. 5)
Th d 9.1. V biu momen un v lc ct ngang ca dm
X
1

A B
q
l
ql
8
3
ql
8
5
2
128
9
ql
16
2
ql
8
2
ql
2
11
1
1
1 1 11
4
1
2
1
3
11
8
3
. 0
.
8
4 . 2
. .
;
3 3
. .
ql X
X
EI
ql
EI
l ql l
EI
l
EI
l l l
P
P
P
P
=
A
=
= A +
= A
= A
= =
o
o
o
2
2
ql
l
M
P
M
i
;
128
9
8
3
2 8
3
.
8
3
2
2
max
ql l
q
l ql M =
|
.
|

\
|
=
.
16 2 2
.
8
3
2
2
ql l
q
l
ql M
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
Th d 9. 2. Cho khung
phng c mt ct ngang
hnh trn chu tc dng ca
ti trng n h hnh v.
Vt liu lm khung c
moun trt G = 0,4 E.
V biu momen un
v momen xon trong khung.
Bit a = b = 1,6m.

b
a/4
a/4
a/2
C
M
M
b
a/4 a/4
a/2
C
M
M
V l do khung v ti trng c tnh
cht i xng nn nu chn h c
bn bng cch ct ngang qua C
( mt phng i xng ) , ni lc
cha bit mt ct ch c mt
thnh phn l momen un X
1
.
Biu momen un v momen xon do momen
n v gy ra, biu momen un M
uP
,momen xon
M
xP
do ti trng (cc momen un) gy ra.
1 u
M
1 x
M
1
X
Phng trnh chnh tc:
; 0
1 1 11
= A +
P
X o
). 1 . . 1 (
1
1
2
1
1
11
b
GI
a
EI
P
+
|
.
|

\
|
= o

G = 0,4E; I
P
= 2I ; GI
P
= 0,8EI ;

EI GI
P
25 , 1 1
=
.
M
M
uP

M
xP

M
M
0,857M 0,857M
0,143M

0,143M
M
x

0,143M 0,143M
0,857M
|
.
|

\
|
+ = b
a
EI
25 , 1
2
1
11
o
( )
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
.
|

\
|
= A b
a
EI
M
b M
GI
a
EI
P
P
25 , 1
4
1 . .
1
1
4
1
1
1
) 25 , 1 5 , 0 .(
). 25 , 1 25 , 0 (
11
1
1
b a EI
EI b a M
X
P
+
+
=
A
=
o
a = b = 1,6m X
1
= 0,857M.
.
;
1
1
1
1
X M M M
X M M M
x
xP x
u
uP u
+ =
+ =
M
C
X
1
=

1
M
u1
1
M
x1
Th d 9. 3. V biu momen un ca khung . cng un
ca x ngang l EI v ca ct l 2EI.
A
C B
M
P

M
P

M
P

M
A

A
B
C
l
R
A

H
A

H
B

R
B

EI
M
P

2EI
2l
1
1 X =
l
l
1
M
X
1

X
2

M
P

2l
2
1 X =
M
l
M
X
7
3
1
=
l
M
X
7
3
2
=
M
u

M
7
4
M
7
3
M
7
2
. 0
; 0
2 2 22 1 21
1 2 12 1 11
= A + +
= A + +
P
P
X X
X X
o o
o o
; 2 . . 2
2
1
2
1
; . . 2
2
1
;
3
4
2 . 2 . 2
3
1
2
1
; . 2 . 2
2
1
2
1
;
3
4
3
. . 1
. . 2
2
1
2
2
2
1
3
22
3
21 12
3
11
EI
Ml
l M l
EI
EI
Ml
M l l
EI
EI
l
l l l
EI
EI
l
l l l
EI
EI
l l l l
EI
l l l
EI
P
P
= = A
= = A
= =
= = =
= + =
o
o o
o
. 0
3
4
; 0
3
4
2
2
3
1
3
2
2
3
1
3
= +
= +
EI
Ml
X
EI
l
X
EI
l
EI
Ml
X
EI
l
X
EI
l
2
2
1
1
X M X M M M
P u
+ + =
M
P

M
P

l
l
1
M
2l
2
1 X =
M
l
M
X
7
3
1
=
l
M
X
7
3
2
=
M
u

M
7
4
M
7
3
M
7
2
l
M
X
7
3
1
=
l
M
X
7
3
2
=
9.3. Dm lin tc.
Dm lin tc l dm thng, siu tnh , c trn mt nhp
( trn hai gi ).
Xt trng hp cc nhp ca dm c cng cng un EI.
Nh vy ta s thm vo hai mt ct bn tri v bn phi
ca khp bn l hai momen un M
i
bng nhau v ngc
chiu nhau km theo iu kin l gc quay tng i
gia hai mt ct ny bng khng.

Chn h c bn bng cch thm khp bn l ti cc mt
ct nm trn cc gi trung gian .
n s trong trng hp ny l momen un M
i
ca dm
lin tc ti cc mt ct .
H c bn c chn l cc dm n gin tnh nh
v c lp
. 0
1 ) 1 ( 1 ) 1 (
= A + + +
+ + iP i i i i ii i i i
M M M o o o
(9. 6)
- gc xoay tng i gia hai mt
ct hai bn gi ta th i ln lt do cc momen n v
v ti trng gy ra.
iP i i ii i i
A
+
, , ,
) 1 ( ) 1 (
o o o
1 1
, ,
+ i i i
M M M
1
,
+ i i
e e - din tch ca cc biu M
P
trn nhp th i v
th i+1 vi cc trng tm ln lt l C
i
v C
i+1
;
a
i
, b
i
- khong cch t C
i
n gi ta bn tri v gi ta bn
phi ;

.
1
;
6
. 1 . 1
;
3
;
6
. 1 . 1
1
1
1
1
) 1 (
1
,
) 1 (
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = A =
+
=
=
+
+
+
+
+
+

i
i
i
i
i
i iP
i
i i
i i
i i
i
i i
l
b
l
a
EI EI
l
EI
l l
EI
l
e e o o
o
0 6 ) ( 2
1
1
1 1 1 1 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + + +
+
+
+ + + +
i
i
i
i
i
i i i i i i i i
l
b
l
a
M l M l l M l e e
(9. 7)

i(i-1)
M
i-1
+
ii
M
i
+

i(i+1)
M
(i+1)
+
iP
= 0 ;
X
1
X
i-1
X
i
X
i+1
X
n
M
1
M
i-1
M
i+1 M
i
M
n
M
i-1
M
i+1
M
i
1
l
1
l
i
l
i+1
i
i+1 i-1
q
P
1
P
2 P
n
l
i-1
0
1
a
i
b
i
a
i+1
b
i+1
M
P
C
i
C
i+1
Th d 9. 4. V biu momen un trong dm lin tc
Dm cho c mt u ngm bn tri c thay th bng dm
lin tc ton khp bn l vi iu kin chiu di l
1
0.
P=2qa q
a a
4a
q
P
l
1
l
2
l
3

q
P
a a 4a
M
1

M
2

qa
2

2qa
2

1,6qa
2

0,1qa
2

0,25qa
2

1,2qa
2

0 6
) ( 2
; 0 6
) ( 2
3
3
3
2
2
2
3 3 2 3 2 1 2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 2 1 2 1 0 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ + + +
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ + + +
l
b
l
a
M l M l l M l
l
b
l
a
M l M l l M l
e e
e e
l
1
= 0; l
2
= 2a; l
3
= 4a; M
0
= 0;
M
3
= 0;
1
=0;
2
= qa
2
;

3
= 16qa
2
; a
1
= b
1
= 0,5l
1
=0;
a
2
= b
2
= 0,5l
2
; a
3
= b
3
= 0,5l
3
.
2M
1
+ 2M
2
+ 3qa
2
= 0;
2M
1
+ 12M
2
+ 19qa
2
= 0.

M
1
= 0,1qa
2
; M
2
= - 1,6qa
2
.
BI TP 9B
V biu momen un, xc
nh vng ca im C.
EI D
P
2
P = P
1
+ P
2
y
C1
= y
C2
( );
3 3 3 EI
2
1 1 1
1
b a
EI
b P bb
EI
bP ab bP
y
C
+ = + =
;
3 3
.
3
2 2
2
EI
c P c c
EI
cP
y
C
= =
;
1
b P M
B
=
( )
( )
;
3 2
2
2
c b a b
b a b
P P
+ +
+
=
( )
;
3 2
3
1
c b a b
c
P P
+ +
=
;
2
c P M
D
=
.
3
3
2
EI
c P
y
c
=
bP
1
(b)
M
P
; ( M
i
)
cP
2
(c)
M
P
; ( M
i
)
P
c a b
EI
A B
C
D EI
A B
C
EI
P
1
Chng 10

TNH TON MT S CHI TIT C BIT

10. 1. Thanh cong phng.
* Quy tc v du ca cc thnh
phn N v Q vn nh c
* Momen un M dng c xu hng tng cong ca thanh.

-ti trng cng nm trong mt
phng i xng.
-trc thanh l ng cong nm
trong mt phng i xng,


- ton thanh c mt mt phng i xng,
P
1

P
1

P
2

P
3

N
R
Q
R
O
R
P
n

P
2

P
3

a
b
-mt ct ngang c trc i xng;



-sau khi thanh bin dng trc thanh
vn l ng cong phng nm trong mt phng i xng
}
=
F
dF N o
( a )
Gi thuyt : di tc dng ca lc dc N dn tng i
ca cc th dc v ng sut php phn b u trn mt ct
ngang chnh xc s dng trong thc t k thut:
= const.

o
F dF N
F
o o = =
}
;
F
N
= o
.
( b )
10.1.2. ng sut do thnh phn lc tip tuyn Q.
Thng b qua ng sut tip khi tnh ton thanh cong. Trong
trng hp cn thit c th xc nh gn ng gi tr ca ng
sut tip bng cng thc Jurapski:

bI
QS
= t
( c )
10.1.1. ng sut do thnh phn lc php tuyn
10. 1. 3. ng sut do tc dng ca momen un.
Cc tnh ton da trn gi thuyt
mt ct phng.

M M
y
a
c
m
n
C
C
1

O
O
1

b
d
c
1

d
1

n
1

y
0

r
r
0

r
1

r
2

h
2

h
1

d A
d
nn
1
= y d,
ng sut php do un thun tu ch
ph thuc vo to y.

c o
d
d
y r
y
E E
y y
A
+
= =
( e )

c
d
d
y r
y
d y r
d y
mn
nn
y
A
+
=
+
A
= =
) (
1
( d )
(e ) theo chiu cao ca mt ct ng sut

y
bin i theo quy lut hypecbn.
C
O
h
1

h
2

ng sut mp trong v mp
ngoi ca mt ct c cng gi tr tuyt
i, mt ct phi c hnh dng sao cho
trng tm nm gn cc th lm hn
(mt ct hnh thang, hnh ch T).

x
y
y
y
O

z
z
C
O
Mt trung ho
Trc trung
ho
0 = X
;
0 =
z
M
.

} }
= =
F
y
F
dF dN 0 o
;
}
= +
F
y
y dF M 0 . o
.
. 0 =
A

+
}
dF
d
d
y r
y
E
F

+ ( e )
0 =
A

d
d
E
;
. 0 =
+
}
dF
y r
y
F


( g )
trc trung ho khng i qua trng tm ca mt ct.

( g ) bn knh cong r ca mt trung ho ( y
o
).

M dF
y r
y
d
d
E
F
=
+
A
}
2

.
2
dF
y r
y
r ydF ydF
y r
r y r
dF
y r
y
F F F F
} } } }
+
=
+
+
=
+
( g )
( h )
z
S
d
d
E M

A
=
;
z
ES
M
d
d
=
A

.

( 10. 1 )
Khi thanh cong chu tc dng ca momen un dng, ng
sut ko cc i (y = h
1
):

) ( y r Fy
My
y r
y
S
M
o z
y
+
=
+
= o ( e )
( 10. 2 )
S dng bng10. 1, t t s r
O
/y
C
(r
O
l bn knh cong ca
ng tm thanh cong; y
C
l khong cch t mt trong ca
thanh cong n trng tm mt ct ) chn gi tr k theo bng
y
O
= kr
O
.

