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NHM 1 L B CHN TRN VN SNH THI GIANG
H THNG CH TH SINH HC NH GI CHT LNG NC 1. GII THIU Qun x sinh vt l mt hp phn sng ca h sinh sinh thi gm: - Sinh vt sn xut. - Sinh vt tiu th. - Sinh vt phn hu. Trong h sinh thi nc c nhiu sinh vt vi mc phc tp khc nhau v c xem xt qua cc kha cnh.
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Qua , ta tm c nhng qun x qun th c th l nhng sinh vt ch th nhim. Mc nhim c nh gi thng qua sinh vt ch th. S thay i ca cc iu kin mi trng c nh hng ti thnh phn ng thc vt trong qun x. iu ny gy nn s qun t ca cc qun x l khc nhau. Theo Warren mi trng ti mt a im quyt nh phn ln nhng c th no c kh nng c tr im , v nhng sinh vt s l nhng ch th sinh hc cho nhng thay i mi trng.
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2.H thng hoi sinh a. Cht lng nc Kolenati v Cohn nhn xt, nhng sinh vt nht nh th hin mi quan h i vi sch hoc mc nhim tng ng ca nc. Nm 1983 Mez khi phn tch vsv nc chia thnh bn loi: + Loi c trong nc rt sch. + Loi c trong nc nhim nh. + Loi c trong nc nhim trung bnh. + Loi c trong nc nhim nng.
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Nm 1902, ng Kolkwitz v ng Marsson a ra khi nim v cc ch th sinh hc ca nhim trong h thng gi l h hoi sinh. H ny da vo nhng vng c lm giu cht hu c khc nhau, mi mt vng c c trng bi nhng loi ng v thc vt c trng. Khi nim ca cc tc gi da vo vic pht hin thy khi nc thi hoc cc cht thi hu c thi ra c x thi vo sng, s dn n chui cc hin tng v ph thuc khong cch ca dng s xc tin nhng iu kin mi trng khc nhau v do to ra din th nhng qun x nc xm nhp vo sng.
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T 2 ng xut ra khi nim t lm sch sinh hc, tha nhn 3 mc : a. Vng c nhng qu trnh kh chim u th. Rt bn . b. Vng m cc qu trnh kh t t chm dt v chuyn qua nhng qu trnh xy ho. Bn trung bnh . c. Vng ch c nhng qu trnh xh. t bn. phn chia cc vng sng tip nhn cht thi hu c, c nhiu h thng c a ra. Tm li, tt c cc h thng ging nhau v nguyn tc nhng khc nhau v danh php v nh ranh gii vng.
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Nc sch
Nc sch hn
Suter 1922
Nc sch Nc sch Nhim trng nhim Nhim bn Nc sch hn
Forbes v Richardson 1913 Nhim Chng Chng Nc trng chu chu v sch hn nhim chng chu yu 7
b.Ch th cht lng nc. Nm 1922 Suter v moore chia ra cc vng, din bin nhim mi ph vng theo thi gian tnh ra ngy v khong cch tnh ra dm tun t k hiu = cc ch ci a,b,c . Ph vng im khi u a.Mt dng sng thng thng khng nhim c xem l im khi u. b. Chu trnh sng trong mt th cn bng n nh, thch hp. c. lng ln loi tn ti, nhng khng mt ging hay loi no chim u th.
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d. Cc sinh vt ang sng thch ng vi hng lot cc yu t l ho thng thng c trng cho vng. Ph vng nhim a.Vi s xut hin nhim hu c, mt lot cc thay i bt u. b. S lng loi hin din c xu hng gim cng vi nhim. c. S lng cc th mi loi c xu hng tng cng vi nhim. d. t l gia cc loi sinh vt b o ln do nhim.
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Ph vng mi b nhim. a.Vng mi b nhimbt u hot ng x thi d tha cc cht hu c. b. Tip theo l thi k hn hp cc yu t vt l. c.Nhiu ng thc vt b cht ngt hoc b che lp bi vt liu l lng. d.Vi vic cung cp nhiu vt liu thc n, vi khun v vi sinh vt hoi sinh bt u tng mnh. e. S hn ch nhng ng vt n tht khng chng chu to ra s pht trin mnh hn nhng vi sinh vt hoi sinh v chim u th hon ton trong iu kin ny .
