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Martin Gillie
Today
Design of tension members Design of columns Design beam-columns and beam-ties (just a bit of this) Along the way revision of
Tension Members
Carry loads in axial tension Are not susceptible to buckling Frequently used in trusses Angle sections common Are normally simple to design Connections normally limit strength
Tension Capacity
No bucking phenomena, therefore in principle simple section check. Tension capacity, N , given by
N f u Ae
fu= material ultimate stress Ae= effective area - need to account for bolt holes
Eurocode Formulation
6.2.3 gives two expressions take the smallest for design
N pl , Rd N u , Rd
Af y
m0
0.9 Anet f u
m2
A=bt Anet=(b-d)t
Eccentric Connections
Unconnected leg
Connected leg
6.2.3(5) refers to Part 1-8 3.10.3 for eccentric connections Be careful of partial safety factors Reduction factors used on net area Careful with unequal angles
Columns
Carry load in compression Normally governed by resistance to flexural (Euler) buckling but
all affect strength Can be affected by local buckling Very stocky columns governed by material strength
cr 1
2 EI
AL
2
cr 4
2 EI
AL
2
2 EI
A( L / 2) 2
2 EI
AL2
cr depends on geometry of beam (I, A and L) support conditions (k) material properties (E)
k=0.25 Leff=2L
k=1 Leff=1L
k=4 Leff=L/2
cr
2 EI
ALeff
2
Effective Lengths
End conditions rarely simple No guidance in Eurocode on effective lengths
Use conservative values (e.g. assume pinned) Refer to NCCI detailed guidance
Note that effective length can be different about different axes (as can slenderness)
Effective Lengths
Pinned Pinned
L Fixed Fixed
Le=2L
Le=0.7L
Sway condition
Non-sway condition
Slenderness
cr 2 EI
ALeff
2
P now depends on geometry of beam (I, A and L) and material properties (E)
cr
EI
2
ALeff
Ei
2
Leff
E 2
2
Slenderness
AE N cr 2
2
Failure Stress
Euler buckling
Slenderness
Failure Stress
Real behaviour
Euler buckling Real response effected by crookedness, residual stresses, yielding eccentricity of load
Relative Slenderness
Real columns
Lateral Deflection
Non-dimensional Slenderness
0.5
Af y Nb ym
0.1
Non-dimensional Slenderness
Next check for flexural (= Euler) buckling 6.3.1.2 Need chi factor - this depends on
Elastic critical load (theoretical buckling load) Section capacity (squash load) Imperfection value (Tables 6.2 and 6.1)
Example
MAJOR AXIS CONDITION Free to move vertically Free to rotate MINOR AXIS CONDITION Free to move vertically Not free to rotate
M/Mp 1
Real interaction surface
M y , Ed N Ed k yy 1 y N Rk LT M y , Rk
Flexural buckling reduction factor (from today)
Interaction factor Lateral buckling reduction Factor (from last week)
Eccentric Connections
Eccentric Connections
Can be ignored if symmetrically loaded (beam each side) Nominal eccentricity used (see data sheet) Need to calc for beam-column - difficult Or use design data sheet