1
1
1
1
1
h r
h
Fy
M
h r
h
S
M
o z
+
=
+
= o
( 10. 3 )
; 0 =
+
}
dF
y r
y
F

0
2
Fy S ydF dF
y r
y
F
z
F
= = =
+
} }
.
Mt ct Mt ct
1.2
1,4
1,6
1,6
2,0
3,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
1.2
1,4
1,6
1,6
2,0
3,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
0,224
0,151
0,100
0,084
0,069
0,030
0,016
0,0070
0,0039
0,0025
0,418
0,299
0,229
0,183
0,149
0,069
0,040
0,018
0,010
0,0065
1.2
1,4
1,6
1,6
2,0
3,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
1.2
1,4
1,6
1,6
2,0
3,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
C
C
r
O

y
c

h
4,5t
1,5t
4t
t
y
c

r
O

C
C
h
r
o

C
r
o

y
c

y
c

t
t
4t
t
6t
0.305
0,204
0,149
0,112
0,090
0,041
0,021
0,0093
0,0052
0,0033
0,453
0,319
0,236
0,183
0,147
0,067
0,036
0,016
0,0089
0,0057

Bng 1
o
o
r
y
k =
o
o
r
y
k =
C
o
y
r
C
o
y
r
C
3b
y
C

r
o

b
2b
C
t 2t
t
3t
4t 6t
r
o

y
C

1.2
1,4
1,6
1,6
2,0
3,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
1.2
1,4
1,6
1,6
2,0
3,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
0,336
0,229
0,168
0,128
0,102
0,046
0,024
0,011
0,0060
0,0039
0,409
0,2920,22
4
0,178
0,144
0,067
0,038
0,018
0,010
0,0065
Mt ct Mt ct
C
o
y
r
o
o
r
y
k =
o
o
r
y
k =
C
o
y
r
10.1.4. ng sut cc i. iu kin bn.
| | o s

2 , 1
2 , 1
h r
h
S
M
F
N
:
(10. 4)
Thng ng sut do N gy ra kh nh

| | o s

2
2
h r
h
S
M
(10. 5)
Theo bng 10. 1 khi tng t s r
O
/y
C
, gi tr ca k gim,
r
O
/y
C
= 10 k 0 ; y
O
= 0 thanh cong l thanh thng.

~
Th d 10. 1. Kim tra bn ca mc nu P = 30 kN,
R = 60mm, = 16,0kN/cm2.

| | o
P R
r
o

a
b
40
y
C

y
o

20
h
1

h
2

C z
60
Tnh ton cho mt ct
nguy him ab c dng
hnh thang

. 67 , 2
4 2
4 2 . 2
3
6 2
3
cm
b a
b a h
y
C
~
+
+
=
+
+
=
Bn knh cong ca trc thanh cong:
r
o
= R + y
C
= 6 + 2,67 = 8,67 cm.
10 25 , 3
67 , 2
67 , 8
< ~ =
C
o
y
r
Mc s c tnh ton theo cng thc ca thanh cong.

2
18 6
2
4 2
2
cm h
b a
F =
+
=
+
=
; S
z
= Fy
O
= 18. 0,35 = 6,3cm
3
;
r = r
O
- y
O
= 8,67 - 0,35 = 8,32cm.
-Lc php tuyn N = P = 30kN.
- Momen un m M = - PrO = - 30. 8,67 = - 260kNcm.

. / 3 , 14
68 , 3 32 , 8
68 , 3
3 , 6
260
18
30
2
1
1
cm kN
h r
h
S
M
F
P
b
~
+
=
+
+ = o
. / 6 , 17
32 , 2 32 , 8
32 , 2
3 , 6
260
18
30
2
2
2
cm kN
h r
h
S
M
F
P
a
+ ~

+ = o
Vt qu ng sut cho php 10%.
Bng 1 k 0,04. y
O
= kr
O
= 0,04.8,67 = 0,35cm;
h
2
= y
C
- y
O
= 2,67 - 0,35 = 2, 32cm; h
1
= h - h
2
= 6 - 2,32 = 6,38cm;
~
10.2. ng thnh dy.

ng thnh dy l nhng ng hnh tr c b dy thnh ln
hn 1/10 bn knh trung bnh.

Xt ng thnh d khng y (khng chu lc dc trc) chu
p sut bn trong v bn ngoi p
t
v p
n
..

- Ch cn xem xt mt on ng c chiu di mt n v (1cm) .

-Trn mt phn t ng khng c ng sut tip ch c ng sut
php.

Ap lc gia cc lp th c ngha rt quan trng ng
sut php xuyn tm phn b khng u theo chiu dy.

1cm
r
t

r
n

p
n

p
t

d

y
z
a b
c
d
o d
d

t
o
t
o
0 1 ) )( ( 1 1 = + + + o o o o

d d d
t
. .

o
o o

d
d
t
+ =
( a )
const
x
= c Phng trnh bin dng :
( b )
. ) ( const
E
t x
= + =

o o

c ( c )
. const
t
= +

o o = 2A


( d
)

o
o

d
d
A + = 2 2
( a ) + ( c )
x
a
z
y
b
c
d
O
o d

t
o
t
o

d
d
A
) (
2
2
=
;
) ( 2
2

o d d A =

B A + =

o
2 2
;
2

B
A =


( e )

o
2
B
A
t
+ = ( d ) + ( e )
( g )
t
r = ;
t
p =

o .
n
r = ;
n
p =

o ;
; ;
2 2
n
n
t
t
r
B
A p
r
B
A p = =
( h )
2 2
2 2
t n
n n t t
r r
r p r p
A

=
;
2 2
2 2
) (
t n
n t n t
r r
p p r r
B

=
.

( i )
) (
) (
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
t n
n t n t
t n
n n t t
r r
p p r r
r r
r p r p

+ ( e ), ( g )
(10. 6)
) (
) (
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
t n
n t n t
t n
n n t t
t
r r
p p r r
r r
r p r p

o
(10. 7)

o
o o
c
A
=
A +
=
d
d d
t
) (
c
t
= A ) (
1

o o c =
t t
E
( k ); ( l ).
( 10. 6) ,(10. 7)
t
o >

o
= r
t
,
t
o =
2 2
2 2 2
max
2
t n
n n n t t t
r r
r p r p r p

+
= o
( 10. 9 )

o
=
t
p =
min
o
.

( 10. 10 )
Vi vt liu chu ko v nn nh nhau iu kin bn s l:
| | o o o s
min max
+ ( 10. 9) + (10. 10)
| |
k
t n
n t n
r r
p p r
o s

2 2
2
) ( 2
( 10. 11 )
) (

o o

= A
t
E
( m )
) (
) ( 1 ) ( 1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
t n
n t n t
t n
n n t t
r r
p p r r
E
r r
r p r p
E

+
+

= A

(10. 8)
10.2.1. p sut ngoi bng khng hoc rt nh so vi p
sut trong.
( 10. 6), (10. 7), (10. 8) v (10. 11) vi p
n
= 0

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
2
2 2
2
1

n
t n
t t
r
r r
r p
ng sut xuyn tm :
(10. 12)
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
2
2
2 2
2
1

o
n
t n
t t
t
r
r r
r p
ng sut vng :
(10. 13)
Chuyn v xuyn tm ca mt trong :
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
= A
2 2
2 2
t n
t n t t
t
r r
r r
E
r p
(10. 14)
| |
k
t n
n t
r r
r p
o s

2 2
2
2
(10. 15)
iu kin bn:
10.2.2. p sut trong bng khng hay rt nh so vi p sut
ngoi.

( 10. 6), (10. 7), (10. 8) v (10. 11) vi p
t
= 0

|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
2
2 2
2
1

t
t n
n n
r
r r
r p
ng sut xuyn tm:

(10. 16)
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
2
2
2 2
2
1

o
t
t n
n n
t
r
r r
r p
ng sut vng:
(10. 17)
Chuyn v xuyn tm
ca mt ngoi :
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
= A
2 2
2 2
t n
t n n n
n
r r
r r
E
r p
(10. 18)
ng sut nn c gi tr tuyt i ln nht mt trong l ng
sut vng tnh theo ( 10. 17 ) vi

t
o
t
r =
t
o
=
2 2
2
min
2
t n
n n
r r
r p

= o
.
Ap sut mt trong bng khng

o
=
max
o
= 0

| |
k
t n
n n
r r
r p
o s

2 2
2
2
(10. 19)
Th d 10. 2. Xc nh ng sut cc i khi lp rp mt ng
thp ln trc thp khi ng knh trong ca ng nh hn ng
knh ngoi ca trc mt khong = 0,05mm. Kch thc ca
ng v trc cho trn hnh . Vt liu lm ng v trc c moun
n hi E = 2,1.104kN/cm2, h s Poatxng bng 0,3.


A
140
150 u
100 u
( 10. 13 ) = r
t
v p
t
= p.

1
A
- chuyn v xuyn tm ca mt ngoi trc;
2
A
- chuyn v xuyn tm ca mt trong ng.

Vi.trc (10. 18) p
n
= p, r
n
= 5cm, r
t
= 0
; 0025 , 0
2
1 1
= A + A =
A
= o
; 6 , 2
5
5 , 7
1
5 5 , 7
5
2
2
2 2
2
p
p
t
~
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =o o
cm
p p
4 2 2
2 2
4
2
10 . 1 , 2
5 , 14
3 , 0
5 5 , 7
5 5 , 7
10 . 1 , 2
5 .
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
= A
Vi ng ( 10. 14) p
t
= p; r
t
= 5cm; r
n
= 7,5 cm.
Tnh n s tp trung ng sut im A:
theo s tay k thut

o
o
= 1,5
max
o =7,6.1,5 =11,40 kN/cm
2
.
0025 , 0
10 . 1 , 2
5 , 14
10 . 1 , 2
5 , 3
4 4
= +
p p
p= 2,92kN/cm
2
v ng sut
,

2
/ 6 , 7 92 , 2 . 6 2 cm kN
~ = o
cm
p p
4 2
2
4
1
10 . 1 , 2
5 , 3
3 , 0
5
5
10 . 1 , 2
5 .
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
10. 3. Bnh cha thnh mng.
-b dy ca thnh bnh
< 1/10 bn knh trong.
- Thnh bnh khng chiu un v ch chu ko,
-ng sut phn b u theo thnh bnh.
-Phn t trng thi cng phng.
y
D
z
o
1
o
2
o
p
t
= p ( chnh p sut ca p sut trong so vi p sut
ngoi tri)
(10. 20)
;
2
0 2 sin
0
1
}
= =
t
o
o
pD
N prd
N =
1
.1. ;
d
dR=prd
N
N

z
y
; 0
4
2
2
= + o t o
t
D
D
p

o
o
4
2
pD
=
.

( 10. 21 ) cng dng tnh ng sut trong thnh bnh cha
hnh cu.
1
o
,
2
o
> 0 ;
0
min 3
= =o o

(10. 20), (10. 21)
iu kin bn:
| |
k
k o o o s
min max

| |
k
o o s
max

| |
k
pD
o
o
s
2


(10. 22)
i vi bnh cha hnh cu:
| |
k
pD
o
o
s
4
Chiu dy thc ca bnh cha s ln hn chiu dy tnh t
cng thc (10. 22) t 1 n 3 mm phng nga hao mn
hoc sa cha.
(10.21)
Chng 11
DM TRN NN N HI
11. 1.Khi nim.
cng phn lc ca nn ti mi im t l vi ln
ca nn ti im :
P = ky,
(11. 1)
P - phn lc ca nn trn mt n v din tch;
k -h s nn c xc nh bng thc nghim (bng 11. 1).
Th nguyn ca h s k l [ lc/(chiu di)
3
], v d MN/m
3
.
M hnh n gin ca nn n hi ( m hnh Wincle) :
y - ln ca t di dm.
mm c vt nt,
vi, sa thch


Loi nn

Bng11. 1
t c
cht km
t chy, t mi p, t
st t v mm nho
Tn t nn H s nn k (MN/m
3
)
1 5
t c cht
trung bnh
Si p nhn to,
t st m
5 10
t cht
Ct m cht,sn, si,
dm, t st c m b


50 100
t rt cht
t st pha ct m k,
t st cng
,
Nn cng
100 200
200 1000
11.2. Phng trnh vi phn vng ca dm trn nn Wincle
Phn lc phn b dc theo chiu di vi cng
q
1
= bky = Ky.
(11. 2)
q(x
)
q
1
(x)
x
y
x
EI
( K = bk c th nguyn [lc/(chiu di)
2
]).
Chn chiu dng ca trc y
hng xung di, phng
trnh vi phn ca ng n hi :
EI
M
dx
y d
=
2
2
Dm chu ti trng phn b q
1
(x) - q(x)
(11. 3)
l i lng c trng
cho dm v nn c th
nguyn [(chiu di)
-1
].
o
( );
1
1
4
4
q q
EI dx
y d
=
;
4
4
EI
K
= o
EIy
IV
= q q
1
= q Ky ;
; 4
4
EI
q
y y
IV
= + o
Nghim ca (11.3) :
y =
y
+ y*

(11. 4)
y
-nghim tng qut ca phng trnh vi phn khi v phi
bng khng;
y* - mt nghim ring ca phng trnh vi phn c v phi.
Trng hp q = ax + b :
) sin cos ( ) sin cos (
4 3 2 1
x C x C e x C x C e y
x x
o o o o
o o
+ + + =

(11. 5)
K
q
EI
b ax
y =
+
=
4
4
*
o
(11. 6)
Nghim ca phng trnh (11.3) s l:
y =
K
q
x C x C e x C x C e
x x
+ + + +

) sin cos ( ) sin cos (
4 3 2 1
o o o o
o o
.

(11. 7)
Cc hng s C
1
,C
2
,C
3
,C
4
c xc nh t iu kin bin.

11.3. Dm di v hn chu lc tp trung P.


Chn y* = 0,
) sin cos ( ) sin cos (
4 3 2 1
x C x C e x C x C e
x x
o o o o
o o
+ + +

y =
xa v cc ( x = ) : y = 0 ; C
1
= C
2
= 0
y =
) sin cos (
4 3
x C x C e
x
o o
o
+

.