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f. S pht trin mnh m nhng sinh vt, c bit l nm v vi khun, to sc p mnh n oxy t do ho tan h hp v c th hn ch h hp. g. S lng cc chng loi sinh vt b gim thiu, nhng s lng cc c th ca cc loi chng chu c th tng. Ph vng nhim trng a. Mt s v tr c th bt u nhim trng. Nu nhim trng xy ra, s bin i theo ma v cc hon cnh khc. b. S thiu oxy t do ho tan git hi nhiu vi sinh vt v gn nh tt c ng vt thc vt c ln v li c b sung khi lng vt liu hu c cht. c. Cc loi sinh vt ln, nh v cc loi khng bt buc c th sng khng c oxy t do s chim u th.
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d. nhng sinh vt ny tip tc n nhng thc n phong ph cho n khi n b nh tr hot ng. e. s lng cc loi sinh vt tr nn ti thiu, s lng cc c th c hoc khng th t n cc i. ph vng phc hi a. Vng nhim trng dn ho nhp vo vng phc hi. b. Khi d tr thc n gim th s lng cc sinh vt k kh v cc c th chng chu nhim khc cng gim.
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c. Khi nhu cu ln v oxy gim th oxy t do ho tan bt u xut hin v tng t l nhng sinh vt i hi oxy. d. Khi vt liu l lng gim v cht dinh dng khong d tiu tng do hot ng do hot ng vi sinh vt to bt u tng v thng rt phong ph. e. Quang hp xy ra do to gii phng nhiu oxy hn, cn tr s phc hi. f. To cn oxy cho h hp v s pht trin mnh m ca to s gim oxy t do ho tan vo ban m do khng c b xung bi quang hp.
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g. Mt cch tun t, vng ny c c trng bi nhng thay i cc tr vo ban ngy v xy ho tan. h. Cng vi lng xy tng i h hp v to dng lm thc n, s tng trng ng vt ni chung li bt u tip din. i. Dng sng c th vo thi k c sc sn xut di do v n ko di n khi d tr nng lng hoc thc n b tiu tan. ph vng nc sch a. Nhng iu kin nc sch li c xc lp khi sc sn xut chuyn v trng thi bnh thng
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mc tng i ngho v khu h ng thc vt thay i, th cn bng tt li xut hin cc iu kin thng c cc c trng nh sau. b. Cc tnh cht chung: Ging vi nc sch u ngun ngoi tr trng hp hin ti n l mt dng sng rng ln hn. c. Khu h sinh vt c trng: Ging vi h sinh vt nc sch u ngun, ngoi tr cc loi bn a thch ng vi dng chy rng ln hn. Theo kolwitz, massonva liebmann cho rng trong nh gi cht lng nc, iu cn nhn mnh l khng nn da vo nhng c th sinh vt, ma l qun x sinh vt.
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c. V s lng Trong tin trnh thit lp h thng hoi sinh nhiu phng php a ra nhm pht hin v gim thiu c lng ln cc s liu thnh cc d liu n ginbng cng thc ton hc. Phng php ca knopp 1=ch pht hin c 1 loi n gin 2=ch pht hin c mt s 3=ch pht hin c s lng t ti trung bnh 4=pht hin s lng trung bnh 5=pht hin s lng trung bnh n nhiu 6=nhiu 7=phong ph
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Pantle v buck 1995 ngh chnh sa ch s hoi sinh : s = tng (s.h)/tng h. S c xp loi t 1 n 4. 1 l ch th hoi sinh yu . 2 l ch th hoi sinh trung bnh . 3 l ch th hoi sinh trung bnh . 4 l ch th hoi sinh mnh. Phng php ny khng tnh n tn s m ch c on. Ch s hoi sinh s t l vi mi trng nhim nh sau.
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Ch s hoi sinh 1 -> 1,5 1,5 -> 2,5 2,5 -> 3,5 3,5 -> 4
Zelinka v marvan 1961 ngh phng php hoi sinh da trn vic phn tch sinh vt y. 3.Cc h thng khc ca sinh vt ch th. Khc vi cc h hoi sinh ch yu tp trung vo cc sinh vt nh hu ht cc h thng khc s dng vkxs c ln sng y l cc ch chnh Nm 1928 Richardson phn loi vkxs theo sc chng chu ca chng lin quan n vic x thi vo nc chy.
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ng chia nh cc sinh vt thnh nhm nhim, nhm cn nhim v cc loi nc sch hn. Mackenthun a ra phng php quan st bng mt ca mt s vkxs c ln di y chng chu, mn cm v trung gian. Mt khi nim khc ca nh khoa hc Wooddiwiss 1964 Ch s sinh hc trent c ni dung l dng li tay thu mu. Mu vt thu bng tay v bng ch p,phi ly vt liu cha tt c vkxs c ln v phn nh lp ct ngang ca khu h ng vt.
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C mt
C t
Thng gp Phong ph Rt phong ph
II.Cc ch s a dng Qun x sinh vt lun thay i cng vi mi trng sng. Gim s lng cc loi tng s lng 1 loi l kt qu ca vic a cc cht thi phn hu sinh hc vo ao h. Khi nhng vt liu c hi c thi vo mi trng th qun x sinh vt thay i rt khc nhau v gy nn s gim a dng trong qun x. 1962 Kothe son tho cc loi - s thiu ht phng php nh mt th tc sinh hc inh lng. Nhiu tc gi s dng ch s a dng diversity indises nh mt ch th sinh hc nhim
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Cairn v cc tc gi pht trin phng php ch s so snh lin hon nhm p ng cho phng php nh s nhanh nh gi cho hu qu sinh hc nhim. Phng php trc nhim tn hiu v l thuyt vn hnh. iu duy nht c th l kh nng ca nh nghin cu nhn bit c nhng khc bit trong hnh dng mu v kch c sinh vt.
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III. Sinh vt ch th ph dng. 1.H nng. y h bao ph thc vt ln khng c s phn tng n nh hm lng xy y = 0. 2.H su. C th xy ra 2 kh nng trong iu kin tng i xy th Fe, Mn, PO4 s tn ti dng phc khng ho tan. xy tng su ch cho qu trnh phn hu hu c trong thi gian ngn nn ny sinh tnh trng cc tr
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3.Cc du hiu ph dng. - Thay i h thc vt. - Thay i h ng vt. - Thay i l ho tnh. 4. Nguyn nhn ph dng. Nguyn nhn l cc ngun thi c cha N v P - Ngun im. - Ngun din hay phn tn. - Dinh dng a lng. - Yu t vt l sinh hc. - Trao i trm tch. - Xm nhp cc cht dinh dng t bn ngoi. - Xm nhp t kh quyn. - Nc x thi thnh ph.
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5.Tc ng ca ph dng. - Tch cc: Lm tng sinh khi, cung cp thc n cho c - Tiu cc: Tc ng n con ngi, nn thu triu , tc nghn, mi kh chu, mt thm m. 6.Bin php k thut phc hi ph dng. - To thng thong. - Lm tun hon nc v to bong bng. - Thu hoch to, vt rc. - Tc ng n dng dinh dng i vo h - Bin php tc ng n cht hu c i vo
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7.Chng trnh gim st sinh hc ph dng. Gm cc bc: Thu mu. X l mu. Xc nh cc sinh vt. o c. nh gi s liu. Th hin kt qu.
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IV.Gim st sinh hc i vi kim loi nng trong nc ngt. 1.Ngun gy nhim kim loi nng a. Ngun t nhin. b. Ngun nhn to. 2.Ch th sinh hc nh c. C l mt ch th rt tt cho kim loi nng trong nc. Mohamet 1990 s dng c lm ch th sinh hc cho nhim kim loi nng sng Nile.
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Theo Munir Ziya (2005) th nhiu kim loi nng c mt mt cch t nhin trong mi trng bin v laf nhng tc nhn gy nhim mi trng nc bin khi chng hm lng cao. Cc tc gi tin hnh nghin cu s tch t kim loi nng nh st, km, cacdimi trong cc loi sinh vt thu sinh.
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