(11. 8a)
] sin ) ( cos ) [( '
4 3 4 3
x C C x C C e y
x
o o o
o
+ + = =

(11. 8b)
y' = = 0 .
) 0 (
(11. 8e)

(11. 8c) M= - EIy''
=
); cos sin ( 2
4 3
2
x C x C EIe
x
o o o
o




(11. 8d)
Q = - EIy'''
=
] sin ) ( cos ) [( 2
3 4 4 3
3
x C C x C C EIe
x
o o o
o
+ +

.

Lc ct l hm phn i xng v c bc nhy bng lc P
gc to ( x= 0 ). Lc ct trn hai mt ct hai bn v cch
u gc to c cng tr s v ngc du.

P
o
t

o
t
o
t
2
Q
2
P
o
t
o
t
4
M
o
4
P
o
t
4
3
y
k
P
2
o
Q Q
P
dx
Q>0 Q<0

C
3
+ C
4
=
EI
P
3
4o
.

C
3
= C
4
=

K
P
EI
P
2
8
3
o
o
=
.

(11. 9)
(11. 10)
Gi tr ca cc hm s ny c cho sn trong bng ph lc II.
2
P
Q(0) = (11. 8g)
( ) ; cos
3
x e x
x
o o q
o
=
( ) ( ). ;
2
4
2
1
x
K
P
x
K
P
y o q
o
o q
o
= =
+(11.8a,b,c,d)
); (
4
2
x
P
M o q
o
=

) (
2
3
x
P
Q o q =

) sin (cos ) (
1
x x e x
x
o o o q
o
+ =

); sin (cos ) (
2
x x e x
x
o o o q
o
=


( ) . sin
4
x e x
x
o o q
o
=
C
3
- C
4
= 0 ;
( 11.8 b,d e,g )
Cc biu vng, gc xoay, momen un, lc ct l cc
hm tun hon chu k v c bin tt dn. Ti gc to :
K
P
y
2
max
o
=
(khong 0,2% vng cc i, thc t c th coi bng khng ).



Sau mt chu k ti honh
o
t 2
= x
;
00187 , 0 .
2
) 2 (
2
2
1
K
P
K
P
y
o
t q
o
o
t
= =
|
.
|

\
|
-khong cch t im t lc n hai u mt > : dm
di v hn;
o t / 2
-khong cch ny < :dm c chiu di hu hn. o t / 2
Da vo nh lut tc dng c lp ca cc lc ta c th m
rng ng dng cng thc (11.9) cho cc trng hp chu lc
khc.
Xt dm di v hn chu ti trng phn b u q trn
chiu di l.
q
l
a b
x
A
) (
2
) (
2
1
0
1
0
x
K
qdx
x
K
qdx
y
b a
o oq o oq
} }
+ =
.
) sin (cos
2
) sin (cos
2
0
0
= +
+ + =

}
}
dx x x e
K
q
dx x x e
K
q
y
x
b
x
a
o o
o
o o
o
o
o
(11. 11)
Khi a v b c ga tr ln, v c gi tr nh th
vng s tin ti gi tr q/K ngha l vng c gi tr bng
hng s, dm khng b un cong, momen un bng khng.
a
e
o
b
e
o
vng ti mt ct A nm trong on t ti
| | b e a e
K
q
y
b a
o o
o o
cos cos 2
2

=
Nu im A nm bn ngoi on t ti, th d bn phi
on ny
y
O
P
O

M
O

). cos cos (
2
; ) sin (cos
2
a e b e
K
q
y
dx x x e
K
q
y
a b
x
b
a
o o
o o
o
o o
o

=
=
}
(11. 12)
i vi dm di na v hn chn gc
to O (im t ti trng M
o
v P
o
).
). sin cos (
4 3
x C x C e y
x
o o
o
+ =

C
3
, C
4
xc nh t iu kin ban u: M(x=0) = M
o
;Q(x=0) = - P
o
.
). ( 2 ; 2
4 3
3
4
2
C C EI P EIC M
o o
+ = = o o
Thay gi tr ca cc hng s ny vo cc phng trnh (11. 7)
ta s c cc biu thc ca vng y, gc xoay , momen un
M v lc ct Q.
(11. 13)
;
2
2
4
K
M
C
o
o
=
;
) ( 2
3
K
M P
C
o o
o o
=
Th d 11.1 Mt dm di v hn c momen qun tnh ca
mt ct ngang I = 2500 cm
4
; vt liu lm dm c modun
n hi E = 2.10
11
N/m
2
t trn nn n hi c h s
K = 30.10
6
N/m
2
. Dm chu tc dng ca cc lc P nh hnh
v. Xc nh vng v momen un mt ct B ( di im
t ca lc P th hai ).
1m 1m 1m
P P=200kN P P
D C A B
Xc nh h s theo cng thc:
.
1
1 , 1
10 . 2500 . 10 . 2 . 4
10 . 30
4
4
8 11
6
4
m EI
K
= = =

o
( ) ; 1 , 7 0071 , 0 0244 , 0 4476 , 0 . 2 1
10 . 30 . 2
1 , 1 . 10 . 200
2
6
3
1
mm m
K
P
y
B
= = + + = =

q
o
Honh ca im B so vi cc im t lc A,B,C,D la:
x
A
= 1m ; x
B
= 0 ; x
C
= -1m ; x
D
= -2m .

( ) | | . 10 . 5 , 2 1548 , 0 1457 , 0 2 1
1 , 1 . 4
10 . 200
4
3
3
2
Nm
P
M
B
= + = =

q
o
0,0244
-0,1548
-2,20
-0,1457
0,4476
-1,10 0
1
1
x

2
1,10
0,4476
-0,1457
1m 1m 1m
P P=200kN P P
D C A B
11.4. Dm di hu hn.
Dm di hu hn chu ti trng phn b theo quy lut bc nht
). sin cos ( ) sin cos (
4 3 2 1
x C x C e x C x C e
K
q
y
x x
o o o o
o o
+ + + + =

Chn nghim ca phng trnh ny di dng t hp cc
nghim c lp ca phng trnh vi phn:
l
Q
O

y
O

M
O

q
O

q'
O

y'
O

Y
1
(
x x ch x o o o cos ) =
;
Y
2
( ) x x sh x x ch x o o o o o cos sin
2
1
) ( + =
;

Y
3
( ) x x sh x o o o sin
2
1
=
;
Cc hm Y
i
c tn gi l hm Crlop c gi tr cho trong
bng ( ph lc II ) v c cc tnh cht sau:
Y
1
(0) = 1; Y
2
(0) = Y
3
(0) = Y
4
(0) = 0;
(11. 14)
Y
4
( ) ( )
x x sh x x ch x
o o o o o
cos sin
4
1
= .
- 4
Y
1

Y
3

Y
2

Y
4

o
o
o
o
. ; ; ; 4
3
4
2
3
1
2
4
1
Y
dx
dY
Y
dx
dY
Y
dx
dY
Y
dx
dY
o o o o = = = =
Cc tnh cht ny c minh ho trn hnh bn.
y =
4 3 2 1
DY CY BY AY
K
q
+ + + +
;

3 2 1 4
4
'
' DY CY BY AY
K
q
y o o o o + + + = =
;
M=-EIy''=
2 4 3
4
DY
K
KBY KAY + ; Q =
1 4 3 2
4
DY
K
CY K BY K AY K o o o o + + .
Khi x = 0 y(0) = y
o
; ,
0 0 0
) 0 ( ; ) 0 ( ; ) 0 ( Q Q M M = = =
;
.
4
;
4
;
'
;
0 0 0
0
0
0
Q D
K
M C
K
B
K
q
y A
K
q
= = = + = +
o
o
.
4
;
4
; ;
0 0 0
'
0 0
0
K
Q
D
K
M
C
K K
q
B
K
q
y A
o

o
= = + = =
Bit hai thng s q
0
v q'
o
, hai trong 4 thng s y
0
,,
0
,M
0
v Q
0

c cho trc, hai thng s cn li c xac nh t iu
kin bin cui dm ( x =l) A,B,C,D
; 4 4
'
4
0
3
0
2
0 0
1
0
0
Y
K
Q
Y
K
M
Y
K
q
K
Y
K
q
y
K
q
y
o o

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
; 4 4
'
4
'
3
0
2
0
1
0 0
4
0
0
Y
K
Q
Y
K
M
Y
K
q
K
Y
K
q
y
K
q

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
= o
o

o o
( ) ( ) . 4 '
1 0 2 0 3 0 0 4 0 0
Y Q Y M Y q Y q Ky Q + + + = o o o
( ) ;
'
2
0
1 0 4
0
0 3 0 0
Y
K
Q
Y M Y
q
Y q Ky M +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o
(11. 15)
Trn y l phng trnh vng, gc xoay, momen un v
lc ct c vit theo phng php thng s ban u.cho
trng hp dm hu hn mt on . Dm c nhiu on :
(11.15 ) l nghim ng vi on u tin tnh t bn tri .Cc
on tip theo:
( ) | | ( ) | |
( ) | | ( ) | |; 4 4
'
4 3
2 1 1
a x Y
K
Q
a x Y
K
M
a x Y
K
q
K
a x Y
K
q
y y y
a a
a a a
a i i

A

A

+
|
.
|

\
|
A

A
+
|
.
|

\
|
A
A + =
+
o
o
o
o
o

o
a -to ca mt ct phn chia on th i v th i+1 ;
a a
y A A ,
-bc nhy ca vng v gc xoay ti mt ct c
honh x = a;
a a
q q ' , A A
bc nhy ca cng vo hm ca cng
ca lc phn b ti mt ct c honh x = a (chiu
q hng xung l chiu dng );
a
a
M M = A
-momen tp trung ti mt ct x = a;
a a
Q Q = A
- lc tp trung ti mt ct x = a.
(11. 16)
( ) ( ) | | ( ) | |
( ) | | ( ) | |
.
'
2 1
4 3 1
a x Y
K
Q
a x Y M
a x Y
q
a x Y q y K M M
a
a
a
a a a i i

A
+ A
+

.
|

\
|
A
A + A A + =
+
o o
o
o
o
Chng 12
UN DC
12. 1. Khi nim c bn.
S cn bng an hi n nh v s cn bng an hi khng
n nh.

Mt n nh xy ra khi ti trng hy cn rt nh nu chiu di
v cc kch thc ngang cng khc nhau nhiu. Cc thanh
mnh v di s b un khi chu nn ,cc dm c chiu cao
mnh s b xon khi un ,cc ng thnh mng s b un khi
xon.

P
P<P
th

P
P>P
th

a/
P<P
th

b/
P>P
th

Gia trng thai cn bng n nh va mt n nh tn ti mt
trng thai chuyn tip gi la trng thi ti hn.
Ti trng tng ng vi trng thi ti hn gi la ti trng
ti hn Pth.
iu kin lam vic n nh | |
od
P P s
; | |
m
P
P
th
od
= ; (12. 1)
m - h s an toan n nh.
Trng hp thanh chu nn
| | o o s
od
; | |
m
th
od
o
o = ;
(12. 2)
th
o - ng sut ti hn (ng sut ng vi lc ti hn);
o - ng sut tac dng trong thanh.
Khi ti trng tc dng tnh h s an ton n nh ca thp
m = 1,7 - 3; g m = 3 4; gang m = 5 - 6.
12. 2. Un dc trong gii hn t l.
Phng trnh vi phn gn ng ca ng n hi:

x
M y EI =
' '
min
( a )
EI
min
- cng un nh nht ca dm ;
M
x
= - P
th
y l momen un do lc ti hn gy ra mt ct
co honh x.
P
th
P
th
y

x
A
B
EI
min
y" = - P
th
y.
0 "
min
= + y
EI
P
y
th
.
2
min
k
EI
P
th
=
, :
y" + k
2
y = 0.
y = Asinkx + Bcoskx.
( b )
( c )
A x = 0; y = 0 ; B = 0; B x = l; y = 0 nn Asinkl = 0.
2
2
2
min
l
k
EI
P
th
t
= = ,
2
min
2
l
EI
P
th
t
= .
(12. 1)
A 0 ; kl = i ( i = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .) kl = . =
Cng thc le cho ta gi tr ca lc ti hn khi thanh bt
u cong. Lagrngi xut pht t phng trnh vi phn
chnh xc ca ng n hi:
lc nn t ti gi tr lc ti hn tnh theo cng thc le
th thanh bt u b cong. Sau d lc tng thm cht t
th bin dng ca thanh cng tng ln rt nhanh dn n
ch thanh b pha hu.

EI
M
y
y
=
+
2 / 3 2
) ' 1 (
"
12.4. ng sut ti hn, gii hn s dng cng thc le.
2
min
2
) ( l F
EI
F
P
th
th

t
o = =
;
2
min
min
r
F
I
=
;
2
min
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
r
l
E
th

t
o

(12. 2)
- mnh ca thanh
min
r
l
=

(12. 3)
2
2

t
o
E
th
= (12. 4)
l

l

l
/
2

l
/
4

l
/
4

12. 3. nh hng ca phng phap lin kt u
thanh n s n nh.

-Khp bn l hai u = 1;
- Mt u ngm, mt u t do = 2;
- Ngm hai u = 0,5.
| |
2
min
2
) ( l
EI
m P P
od th

t
= = .
(12. 2)
Thp t cacbon
tl
= 20 kN/cm
2
,E = 2. 10
4
kN/cm
2

100
20
10 2
4 2
>

>
t

Vt liu
o

Thp 100
Gang 80
G 100

(12. 5)
iu kin s dng cng thc le l
tl th
o o s ;
tl
E
o

t
s
2
2

tl
E
o
t

2
>
Trong tnh ton k thut thng s dng cng thc thc
nghim ca Iasinski:

2
o c b a
th
+ =
(12. 6)
Cc kt qu nghin cu thc nghim cng cho thy trong tnh
ton k thut co th khng quan tm n s nguy him do mt
n nh khi thanh c mnh kh nh tu thuc vo tng loi
vt liu. Th d vi thp khi ; vi g khi ;
vi gang khi .
40 s 30 s
20 s
12.4. Un dc ngoi gii hn t l . Cng thc thc
nghim
Vt liu
Gii hn
Thp CT3
Thp CT5
Gang xm
G
a
b c
31,00
46,40
77,60
2,39
0,114
0,3617
1,2000
0,0100
0,00
0,00
0,0053
0,00
40 < < 100
30 < < 90
20 < < 80
30 < < 100
Khi < 40 ng sut ti hn
l gii hn chy (on AB ).
Khi 10 < < 100 ng sut
ti hn c xc nh theo
cng thc (12. 6 )(on BC).
C ( =100) ng sut ti
hn l gii hn t l .
Khi > 100 ng sut ti hn
c xc nh theo cng thc
( 12. 4) (on CD). Rt t khi
gp trng hp > 200.

20 60 100 140 180 0
4
8
12
16
24
20
14
nn
Un dc
chy
Un dc n hi

A B
C
ng sut ti hn

ng sut cho php

| | = o
=
tl
o
=
c
o
th
o

| | | |
n m
c
n
th
od
o
o
o
o = = ; ; | | | | | | o
o
o
o o = =
n
c
th
n od
m
n
.
(12. 7)
- h s un dc;
m
n
c
th
=
o
o

(12. 8)
| | o o
n
F
N
s =
mnh

H s
Thp CT3 Gang G
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

180
190
200
1,00
0,90
0,96
0,94
0,92
0,89
0,86
0,81
0,75
0,69
0,60

0,23
0,21
0,19
1,00
0,97
0,91
0,81
0,69
0,54
0,44
0,34
0,26
0,20
0,16
1,00
0,99
0,97
0,93
0,87
0,80
0,71
0,60
0,48
0,38
0,31

0,10
0,09
0,08
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Bng 12. 2
-Bai toan xac nh ti trng cho phep

| | | | F N
n
o = (12. 9)
- Bi ton thit k
| |
n
N
F
o
>
(12. 10)
= N/F []
n

- Bai toan kim tra theo cng thc (12. 8):
Th d 12. 1. So snh khi lng theo kh nng n nh theo
un dc ca thanh c mt ct hnh trn v thanh c mt ct
hnh vnh khn c ng knh ngoi d
1
= 100mm; ng
knh trong d
2
= 80mm.
Din tich mt ct hnh vanh khn:
2
2 2
2
2
2
1
1
28
4
8 . 14 , 3
4
10 . 14 , 3
4 4
cm
d d
F = = =
t t
4 4
4
4
1
2 4
1
1
295 10
10
8
1 05 , 0 1 05 , 0 cm
d
d
d I ~
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
~
ng knh thanh c mt ct hnh trn c cng kh nng
n nh
0,05d
4
= 295 d = 8,8cm.
2
2 2
2
61
4
8 , 8 . 14 , 3
4
cm
d
F ~ = =
t
khi lng ca thanh tng ln ln

2 , 2
28
61
=
Th d 12. 2. Chn ng knh ca mt ct ca thanh
chng BC , bit P = 10kN. Vt liu lm thanh BC c ng
sut cho php
| |
2
/ 14 cm kN
n
= o
; 0 30 sin . . = =
o
A
AB N AD P M
. 25
5 , 0 . 1
10 . 25 , 1
30 sin
25 , 1
kN
AB
P
N
o
= = =
Th cho = 0,4; ( 12. 10)
A
B
C
D
1m
0,25m
30
o

P
N
2
46 , 4
14 . 4 , 0
25
cm F = =
d =
. 38 , 2
14 , 3
46 , 4 . 4
cm d ~ =
| |
2
/ 8 , 2 14 . 2 , 0 cm kN
od
= = o
ng sut nn lm vic ca thanh BC :
2
/ 6 , 5
46 , 4
25
cm kN
F
N
= = = o
ng knh d = 2,4cm khng m bo iu kin n nh
ca thanh.
; 6 , 0
4
min
cm
d
r ~ =
; 195
30 cos 6 , 0
100 . 1
min
= = =
o
r
l
; 2 , 0 =
Chn li = 0,3.
2
95 , 5
14 . 3 , 0
25
cm F ~ =
;
cm d 75 , 2
14 , 3
95 , 5 . 4
~ =
;
cm r 7 , 0
4
75 , 2
min
~ = ; 166
30 cos . 7 , 0
100 . 1
= =
o

Tra bng ta c = 0,275
| |
2
/ 85 , 3 14 . 275 , 0 cm kN
od
= = o
ng sut lm vic ca thanh BC :
2
/ 2 , 4
95 , 5
25
cm kN = = o
vt 9% so vi ng sut cho php.
Chn ng kinh ca thanh BC d = 2,84 cm;
71 , 0
4
84 , 2
= = r
; 6 , 162
30 cos 71 , 0
100 . 1
= =
o
= 0,28;
| |
2
/ 95 , 3 14 . 28 , 0 cm kN
od
= = o
ng sut lm vic trong thanh BC :
2
2
/ 95 , 3
84 , 2 . 14 , 3
4 . 5 , 2
cm kN = = o
Ta c th dng y.
12.6. Un dc v un ngang ng thi.
12.6.1. Lc ngang tc dng trong mt phng c
cng cc i.
-Kim tra bn ca thanh theo un ngang trong mt
phng c cng cc i.
-Kim tra bn theo un dc trong mt phng c
cng cc tiu.

-Khi thit k chn kch thc mt ct ngang theo bn
khi un ngang trong mt phng c cng cc i ri
kim tra bn theo un dc trong mt phng c cng
cc tiu.

12.6.2. Lc ngang tc dng trong mt phng c cng
cc tiu.
Khi ti trng ngang hng v mt pha, mt ct c vng
ln nht khong gia dm, phng trnh gn ng ca
trc dm
H
A
= N
N
x
0,5l
a

y

A
B
; sin x
l
a y
t
= (12. 11);
EI
min
y" = M
x
.
( a )
M
x
= - (M
P
+ Ny);
; sin
2
2
min
Ny M x
l
l
a EI
P
+ =
t t
( b )
M
P
- momen un do ti trng ngang gy ra;
N - lc nn dc.
Khi x = l/2; y = a, M
P
= M
PC
( momen un gia dm ).
;
2
min
2
N
l
EI
M
a
PC

=
t
th
P
l
EI
=
2
min
2
t
lc ti hn theo cng thc le
N P
M
a
th
PC

=
(12. 12)
M
PC
- momen un mt ct gia thanh do lc ngang gy ra;
P
th
- lc ti hn theo cng thc ( 12. 1 ).
Xc nh c vng cc i gia thanh, ta c th xc
nh vng mt ct bt k theo (12. 10).

Trong tnh ton k thut theo un dc v un ngang ng thi
thng thc hin theo cng thc quy c:

W
z
, F - momen chng un v din tch mt ct ngang bnh
thng ca thanh.
| |
n
F
N M
o

o s + =
z
max
max
W
( 12.14 )
ng sut mt ct bt k cho trng hp un trong mt
phng xy s l:
z z
P
W
Ny
W
M
F
N
=
) (
o (12. 13)
Tnh ton theo cng thc gn ng ny thng ch sai lch
so vi phng php chnh xc di 5%.
Ngoi ra cn kim tra theo bin dng nn mt ct b gim
yu theo cng thc

W
t
, F
t
- mmen chng un v din tch mt ct ngang
ti ch gim yu.

(12. 15)
| |.
W
t
n
t
F
N M
o o s + =
Th d 12. 3. Kim tra thanh truyn ca my gt lm bng g
x
y
z
P
P=3,4kN
P P
550
55
28
Trong mt phng xy thanh truyn chu un dc theo s c
gi bn l hai u. V thanh truyn c khi lng nh
nn c th b qua ti trng ngang do lc qun tnh.
F
P

o =
(12. 8)
; 59 , 1
5 , 5 . 8 , 2 . 12
5 , 5 . 8 , 2
3
cm
F
I
r
z
z
~ = =
35
59 , 1
55 . 1
~ =

=
z
z
r
l

Bng 12. 2 = 0,9.

2
/ 25 , 0
8 , 2 . 5 , 5 . 9 , 0
4 , 3
cm kN = = o
Trong mt phng xz thanh truyn khng quay t do trn gi ta
nhng cng cha c ngm hon ton nn ta ly = 0,75 :

; 81 , 0
8 , 2 . 5 , 5 . 12
8 , 2 . 5 , 5
3
cm
F
I
r
y
y
~ = =
Theo bng 12. 2 : = 0,80. 50 =
y

2
/ 28 , 0
5 , 5 . 8 , 2 . 8 , 0
4 , 3
cm kN ~ = o
Ni chung ng sut hy cn nh.
50
81 , 0
5 , 5 . 75 , 0
~ =

=
y
y
r
l

BI TP S 12 - UN DC
z
c
b
z
y
Mt ct c lam t 2 thp ch U
dai l=10m,ng sut cho phep []
n
=
14kN/cm
2
,chu lc nen P=560kN,
h s quy i chiu dai =0,75.
Chn s hiu ca thep, xac nh
khong cach b gia hai na ct,
khong cach h gia hai thanh ghep
ngang va h s an toan n nh m.


Tm chn =80.
cm
l
r
z
375 , 9
80
1000 . 75 , 0
= = =

UN
0
22: r
z
=8,89cm;I
z
=2110cm
4
;I
y
=151cm
4
;z
c
=2.21cm.
. 36 , 84
89 , 8
1000 . 75 , 0
= = =
z
r
l

=80=0,75;=90=0,69.
=0,75-(0,75-0,69).0,436=0,724. []

=0,724.14=10,13kN/cm
2
;
=560/(2.26,7)=10,49kN/cm
2
; sai lch 100.(10,49-10,13)/10,13=+3,52%
2I
z
=2I
y
+2F(0,5b-z
c
)
2
b=21,55cm.
hr
y
/=266,58cm
kl/h=3,75;chn h=250cm;k=4; s thanh ngang bng 3.
=84,36<100
th
=a-b+c
2
=21,38kN/cm
2
; m=21,38/10,492,04.
Th chn = 0,75 Bng
=80
. 375 , 9
80
1000 . 75 , 0
cm
l
r
z
= = =

. 36 , 84
89 , 8
1000 . 75 , 0
= = =
z
r
l

( ) . 724 , 0
10
36 , 4
69 , 0 75 , 0 75 , 0 = =
Theo bng chn thp I N
o
22 c r
z
=8,89cm;r
y
=2,37cm;
I
z
=2110cm
4
;I
y
=151cm
4
;F=26,7cm
2
.
Theo bng chn ln hn: =90 ; =0,69 .
| | | |
2
/ 10 , 10 14 . 724 , 0 cm kN
n od
= = = o o
. / 49 , 10
7 , 26 . 2
560
2
2
cm kN
F
P
lv
= = = o
Sai lch +3,52%.
cm b F z
b
I I
c y z
55 , 21 .
2
2 2 2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
Ly b=22cm.
=84,36 < 100
th
=a-b =31- 0,114.84,36=21,38kN/cm2
m=21,38/10,49=2,04
Chng 13
TI TRNG NG
13. 1. Khi nim c bn.
- Ti trng tnh v ti trng ng.
-c tnh ca ti trng ng v do phng php tnh ton
ph thuc vo c tnh ca gia tc.
13.1.1. C th coi gia tc khng ph thuc vo bin dng
ca phn t kt cu c xt .
*Xc nh gia tc bng cc phng php ca ng hc vt
rn gi tr ca lc qun tnh. B sung thm lc qun
tnh vo cc lc tc dng .
*Trng hp gia tc ca phn t chuyn ng ca kt cu c
gi tr bin i theo chu k lm vic : dng gia tc cc i
v lc qun tnh tng ng.
13.1.2. Gia tc tng t ngt (tc thi) n mt gi tr rt
ln tu thuc vo bin dng ca phn t kt cu c
xt : hin tng va chm
(vn tc ca phn t thay i rt ln trong mt khong thi
gian rt ngn t = 0,001 s).
Khi va chm tc lan truyn bin dng v c tnh chu ph
hu ca vt liu c ngha rt ln.
13.1.3. Gia tc bin i theo chu k.
*Ti trng (bao gm lc qun tnh) s gy ra dao ng v c
th xy ra hin tng cng hng, ng sut v bin dng khi
s tng rt ln.
*Khi ti trng chu k tc dng nhng khng c hin tng
cng hng c th xy ra hin tng mi : Chi tit b ph hu
sau mt s chu k lm vic khi ng sut cn nh hn rt nhiu
so vi gii hn chy hoc gii hn bn. ng sut ny c
gi l gii hn mi.
13.2. Tnh ton cc chi tit chuyn ng khng u.
13.2.1. Tnh cc thanh chuyn ng thng v song song
vi trc thanh.
Gi s c mt thanh chu tc dng ca cc lc khng cn
bng P
1
v P (P
1
l lc chuyn ng, P l lc cn vi P
1
> P).
Thanh chuyn ng vi gia tc khng i a.
ma = P
1
- P ; P
1
= P + ma.
F
ma P
d
+
= o max
;

(13. 1)

a l
F
P
d
o + = max
(13. 2)
- khi lng ring ca vt liu thanh (N/m
3
);
P - lc cn (N) ;
l - chiu di thanh (m);
F - din tch mt ct ngang ca thanh (m
2
);
d
o - ng sut (N/m
2
).

g
a
F
Q
F
P
d
+ = o max
(13. 2)
(13. 3)
Nu chi tit chuyn ng vi gia tc thay i trong cc cng
thc trn cn ly ga tr cc i ca gia tc.
Q - trng lng ca thanh
Th d 13. 1. Xc nh ng sut trong bu lng bin ca ng
c my ko nu khi lng ca nhm pittng - bin (khng
k np di bin) l m = 7,5 kg; s bu lng l 4; ng knh
trong ca bu lng l d =10mm; gia tc cc i ca pittng
a
max
= 1130 m/s
2
.
Bu lng bin chu ko bi nhm pittng-bin
(13. 1)
2 2
2
/ 7 , 2 / 2700
1 . 14 , 3 . 4
4 . 1130 . 5 , 7
4
max cm kN cm N
F
ma
d
= ~ = = o
H s tp trung ng sut chn ren 4 =
o
o
2
/ 11 7 , 2 . 4 max cm kN
d
= = o
ng sut ng lc hc c gi tr khng cao song bu lng
bin vn c lm bng vt liu c cht lng cao .
13.2.2. Tnh cc thanh chuyn ng vung gc vi trc
thanh hay c cc khi lng lin kt vi thanh c chuyn
ng vung gc vi trc thanh.
*Trng hp th nht :
g a Fdx / ) ( b sung thm cc lc qun tnh phn b c
tc dng nh ti trng phn b: v tnh thanh theo bin dng
un tnh.
*Trng hp th hai :
Th d 13. 2. Kim tra ng sut trong dm dc ca my ko
c W
z
= 345cm
3
khi my ko ang ng nhng ng c vn
lm vic. S ti trng tc dng trn dm do trng lng
ca ng c, b phn truyn lc, thng nhin liu, b phn
to nhit cng nh lc qun tnh P
qt
= 6,7 kN cho trn hnh
v . Lc qun tnh trong trng hp ny l phn lc qun
tnh cha c cn bng ca cc khi lng chuyn ng
tnh tin qua li.
-b sung vo cc ti trng ca thanh lc qun tnh ca khi
lng chuyn ng c lin kt vi thanh.
V
a
=3,13kN
V
b
=26,47kN
P
qt
=6,7kN
0,4kN
12,3kN
1,0kN
4,6kN
0,4kN
3,0kN
1,2kN
180
400
630
1500
2180
2590
2640
3130
10,37kNm
ng sut cc i
trong dm:
2
2
Z
max
max
/ 3
345
10 . 37 , 10
w
cm kN
M
= = = o
Momen chng un
ca mt ct dm
ch U W
z
= 345cm
3
.


13.2.3 ng sut trong thanh truyn (bin).
q = m.a
n
= mr
2
.
a
n
- gia tc php tuyn im A;
r - bn knh ng trn qu o im A;
- vn tc gc ca tay quay OA;
- khi lng ring ca vt liu lm thanh truyn ( kg/m
3
).
q = m N
Frn n
r F /
30 30
1
2
2 2
2
2 2
t t
= ,
n - vn tc gc ca tay quay OA (vng/pht).
F - din tch mt ct ngang (m
2
); l - chiu di ca thanh ;
A
B
O
r
q
90
o

16
2
max
ql
M ~
2
2 2 2
max
120
l Frn
M
t
~
(12. 4)
Th d 13. 3. Kim tra ng sut do un dc v un ngang
ng thi trong mt phng chuyn ng ca thanh truyn
ng c my ko, bit h s quy i chiu di = 1; l = 330 mm;
r = 76mm; n = 1050vg/ph; F = 3cm
2
; P = 23kN; = 0,008kg/cm
3
.
z
5
21
28
5
F
P
W
M

o + =
(12. 14)
Momen qun tnh ca mt ct:
4
3
2
3
3
12
8 , 1 . 5 , 0
15 , 1 . 5 , 0 . 1 , 2
12
5 , 0 . 1 , 2
2 cm I
z
~ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
l=330
P P
Bn knh qun tnh:
. 1
3
3
cm
F
I
r
z
z
= = =
mnh: . 33
1
33
= = Theo bng 12. 2: = 0,91.
Momen chng un :
3
14 , 2
4 , 1
3
cm W
z
~ =
Momen un cc i:
Nm
l Frn
M
0 , 15
120
33 , 0 1050 . 10 . 6 , 7 . 10 . 3 . 008 , 0 14 , 3
120
2
2 2 2 4 2
2
2 2 2
max
=

=
= =

t
2
2
/ 9126
3 . 91 , 0
23000
14 , 2
10 . 0 , 15
cm N = + = o
ng sut tng cng :
13.2.4. ng sut trong vnh quay.
Lc qun tnh ly tm tc dng ln mi phn t vnh l:

q = ma
n
.
m - khi lng ca mt phn t vnh (tnh trn ng
trn trung bnh ng knh D); = F ds m
F - din tch mt ct ngang ca vnh;
- khi lng ring ca vt liu lm vnh;
d
D
ds
2
= ;
2 2
2
e e
D
r a
n
= =
2
2
e
D
dsF q =
;

e
d
D F
q
4
2 2
=
.
; 0 2 sin
4
0
2 2
=
}
N d
D F

e
t
4
2 2
D F
N
e
=
2
2 2 2
60
D n
F
N
d
t
o = =
(13. 5)
| | o
t
s
2
2 2 2
60
D n
(13. 6)
ma
n
= q
a
n

D
O

O
q
y
z
N N
d
ds

13.3. ng sut v bin dng khi va chm.
Cc gi thit :
1. Bin dng ca vt th b va chm cha vt qu gii hn
t l;
2. Va chm l khng n hi ;
3. Khng ch n khi lng ca vt th b va chm;
4. ng nng ca vt th va chm hon ton bin thnh
th nng bin dng ca vt th b va chm.
13.3.1. Va chm theo phng thng ng.
v
0
- vn tc ca m
1
khi tip xc ban u;
y
o
- chuyn v tnh ca dm do khi lng m
2
;
y
d

- chyn v ln nht ca hai khi lng m
1
v m
2
do va chm;
m
1

m
2

y
O

y

y
t

P
1

nh l bo ton ng lng :
( a )
Xt qu trnh xy ra t khi m
1
v m
2
bt u chuyn ng
xung n khi hai khi lng ny t ti v tr thp nht .
m
1
v
o
= (m
1
+ m
2
)v
1
;
o
v
m m
m
v
2 1
1
1
+
=
.
nh l bo ton nng lng: bin thin ng nng v
th nng bin dng ca h thng bng cng ca ngoi lc
trong qu trnh ny: .
A T U = A + A . ( b )
.
.
A - cng ca ngoi lc (trng lng ca cc khi lng
m
1
v m
2
);
T - bin thin ca ng nng trong qu trnh c xt;
U - bin thin ca th nng bin dng trong qu trnh
c xt.
.
2 2
2
0 2
1
o
y y g m
U
o
=

=
( c );
o 2
) (
2
2
d o
y y
U
+
=
( d )
o 2
2
2
1 2
d o
d
y y y
U U U
+
= = A
( e )
2
2 1
2
1 2
2
2 1
2
1 2 1 2
1
2 1
1
) ( 2
) (
2 2
o o
v
m m
m
v
m m
m
m m
v
m m
T
+
=
+

+
=
+
= ( g )
T
2
= 0; ( h )

2
2 1
2
1
1 2
) ( 2
o
v m m
m
T T T
+
= = A
( i )
A = (m
1
+ m
2
).g.y

. ( k )
d o
d
o
d
y g m m v
m m
m y y y
+ =
+

+
) (
) ( 2 2
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
1
2
o
+ ( b )
; 0
1
) ( 2 2
2
1
2
1
2 1
2
=
+
+ +
o d d o
d
v
m
m
m
y g m m y y y
o
o
0
1
2
2
1
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

o
t
d t
d
v
m
m
g
y
y y y
(13. 7)
) 1 (
1 1
) 1 (
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
m
m
gy
v
y
g
m
m
v y
y y y
t
o
t
o t
t t d
+
+ =
+
+ =
) 1 (
1 1
1
2
2
m
m
gy
v
y y
t
o
t d
+
+ =
t
y g m = o
1


g
y
m y g m
t
o
= = o o
1 2
;

y

= k

y
t
;
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + =
1
2
2
1
1 1
m
m
gy
v
k
t
o
d
(13. 8)
k

- h s ng lc hc;
Khi ri t cao h xung dm: gh v
o
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + =
1
2
1
2
1 1
m
m
y
h
k
t
d
(13. 9)
Khi h = 0 th k

= 2 . Khi m
2
<<m
1
; m
2
/m
1
0 .
~
t
o
d
gy
v
k
2
1 1 + + = (13. 8), (13. 9)
(13. 10)
t
d
y
h
k
2
1 1 + + =
(13. 11)
t d d t d d t d d
N k N M k M k = = = ; ; o o
(13. 12)
Khi 1<< 2h/y
t

t
d
y
h
k
2
= (13. 13)
Th d 13. 4. Xc nh chiu cao ri cho php ca vt nng G
c trng lng 500N trn u t do ca dm cng xn khng
trng lng c chiu di l = 1m, mt ct ngang dm c cnh
a = 10cm . Vt liu lm dm l thp c E = 2.10
4
kN/cm
2
; ng
sut cho php . | |
2
/ 120 m kN
d
= o
G(1)
a
l
a
h
Gl
) (
1
M M
P
Momen chng un ca mt ct
ngang dm l
6
3
a
W
z
=
ng sut tnh cc i do
G tc dng tnh gy ra l:
2
6 3 3
max
max
/ 3
10 . 10
6 . 1 . 500 6
m kN
a
Gl
W
Gl
W
M
z z
P
t
= = = = =

o
vng u t do ca dm do lc G tc dng tnh
gy ra l:
. 10 . 1
10 . 10 . 10 . 2 . 3
12 . 1 . 500
3
4
8 4 11
3 3
m
EI
Gl
y
z
t

= = =
t
d
y
h
k
2
1 1 + + =
(13. 11)
| |
d d d
k o o o s =
max max
120 3
10 . 1
2
1 1
4
s
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

h
cm m h 7 10 . 7
2
= s

Th d 13. 5. Mt thanh c chiu ci l,
mt ct ngang c din tch F lm bng
vt liu c mun n hi E chu va
chm bi khi lng m ri t cao h.

1. Xc nh ng sut ng lc hc khi
va chm.
2. Xt trng hp mt na thanh c din
tch mt ct ngang l F khi < 1 v > 1.
Ta xc nh ng sut ng lc hc khi va chm theo cng
thc gn ng (13. 13) v (13, 8):
t d d
k o o = vi
t
d
y
h
k
2
=
y
t
- dn ca thanh khi lc mg tc dng tnh.
F
mg
t
= o
;
EF
mgl
y
t
=
;
Fl
hmgE
mgl
hEF
F
mg
d
2 2
= = o
.
A
B
m
l
h

|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + = =
o o
o
o o
o
1
1 5 , 0
1 2
1
1 5 , 0 .
2
;
1
1 5 , 0
5 , 0 5 , 0
;
1
1 1
mgl
hEF
F
mg
mgl
hEF
F
mg
EF
mgl
EF
mgl
EF
mgl
y
F
mg
d
t t
V > 1
1
1
1 5 , 0
1
>
|
.
|

\
|
+
o
ngha l
d
d
o o >
1
a/
> 1

+
=
=
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
) 1 ( 5 , 0
1 2
) 1 ( 5 , 0
2
1
1 5 , 0
2
2
o o
o o
o
o
o
mgl
hEF
F
mg
mgl
hEF
F
mg
mgl
hEF
F
mg
d
V < 1 nn ngha l
d
d
o o >
2
1
) 1 ( 5 , 0
1
>
+o o
Trong c hai trng hp tng hay gim cc b din tch
mt ct ngang u lm tng ng sut ng lc hc khi va
chm.


b/ < 1
F
mg
t
o
o =
2
;
;
1
1 5 , 0
2
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o EF
mgl
y
t

13.3.2 .Va chm theo phng nm ngang.
Sau khi va chm hai khi lng bt
u cng chuyn ng vi vn tc v
1
:
m
1

m
2

m
1
g 1
v
o

t
.
2
1
1
1 o
v
m m
m
v
+
=
2
2 1
2
1
) ( 2
o
v
m m
m
T
+
= A
;
2
2
2
o
d
U
A
= A = 0 ; . 0
) ( 2 2
2
2 1
2
1
2
=
+

A
o
d
v
m m
m
o
g m
t 1
o = A - chuyn v theo phng ngang do mt lc bng
trng lng ca m
1
tc dng tnh theo phng va chm ;

- chuyn v do lc n v tc dng tnh theo phng va chm .
t d t
t
o
d
k
m
m
g
v
A = A
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ A
= A
1
2
1
(13. 14)
) 1 (
1
2
m
m
g
v
k
t
o
d
+ A
=
(13. 15)
13.3.3. Va chm xon.
Xt mt trc quay vi vn tc gc
Khi t ngt gi (hm) u trc
kia hoc khi khi ng t ngt
trc s chu va chm xon. B
qua momen qun tnh ca trc.
l
qd
u

2 2
2
2
e u
qd
x
x
GI
l M
=
.
l
I G
M
x qd
x
u
e =
.

max
d
t =
l
I G
W
x qd
x
u
e
.
(13. 16)
16
3
d
W
x
t
= ;
8
2
mD
qd
= u ;
G = 8.10
6
N/cm
2
;
30
n t
e =
m - khi lng bnh (kg); D - ng knh bnh (m);
d, l - ng knh v chiu di trc.

max
l
m
d
Dn
d
7 , 16
~ t (N/cm
2
) (13. 17)
;
2
2
e u
qd
T
= ;
x
x
GI
l M
U
2
2
=
13.3.4. nh hng ca khi lng ca thanh chu va chm
n ng sut v bin dng khi va chm.
Khi lng ca thanh c thay th bng khi lng quy i
t v tr va chm. Tiu ch quy i khi lng : ng nng
ca thanh bng ng nng ca khi lng thay th.

dm v T
m
}
=
2
1
5 , 0
;
dm
v
v
m
mv T
m
o
o
2
1
2
1
5 , 0
}
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
.
dm
v
v
m
k
m
o
qd
2
1
1
}
|
|
.
|

\
|
= H s quy i:
(13. 18)
2
2
o
qd
mv
k T =
(13. 19)
o o
v
v
o
o
1 1
=
;
dm
m
k
m
o
qd
2
1
1
}
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
o
;
i vi thanh thng c mt ct ngang khng i:
dx
l
k
l
o
x
qd
2
1
}
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
o
o
(13. 20)

x o
o o ,
chuyn v ca im va chm v ca im bt k trn
thanh; dx - chiu di ca phn t thanh.
H s quy i khi lng ca vt th b va chm v im
va chm ph thuc vo iu kin lin kt ca thanh v dng
va chm.
Thanh thng c mt ct khng i chu va chm dc

EF
mgl
o
= o
;
EF
mgx
x
= o
;
l
x
o
x
=
o
o
.
3
1 1
0
2
2
= =
}
dx
l
x
l
k
l
qd
(13. 20)
(13. 21)
Dm c mt ct khng i ,c gi bn l hai u, quy i
khi lng v gia dm:
35
17
=
qd
k
Dm cng xn quy i khi lng v u t do :k
q

= 33/140.
Sau khi quy i khi lng ta c th xc nh h s ng lc
hc khi va chm theo cng thc (13. 8):
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
1
1
2
1 1
m
m k
y
h
k
qd
t
d
(13. 22)
h - chiu cao ri;
y
t
- chuyn v tnh ca im va chm;
k
q
- h s quy i khi lng;
m
1
- khi lng ca vt th va chm;
m - khi lng ca vt th b va chm.
13. 4. Khi nim v tnh ton theo bn v cng khi
dao ng.
Gii hn trong vic bit cch xc nh tn s dao ng
nh khi khng c lc cn cho h mt bc t do v kim
tra s cng hng.
13.4.1. Xc nh tn s dao ng ring.
Dao ng ngang v dao ng dc.
H thng ang v tr cn bng
(ng vi im O).
m
O
F
P
x
y
y
t
mg = F
o
=
o
t
t
k
A
= A .
k - cng ca dm (N/m);
- do ca dm.
u dm lch khi v tr cn bng mt khong y, khi lng
m chu tc dng ca cc lc sau:
- trng lc mg = P;
- lc hi phc
k y F
t
) ( + A =
F P
dt
y d
m =
2
2
;
.
2
2
ky ky k mg
dt
y d
m
t
= A =


k mg
t
/ = A
(cm) - chuyn v tnh ca khi lng m do trng
lng ca n gy ra.

; 0
2
2
= + y
m
k
dt
y d
.
;
2
0
e =
m
k

; 0
2
0
2
2
= + y
dt
y d
e

t
t
g
A
~
A
=
1 , 31
0
e
t t
n
A
~
A
= =
300 3 , 31
.
2
60
2
60
0 0
t
e
t
(13. 23)
Dm cng xn mang khi lng tp trung u t do th

EI
mgl
t
3
3
= A
Thanh chu ko khi dao ng:
EF
mgl
t
= A
Khi lng tp trung t trn l xo:
4
3
8
Gd
n mgD
t
= A
G - moun trt ca vt liu;
I- momen qun tnh cc ca mt ct ngang trc;
l- chiu di trc.
l
GI
x

=
u
e
0
(13. 24)
- momen qun tnh ca khi lng bnh .
l
GI
l
GI
n
x x
o

=
u u t
55 , 9
30
(13. 25)
Dao ng xon.
(13. 22) vi 1 =
x
GI
kl
hay

l
I
x
l
GI
k
x
=
Trng hp hai u trc c hai bnh :
2 2 1 1
30 30
l
GI
l
GI
x x
u t u t
=
l
1
+ l
2
= l
2 1
2
1
u u
u
+
=
l
l .
2 2 1 1
l l u u =
;
l
GI
n
x
2 1
2 1
) (
55 , 9
u u
u u +
~
(13. 26)
a
l
l
1
l
2

1
u
2
u
13.4.2. Bin dng v ng sut trong dao ng cng bc.
Qsinpt
O
m
x
o / y
pt Q
y
dt
y d
m sin
2
2
+ =
o
pt
m
Q
y
m
dt
y d
sin
1
2
2
= +
o
2
1
o
m
e
o
=
t
pt
m
Q
y
dt
y d
o
sin
2
2
2
= +e
( a )
*Li gii chung ca phng trnh ny gm li gii chung ca
phng trnh ng cp tng ng v mt li gii ring ca
phng trnh.
*Dao ng t do [li gii chung ca phng trnh ng cp
tng ng] s tt dn theo thi gian v ta cn xc nh bin
ca dao ng cng bc nn ta s gii hn ch xt mt
nghim ring ca phng trnh .
*Chn dng ca nghim ring ny l y = Asinpt.
pt
m
Q
pt A pt Ap
o
sin sin sin
2 2
= + e
pt
m
Q
t p A sin sin ) (
2 2
0
= e e
2 2
1
p
m
Q
A
o

=
e
(13. 27)

2 2
0
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
o
p
m
Q
A
e
e
.
m
k
o
=
2
e
t
o
k
Q
m
Q
A = =
2
e
;

2
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

A =
o
t
p
A
e
.
2
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
o
d
p
k
e
;
(13. 28)
k

- h s ng lc hc.
t d
k A A =
(13. 29)
A
t
chuyn v tnh do lc bin Q gy ra.
ng sut t l vi bin dng
t d d
k o o =
(13. 30)
(13. 28), (13. 29) v (13. 30) dng c cho cc trng hp
dao ng dc (ko, nn) hay dao ng xon.

Th d 13.6. Trn mt dm c khp bn l hai u gm
hai thp hnh ch U N
o
20a, chiu di l = 2,4m. Gia dm
t ng c khi lng M = 2500 kg. Trc ng c c s
vng quay n = 650 vg/ph . Do lch tm ca rto ng
c nn khi ng c lm vic gy ra lc kch thch
Q
t
= 5000sint (N). Kim tra bn ca dm. Moun n
hi ca vt liu E = 2.10
7
N/cm
2
.

S dao ng t do ca dm trong mt pht
t
o
n
A
~
300

EI
Mgl
t
48
3
= A
.
vi
(13. 23)
U N
o
20a c khi lng 1m chiu di l 23,33kg, I
z
=1804cm
4
,
W
z
=180,4 cm
3
.
kg 35 , 54 4 , 2 33 , 23
35
17
2 =
% 18 , 2 100
2500
35 , 54
=
( so vi khi lng ng c nn c th
b qua )
Khi lng quy i v gia dm :
cm
t
098 , 0
1804 . 2 . 10 . 2 . 48
240 . 8 , 9 . 2500
7
3
= = A
3 , 958
098 , 0
300
= =
o
n
ln/pht

Khng c nguy him do cng hng
% 2 , 32 100
4 , 959
650 4 , 959
=

Phn ng sut trung bnh do trng lng ng c gy

ra l:
2
/ 4074
4 , 180 . 2 . 4
240 . 8 , 9 . 2500
cm N
W
M
z
t
tb
= = = o
Bin ca ng sut ng lc hc:
2
/ 1538
4 , 180 . 2 . 4
240 . 5000
85 , 1 cm N
a
= = o
H s ng lc hc
85 , 1
4 , 959
650
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 2 2
~
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
o o
d
n
n p
k
e

max
= 4074 + 1538 = 5612 N/cm
2
;

max
= 4074 - 1538 = 2536 N/cm
2
;
l
M


B
A
EI
0,5l
0,5l
M


B
A
C
EI
a
b
M


B
A
C
EI
Mg = P
EI
Pl
y
A
3
3
=
EI
Pl
y
A
48
3
=
( )
EI
b a Pb
y
A
3
2
+
=
13.7 Mt khi lng M ri t cao h xung u t do A ca dm ch
U ( I
z
, W
z
) chiu di l Vt liu lm dm c moun n hi E . Xc nh
ng sut cc i trong dm khi va chm B qua trng lng ca dm.


l
M
h

A B
;
3
3
z
A
EI
Mgl
y =
;
2
1 1
A
d
y
h
k + + =
;
max
z
tMg
W
Mgl
= o
tMg d d
k
max
o o =
0,5l
0,5l
M


B
A
C
13.8 Mt ng c c khi lng M t chnh gia dm AB c gi bn
l hai u. Dm lm bng thp ch U ( I
z
= , W
z
). Xc nh ng sut cc i
trong dm khi ng c lm vic vi tc n vng/pht s xut hin thnh phn
lc qun tnh ly tm theo phng thng ng Q(t) = 600sinpt ( N ). Vt liu
lm dm c modun n hi E .B qua trng lng ca dm
EI
Mgl
y
ctMg
48
=
ctMg ctMg
y
n
y
300
;
3 , 31
0 0
= = e
2
0
2
0
1
1
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
n p
k
d
e
z
max
W 4
Ql
tQ
= o
tQ d a
k
max
o o =
t
aQ tMg
o o o =
max
min
max
z
max
W 4
Ql
tMg
= o
13.8 Mt ng c c khi lng M t u t do C ca dm ABC nh hnh
v. Dm lm bng thp ch U ( I
z
, W
z
). Xc nh ng sut cc i trong dm
khi ng c lm vic vi tc n vng/pht s xut hin lc qun tnh ly tm
theo phng thng ng Q(t) = Qsinpt ( N ).Vt liu lm dm c moun n hi
E . B qua trng lng ca dm.
a
b
M


B
A
C
EI
ctMg ctMg
y
n
y
300
;
3 , 31
0 0
= = e
2
0
2
0
1
1
1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
n
n p
k
d
e
z
max
W
Qb
tQ
= o
tQ d a
k
max
o o =
t
aQ tMg
o o o =
max
min
max
z
max
W
Mgb
tMg
= o
*Cc c trng ca mt chu k ng sut :
a/ H s khng i xng ( tr s v du )
max
min
o
o
= k
(14. 1)
b/ Bin ca chu k : ) 1 (
2 2
max min max
k
a
=

=
o o o
o (14. 2)
c/ ng sut trung bnh :
), 1 (
2 2
max min max
k
tb
+ =
+
=
o o o
o
(14. 3)
Chng 14
TI TRNG BIN I CHU K

14. 1. Ti trng bin i chu k v s mi ca vt liu.
*Vn mi ca vt liu ni chung v mi kim loai ni
ring c ngha rt quan trng v phn ln cc phn t
my mc, cng trnh u lm vic vi ti trng chu k.
*Ti trng chu k l ti trng lp li nhiu ln vi mt chu
k nht nh. Qu trnh bin i ca ti trng hay ng sut
t cc i n cc tiu ri li tr v cc i l mt chu k
ti trng hay ng sut.
1. Chu k i xng
. 0 ;
; 1 ;
min max
min max
= = =
= =
tb a
k
o o o o
o o
2. Chu k khng i xng
. 0 ; 0
;
min max
> <
=
tb
k o
o o
c
d
e
t
O

max

tb

min

O
Mt chu k khng i xng c th coi l tng cng ca mt
chu k i xng v chu k ng sut khng i
3. ng sut mch ng

t
O

max

tb

2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
max max
max
k k
a tb

+
+
= + =
o o
o o o
(14. 4)
(14. 5)
; 0 ; 0
min
= = k o
;
2
max
o
o o = =
tb a
4. Ti trng tnh.
. ; 0
; 1 ;
min max
min max
o o o o
o o
= = =
= =
tb a
k
Do ti trng chu k c th xut hin s ph hu mi .
S nguy him ca ph hu mi l sau mt thi gian lm
vic chi tit b ph hu t ngt khi ng sut cn rt thp,
nh hn nhiu so vi gii hn bn, gii hn chy v c
gii hn t l na.
Kh nng vt liu chu tc dng ca ng sut chu k m khng
b ph hu gi l bn mi hay bn chu k.

ng sut ln nht vt liu chu c m khng b ph hu
vi s chu k lm vic ln v hn c gi l gii hn mi.

Gii hn mi khi ng sut bin i theo chu k khng i
xng : ;
khi ng sut bin i theo chu k i xng : .
i vi ti trng tnh (khng i) gii hn mi ca vt liu
do chnh l gii hn chy ,
ca vt liu gin l .


k k
t o ,
1 1
,

t o
c
o o =
+1
B
o o =
+1
Gii hn mi hn ch ( ): ng sut khi vt liu
chu c s chu k N m khng b ph hu. Gii hn mi
hn ch dng tnh cc chi tit lm vic ch trong mt
khong thi gian hn ch.


kN kN
t o ,
14. 2. Khi nim v thc cht
ca s ph hu mi.
*Gia th k 19 ngi ta nhn nh cho rng di tc dng
ca ti trng chu k vt liu "b mi" ,chuyn t do sang gin
v b ph hu.
*Nhng nghin cu rng ri trong na u th k 20 chng
minh quan im trn khng cn ng n na v thut ng
"mi" khng cn nh ban u m mang mt ni dung hon
ton khc.
*S hnh thnh hai vng khc nhau trn b mt ch gy hng.
*S xut hin rn nt mi do tnh cht khng ng nht ca
vt liu, ca mng tinh th. Khi chi tit chu lc, cc tinh th
ny cng chu lc khc nhau. Do tnh cht ngu nhin tinh
th lm vic trong iu kin bt li nht s xut hin bin dng
do. Khi ng sut thay i nhiu ln ti tinh th s c s
phn b li ng sut cc b nhng cha gy ra s ph hu
kim loi. cc chu k tip theo s c s bin cng tinh th
v phn ni lc do tinh th ny nhn s tng ln .

*n mt lc no s xut hin rn nt mi ti tinh th ny.
Cc rn nt mi thng xut hin t ngoi mt chi tit ti ni
c ng sut ln hoc vt liu c khuyt tt do kt qu gia cng.
Khi s chu k chu lc tng ln th rn nt mi s pht trin
dn v khi phn mt ct cn li khng bn tnh chi tit
s gy hng t ngt.
14. 3. ng cong mi. Gii hn mi.
H thc gia s chu k N v ng sut c din t
trn th di dng ng cong mi

max
o
Vi ng sut c chu k
i xng, gii hn mi
c k hiu l (k = -1),
chu k mch ng k hiu
l (k = 0) v. v...

1
o
o
o
N N
c

max
o
B
o 7 , 0
k
o
Gii hn mi cn ph thuc loi bin dng. Thp c gii hn
mi theo chu k i xng khi ko nn , khi xon
vi gang , khi xon

u
k
1
1
85 , 0

~ o o
u x 1 1
55 , 0

~ o t
u
k
1
1
65 , 0

~ o o . 8 , 0
1 1 u x
~ o t
Cng thc thc nghim gn ng vi thp khi un
khi ko khi xon .


B x
o t 2 , 0
1
~
B u
o o 4 , 0
1
~
B k
o o 3 , 0
1
~

(14. 4)
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
max max
max
k k
a tb

+
+
= + =
o o
o o o
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
1
k k
c
k

+
+
=

o o
o (14. 6)
k - h s khng i xng ca chu k, xc nh theo (14. 1).
N N
c

max
o
B
o 7 , 0
k
o
logN
A
logN
C
logN
C
logN
A
max
log o
kNA
o log
k
o log

Thng thng ng cong mi c v trong h to
logarit .
14.4. Biu bin gii hn trong h to
tb
,
a

Nhng im nm trn ng ABC c trng cho cc chu k
gii hn, khi ng sut cc i l gii hn mi vi cc h
s khng i xng ca chu k khc nhau: k a tb
o o o o = + =
max
O
-1<k<0
K
L
k=0
k=1
0<k<1
45
o

A
B
C |
a
o
1
o
agh
o
o
o 5 , 0
tb
o
c
o
tbgh
o
o
o 5 , 0
tb
o
a
o
Cc im nm bn di ng
ABC din t nhng chu k khng
lm ph hu mu th trc s
chu k c s N
c
. Nhng im
nm bn trn ng AC ng
vi cc chu k m mu th b
ph hu vi s chu k N < N
c
.
Tia i qua gc to l qu
tch ca nhng im ( K,L ) c trng cho cc chu k ng
dng ( c cng h s k ).
k
k
tg
tb
a
+

=
+

= =
1
1
min max
min max
o o
o o
o
o
|
45
o

B
E
C
A
F
O
45
o

a
o
1
o
o
o 5 , 0
tb
o
c
o
Phng php ca Kinaxvili : biu c v t 3 im
A (
-1
) , B (
0
) , C (
c
).

Phn phi l ng thng EC i qua im C v nghing vi
trc honh mt gc bng 45
o
m bo bn tnh:
( - gii hn chy ).
c a tb
< + =
max
c

O
-1<k<0
K
L
k=0
k=1
0<k<1
45
o

A
B
C |
a
o
1
o
agh
o
o
o 5 , 0
tb
o
c
o
tbgh
o
o
o 5 , 0
tb
o
a
o
o
o 5 , 0
Phn tri ca biu l ng thng AE
Bin gii hn ca cc mu th chu ng sut bin i theo
chu k khng i xng c xc nh t phng trnh ca
ng thng AE :
tbk ak tbk ak
t t t o o o
t o
- ; -
1 - 1 -
= =
0
0 1 -
0
0 1 -
- 2
;
- 2
t
t t

o
o o
o
t o
= = = =
FB
AF
tg
Trong
l h s c trng cho nhy
ca vt liu i vi chu k khng
i xng. i vi thp khi thiu
cc s liu thc nghim v
hay ,gi tr ca
cc h s c xc
nh theo cc cng thc thc
nghim:
0 1 -
,

,
0 1 -
,
. 5 , 0
o t
=
(14. 7)
(
B
tnh bng MPA)
45
o

B
E
D
A
F
O
45
o

a
o
1
o
o
o 5 , 0
o
o 5 , 0 tb
o
c
o

. 0002 , 0 02 , 0
B
o
o
+ =
14.5.Cc yu t nh hng n gii hn mi.
1/S tp trung ng sut;
2/Yu t kch thc;
3/Cht lng gia cng b mt;
4/Cc yu t s dng ( s n mn, nhit , tn s ca
cc chu k ng sut v.v...);
5/S lm cht b mt.
14.5.1.S tp trung ng sut.
H s tp trung ng sut l thuyt
,

dn
max

dn
max

= =
max max
,
- ng sut cc i cc b;
dn dn
,
- ng sut danh ngha ( SBVL )
x
x
dn
W
M
=
khi ko hay nn ,
F
N

dn
= khi un
u
u
dn
W
M
=
; khi xon
.
P
P
max
o
dn

H s tp trung ng sut thc t :

;
1
1
t
K

=
o
o
o

.
1
1
t
K

=
t
t
t

1 1
,

t o

- gii hn mi ca
mu th nhn;
- gii hn mi ca
mu th c tp
trung ng sut.
t t 1 1
,

t o
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
q
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
O
1 2 3 4 5 mm ,
4 , 0 = /
B c


) 1 ( 1 =
o o
o q K
;
) 1 ( 1 =
t t
o q K


q - h s nhy ca vt liu i vi s tp trung ng sut .
1,0
1,4
1,8
2,2
2,6
0 0,08 0,16 0,24
D

d

M
u
M
u

1,2
1,05
1,01

d /
a/
1,0
1,4
1,8
2,2
2,6
0 0,08 0,16 0,24
D

d

M
x
M
x

1,2
1,05
1,01

d /
b/
o
o
t
o
14.5.2. Yu t kch thc.
Gii hn mi gim khi tng kch thc ngang ca chi tit do:
-Tng khng ng nht ca kim loi.
-Khi gia cng c kh s to ra s bin cng trong lp b mt ca
chi tit su tng i nh hn khi cc chi tit c cc kch
thc ngang ln hn.
-Yu t thng k c trng cho s gia tng xc sut xut hin
nhng khuyt tt khi tng kch thc ngang.
-nh hng ca chiu di chi tit n gii hn mi l khng r
rt

1
1

=
o
o
o
d
d
K
;
1
1

=
t
t
t
d
d
K
'
H s kch thc :

D
d
K K
d d
log 154 , 0 1 = =
t o

Cng thc thc nghim:
(d <150 mm);
8 , 0 = =
t o d d
K K


(d > 150 mm).
- gii hn mi ca mu th nhn c ng knh tiu
chun d
0
= 0,75 cm.

1 1
,

t o

-gii hn mi ca mu th nhn c ng knh d;

d d 1 1
,

t o

14.5.3 Cht lng gia cng b mt.
1
1

=
o
o
o
g
F
K
;
1
1

=
t
t
t
g
F
K
,

g g 1 1
,

t o -
gii hn mi
ca mu th c cht
lng gia cng b mt
cho trc;
1 1
,

t o

-
gii hn mi
ca mu th c b mt c nh bng.
Cng thc thc nghim :
) 1
20
(log log 22 , 0 1 =
B
z F
R K
o
o

425 , 0 575 , 0 + =
o t F F
K K .
B

c tnh bng MPa

R
z
- thng s c trng cho nhn b mt ().
nh bng
Mi
Tin
C vy thp
k
F

(Mpa)
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
400 600 800
1000
B
14.5.4 Cc yu t s dng, nh hng ca mi trng
n mn:
kh
am
am
K
1
1

=
o
o
.

am 1
o


gii hn mi ca mu th trong mi trng n mn;
kh 1
o -
gii hn mi ca mu th trong mi trng khng kh.
1 ngy
5
25
200ngy
K
am

(Mpa)
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
400 600 800
1000

B
*Thc nghim cho thy nhit thp gii hn mi tng ln
cht t cn nhit cao gii hn mi li gim.
* nhit bnh thng v khng b n mn nu tn s ca
cc chu k tng ln t 30 Hz ln 1000 Hz s lm tng gii
hn mi ln 10-20%, nu gim tn s t 30 Hz xung 0,1 Hz
s lm gim gii hn mi ti 10-15%.
* Dng ca chu k ng sut khng nh hng n gii hn
mi ( trong mi chu k ng sut c th bin i theo quy lut
bt k ch khng nht thit ch l hnh sin).

(MPa)
Nc ngt
Nc bin
K
am

0,2
0,4
0,6
400 600 800
1000
0

B
14.5.5. Lm cht b mt.
1
1

=
o
o
cm
v
K
,
cm 1
o
-

gii hn mi ca mu th c lm cht b mt;
1
o - gii hn mi ca mu th khng c lm cht b mt.
H s K
v
Bng 14. 1
Phng php lm
cht b mt
Loi mu th ng knh mu th
7 - 20 mm 20 - 40 mm
Ti bng dng
in cao tn
Khng s tp
trung
1,31,6 1,21,5
C ng sut tp
trung
1,62,8 1,52,5
Thm Nit
su 0,1... 0,4 mm
C ng sut tp
trung
Khng s tp
trung
1,151,25 1,11,15
1,93,0 1,32,0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14.5.6 .nh hng ng thi ca tt c cc yu t.
CT
CT
K
o
o
o
1
1

=
;
CT
CT
K
t
t
t
1
1

=
;

1 1
;t o


gii hn mi ca mu th tiu chun;

CT CT
K K
t o
;
h s h thp gii hn mi ca chi tit khi un
hay khi xon c xc nh theo cng thc:
K ; K

-H s tp trung ng sut khi un hay xon;
K ; K
d d
-H s kch thc khi un hay xon;
K ; K
F F
-H s tnh n nh hng ca cht lng gia cng b
mt khi un hay xon;
K
v
- H s tnh n nh hng ca phng php lm cht b
mt. Khi c tc dng n mn ca mi trng h s K
F
trong
cng thc (14. 10) c thay th bng h s K
am
.
;
1
1
1
v F d
CT
K K K
K
K


.
|


\
|
+ =
o o
o
o

v F d
CT
K K K
K
K
1
1
1


.
|


\
|
+ =
t t
t
t
.

(14.10)

14.6. Tnh ton bn trong ch chu ti bnh n.
Tnh ton bn l tnh ton kim tra:
n - h s an ton tnh ton theo ng sut chu k;

[ ]
n n
(14. 11)
[n] - h s an ton cho php c xc nh t kinh nghim s
dng v tu thuc vo nhim v ca chi tit, iu kin lm vic,
chnh xc ca phng php tnh v mc tin cy ca cc thng
tin v dc trng c hc ca vt liu. Thng th [n] = 1,3 . . . 3.
Tnh ton theo h s an ton cho php c thc hin cho trng
thi ng sut n .Nu kt qu tnh ton tho mn iu kin
(14. 11) ngi ta cho rng chi tit c th lm vic lu di v hn.
Ch chu ti bnh n l ch khi ng sut trung bnh
v bin ng sut khng thay i theo thi gian.
tb

Khi chu k ng sut khng i xng c xc nh theo th:

n
A
B
E
C
N
M
45
o

A
1

N
1

E
1

O
a
o
o
5 , 0
1 -

t 1
o
agh
o
a
o
tb

tbgh

0
5 , 0 o
tb

Hm s bin gii hn ca mu th tiu chun ( hai

ng thng AE v EC ) c dng:
tb a a
o o o =
1

tb c a
o o o =
.
v
Rt nhiu thc nghim xc nhn rng hm s bin gii
hn i vi chi tit thc cng c th din t bng hai ng
thng A
1
E
1
//AE v ng E
1
C ng A
1
E
1
c phng trnh :
( )
.
1

tb -
d
a
-
K
=
(14. 12)
M
1
Gi s c im M[ ] din t mt chu k lm vic v im
N nm trn ng A
1
E
1
din t din t trng
thi cng gii hn ng dng vi chu k lm vic ngha l c
cng h s khng i xng k ( im M v N nm trn cng mt
tia i qua gc O ). H s an ton l t s:
a tb
,
[ ]
agh mgh
;
max
o
o
o
t
n =
(14. 13)
agh tbgh kt
o o o + =
- l ng sut cc i ca chu k gii hn
( gii hn mi ca chi tit vi h s khng i xng k );
a tb
+ =
max
- ng sut cc i ca chu k lm vic.
T cc tam gic ng dng ONN
1
v OMM
1
ta c:
1
1
1
1
MM
NN
=
OM
ON
=
OM
ON
a
agh
tb
tbgh
= = n

Khi
(14. 14)
Thay to ca im N vo phng trnh (14. 12) ta c:
( )
.
1

tbgh a
d
agh
-
K
=
-
(14. 15)
( 14.15 ) + ( 14.14 )
a d
tbgh a
K
= n

-
(14. 16)
( 14.14 ) + ( 14.16 )
a d
tb a
K
n
n
o
o o
o
o
o

=
1
.

(14. 17)
( 14.17 )
.
1
tb a a d
K
n
o o
o
o
o
+
=


(14. 18)
Nu chu k lm vic khng i xng ng vi khi im gii hn
N nm trn ng E
1
D
1
:
.

tb a
c
+
= n
(14. 19)
Trong thc t tnh ton trnh tn cng sc trong qu trnh chn
cng thc tnh ton, h s an ton c tnh theo hai cng thc
( 14.18 ) v ( 14.19 ) sau chn gi tr nh hn.

n
Khi chi tit chu bin dng ko-nn, trong cng thc ( 14.18 )
c thay bng .
1

-
k 1

-
Chi tit chu bin dng xon: ( 14.18 ) v ( 14.19 )
Khi chi tit chu bin dng un cng xon :cng thc kinh nghim
.

2 2 2
n
1
+
n
1
=
n
1
(14. 22)
Trong v c xc nh theo cc cng thc (14. 18),
(14, 19), (14. 20), (14. 21).

n
(14. 22)
.
2 2
t o
t o
n n
n n
n
+
=


(14. 23)
.
1
tb a a d
K
n
t t
t
t
t
+
=


(14. 20)
.

tb a
c
+
= n
(14. 21`)
Chng 15

TNH TON BN THEO TRNG THI GII HN
15.1.Khi nim v gi thit.
iu kin bn theo quan im tnh ton theo ng sut cho php:
Tnh ton bn theo ng sut cho php cha nh gi ht
kh nng chu lc ca ton b kt cu.
Trng thi gii hn, ti trng gii hn (P
gh
).
iu kin bn theo trng thi gii hn:
=
B o
Vt liu do : ; vt liu gin : ; n l h s an ton.
c o
=
| |
n
o
o
o o = s
max
.
| |
P
n
P
P
gh
= s .
Cch tnh ny s tn dng c kh nng lm vic ca vt
liu, tit kim vt liu song ch ph hp vi cc b phn my
mc cng trnh cho php lm vic vi bin dng ln v cng
b hn ch khi ti trng ng.
15.2.H thanh chu ko nn.
Ko, nn ng tm :ng sut phn b u trn mt ct ngang.
Tnh theo ng sut cho php v tnh theo trng thi gii hn
cho cng mt kt qu.
Biu ng
sut quy c

O
c


vt liu do
(thc nghim)
O

c


vt liu n do l
tng (tnh ton)
1. H tnh nh
2.H thanh siu tnh.
Th d 15. 1. Xc nh ti trng gii
hn theo phng php ng sut cho
php v phng php trng thi gii
hn khi cc thanh AB, AC v AD c
cng mt ct ngang din tch F, lm
bng cng mt loi vt liu c gii
hn chy

.

c
A
P
N
3

N
2

N
1

A
B C D
1 2 3
30
o

30
o

P
2N
1
cos30
o
+ N
2
- P = 0 ;
; cos 30 l = l
o
2 1
l
2
= l
1
cos30
o
=
2
3
1
l .
2
3
.
EF EF
N
2 2 1 1
l N l
=
H c xt i xng i vi trc AC:
- N
1
cos30
0
+ N
2
cos30
0
= 0 , N
1
=N
3
.
Xt s cn bng ca nt A
A
D
C B
3 2 1
30
o

30
o

P

l
2

A
1
Theo phng php ng sut cho php

Theo phng php trng thi gii hn:
c gh
F P
o =
+
3 3 4
4
1

c gh
F P
o
4
3 3 4
1
+
=
) 3 1 ( 3
2
+ = = +
c gh c c
F P F F
o o o ;
. ,
) (
) (
19 1 =
F 3 3 + 4
4 3 + 1 F
=
P
P
c
c
1 gh
2 gh
H c xt i xng i vi trc AC: N
1
=N
3
.
iu kin cn bng ca nt A:
2N
1
cos30
o
+ N
2
- P = 0 ;
2 1
4
3
N N
= .
P N
3 3 4
3
1
+
= ;
P N
3 3 4
4
2
+
= .
; cos 30 l = l
o
2 1
l
2
= l
1
cos30
o
=
2
3
1
l .
A
P
N
1

N
2

N
3

2
3
.
EF EF
N
2 2 1 1
l N l
=
15.3. Thanh chu xon.
p
x
W
M
=
max

Theo phng php ng

sut cho php
Theo phng php trng thi gii hn
Momen chng xon do :
p c 1 xgh
W = M
12
) 2 (
3
2
0
2
D
d dF M
D
c
F
c c xgh
t
t t t t
} }
= = = .
3
3
267 , 0
12
D
D
W
pd
~ =
t


c pd xgh
W M
t =
2
.

c
c
. 333 , 1
2 , 0
267 , 0
3
3
1
2
= =
D
D
M
M
xgh
xgh
; 2 , 0
3
d
c
t =
M
x

c
M
x
n hi
do
M
zgh1
<M
z
<M
zgh2

c

15. 4. Thanh chu un thun tu.
c

M
zgh1
z'
F
1

F
2

c

c

M
zgh2
M
z
<M
zgh1
n hi
y
z
x
l momen tnh ca cc phn din tch F
1
, F
2
i vi ng trung
ho z'. Tu theo hnh dng ca mt ct, z' c th trng vi z ( trc
trung ho trong giai on bin dng n hi) hay khng

z c zgh
W M
o =
1
.
= =
} }
2
2 2 2
1
1 1 1
;
F F
dF y S dF y S
c

M
zgh1
z'
F
1

F
2

c

c

M
zgh2
), ( ;
2
1 2
2
2 2
1
1 1 2
S S M dF y dF y M
c zgh
F
c
F
c zgh
+ = + =
} }
o o o
d c zgh
W M o =
2
.
Mt ct hnh ch nht :
Mt ct hnh trn:
thp hnh ch I, U c th tm S
z
theo bng ph lc I.
0
2
2
1
1
=
} }
F
c
F
c
dF dF
o o . F
1
= F
2
.
.
6
;
12 3
2
8
3 3 2
2 1
D
W
D D D
S S
d
= = = =
t
t


4
;
8 4 2
2 2
2 1
bh
W
bh h bh
S S
d
= = = = .

x
i
= 0
W
d
= S
1
+ S
2
- momen chng un do ;
15. 5. Thanh chu un ngang.
15. 5. 1. H tnh nh.
Trong gii hn n hi, momen
un cc i mt ct chu lc
c gi tr bng
B A
C
P
a

b
a/
b/
M
zgh1

M
zgh2

c/
P
P
d/
e/
Ti C hnh thnh mt khp do,
dm mt kh nng nhn thm
ti trng
b + a
Pab
= M
c
z C zgh
W M
o =
1
.
) (
2 1 2
S S M
C zgh
+ = o .
Th d 15. 2. Mt dm thp c gi
bn l hai u chu ti trng
phn b u q . Xc nh cng
ti trng gii hn ng theo ng
sut cho php v theo trng thi
gii hn, bit gii hn chy ca
vt liu l ;
dm c chiu di l = 4m; mt ct ngang hnh ch nht c
cc cnh b = 4cm; h = 6cm.
2
c
cm kN 32 = /
Momen un c gi tr cc i mt ct C ca dm (gia dm):
8
ql
= M
2
C
8
400
6
6 . 4
. 32
2
1
2
1
= = = q W M
z c zgh
o ; . / 4 , 38
1
m kN q =
8 4
2
2
2
2
l
q
bh
W M
c d c zgh
= = = o o
8 4
6 . 4
32
2
2
2
l
q = ; . / 6 , 57 / 576 , 0
2
m kN cm kN q = =
A
B
C
q
0,5l 0,5l
ql
2
/8
15.5.2. H siu tnh.
S khp do phi bng s bc siu tnh cng thm mt
n v.
Th d 15. 3. Dm siu tnh chu tc dng ca lc P = 50kN .
Dm c chiu di l = 1m, mt ct ngang c b rng b = 2/3
b cao. Vt liu lm dm c gii hn chy = 32kN/cm
2
.
Xc nh kch thc ca mt ct theo phng php trng thi
gii hn nu h s an ton n = 2.
c

A C
B
P
l
l
A C
B
P
l
l
; 0
1 11
= A +
P
x o
1
M
;
3
8
3
2 . 2 . 2
3
11
EI
l
EI
l l l
= = o
l l
P
C A
B
l l
C A
B
1
X
Pl
M
P
2l
l
;
6
5
3
5
.
2
.
3
1
EI
Pl l
EI
l Pl
P
= = A
;
16
5P
X =
Pl
16
5
d gh
M l P =
1
8
3
Trong giai on n hi, biu
momen un ca dm mt
bc siu tnh ny c dng nh
trn hnh.
Momen un mt ct A c
gi tr ln nht
A C
B
P
l
l
M
d
M
d
d
M Pl
6
5
16
5
=
d gh
M l P =
1
8
3
;
16
5
;
8
3
Pl M Pl M
C A
= =
; ;
l
M
B M l B M
d
gh d gh C
= = =
; 0 2 . = =
d
gh gh A
M l B l P M
;
3
l
M
P
d
gh
=
P
gh1
l l
M
d

B
M
d

M
c
=5M
d
/6
M
d

M
d

Mt ct hnh ch nht
(H s an ton n = 2)
l
h
P nP
c
gh
2
3
2

= s
o
.

3
3
32
100 . 50 . 2 . 2 2
= >
c
nPl
h
o
;

h ~ 8,5 cm
. 7 , 5 5 , 8 .
3
2
3
2
cm h b = = =

= = ; 0 2 . .
2 d gh gh A
M l B l P M
. .
l
M
B l B M M
d
gh gh d c
= = =
6
h
=
4
bh
= W
3 2
zd
6
h
= W = M
3
c
zd c d

;
.
2
3
3
2
l
h
l
M
P
c d
gh
o
= =
P
gh2
M
d

B
gh

A
C
B
l l
Th d 15.4. Xc nh ti trng gii
hn theo phng php ng sut cho
php v phng php trng thi gii
hn khi cc thanh AB, AC v AD c
din tch mt ct ngang F
2
, F
1
=F
3
,lm
bng cng mt loi vt liu c gii hn
chy
c
v modun n hi E.

.
A
P
N
1

N
2

N
3

H c xt i xng i vi
trc AC: N
1
=N
3
.
iu kin cn bng ca nt A:
2N
1
cos + N
2
- P = 0 ;
A
B
C D
1 2 3
30
o

30
o

P

l
2

A
B C D
1
2
3
P

; cos
2 1
o l l A = A ; cos
1 2
o l l =
( 1 )
( 2 )
; cos
EF F
2
2 2
1
1 1
o
l N
E
l N
= ; cos
2
2
2
1
1
o
F
F N
N =
;
cos 2
3
1 2
2
2
o F F
PF
N
+
=
( 2 )
+ ( 1 )
;
cos 2
cos
3
1 2
2
1
1
o
o
F F
PF
N
+
=
;
cos 2
3
1 2
2
o
o
F F
P
+
=
;
cos 2
cos
3
1 2
2
1
o
o
o
F F
P
+
=
;
1 2
o o >
( ); cos 2
3
1 2 1
o o F F P
c gh
+ =
( ). cos 2
cos 2
2 1
2 1 2
F F
F F P
c
c c gh
+ =
+ =
o o
o o o
( 1 )