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22. Electromagnetism Content 22.1 Force on a current-carrying conductor 22.2 Force on a moving charge
(e) predict the direction of the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field. (f) recall and solve problems using F = BQvsin. (g) sketch flux patterns due to a long straight wire, a flat circular coil and a long solenoid. (h) show an understanding that the field due to a solenoid may be influenced by the presence of a ferrous core. (i) explain the forces between current-carrying conductors and predict the direction of the forces. (j) describe and compare the forces on mass, charge and current in gravitational, electric and magnetic fields, as appropriate.
Electromagnets
An electromagnet is a coil which can produce a magnetic field when a current passes through it Electromagnets are temporary magnets formed due to the flow of current through the material. The strength of an electromagnet can be increased by
Increasing the current Increasing the number of turns ie length of conductor The use of a soft-iron core
Physics of electromagnets
A ferromagnetic material is characterized by numerous tiny crystals each of which has one or more domains. An elementary magnet resides in each domain. In the un-magnetized state, the elementary magnets are arranged randomly. When subjected to a magnetic field, the elementary magnets line up with the external field. Strong exchange forces now bind the elementary magnets together within each domain. Because they are all parallel, they give rise to a very strong field. When a current is passed through a coil wound round a ferromagnetic material, it sets up a magnetic field tending to align the elementary magnets in the domains in the same direction resulting in a stronger field making it into an electromagnet
Uses of electromagnets
Electric bells Electromagnetic relays Telephone earpiece Electromagnetic crane Factory robots Cassette recorders Magnetic levitation trains
When the current is switched on, the foil jumps and becomes taut showing that a force is acting on it. This force is known as the electromotive force and the direction of the force depends on the directions of the magnetic field and of the current
This phenomenon is known as the motor effect or the catapult effect
When a current carrying wire is placed in a magnetic field, a force will act on the wire, causing the wire to move or to turn
Direction of the force acting on the wire can be determined using Fleming's left-hand rule
Fleming's LH Rule
First finger is the direction of the magnetic field Second finger points in the direction of the current Thumb shall point in the direction of the force or motion
Magnitude of the force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field - Current balance
The magnitude of the electromotive force may be determined or investigated using a current balance pg 322 fig 12.20 Physics by Chris Mee
Variation of current I leads to the conclusion that the electromotive force is directly proportional to the current
Variation of the length of the wire L in the magnetic field leads to the conclusion that the electromotive force is proportional to the length of the wire in the magnetic field By varying the angle bewteen the wire and the direction of the magnetic field, the force is found to be proportional to sin Hence F IL sin leading to F = BIL sin where B is a constant which depends on the strength of the magnet. The stronger the magnet the greater the value of B For a long straight conductor carrying unit current at right angles to a uniform magnetic field, the magnetic field strength B is numerically equal to the force per unit length of the conductor in the field ie F/L = BI sin
An alternative name for magnetic field strength is the weber per square metre, Wb m-2
One tesla is defined as the uniform magntic flux density which acting normally to a long straight wire carrying a current of 1 ampere, causes a force per unit length of 1 N m-1 on the conductor Since on rearranging, B = F/(ILsin ) , the tesla may also be expressed as N m-1 A-1
Since B involves a force which is a vector quantity, hence magnetic flux density is also a vector quantity From F = BIL sin , the force is a maximum when is is 90 i.e. the current and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other B sin can be sometimes thought of as being the component of the magnetic flux density which is at right angles or normal to the conductor
Exercise
The horizontal component of the Earths magnetic flux density is 1.8 x 10-5 T. the current in a horizontal cable is 150 A. Calculate for this cable
Parallel conductors carrying currents in the same direction attract each other Parallel conductors carrying currents in the opposite directions repel each other
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Experiment shows that if the currents are in the same direction. The 2 wires move towards each other, and if they are in opposite directions they move apart from each other
Can confirm using Flemings LH rule
Consists of a rectangular copper coil with many turns of wires in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet Can be used to measure current, voltages etc
when a current I is passed through a rectangular conducting coil of N turns suspended in a strong magnetic field B, a torque T acts on the coil giving the coil a deflection through an angle . the torque is balanced by an opposing spring torque of c where c is the spring's elastic characteristics. T = BANI = c where A is the cross sectional area of the coil.
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are widely used in radio receivers, televisions or public address systems that apply the principle of a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. When an alternating current of the same frequency as the sound flows continuously in the speed coil, a mechanical force acts on the coil. So the coil vibrates along its axis at a frequency equal to the audio-frequency alternating current flowing through it. The coil and cone vibrate at the same frequency and produce oscillations in the large mass of air in contact with the cone.
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The force between parallel conductors can be used to define the Ampere (A) If two long, parallel wires 1 m apart carry the same current, and the magnitude of the magnetic force per unit length is 2 x 10-7 N/m, then the current is defined to be 1 A The SI unit of charge, the Coulomb (C), can be defined in terms of the Ampere (A) If a conductor carries a steady current of 1 A, then the quantity of charge that flows through any cross section in 1 second is 1 C
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There are close analogies between gravitational and electric fields but in some ways they behave very differently Because masses always attract each other, a mass placed in a gravitational field will always move in the direction of the field, from a position of higher potential to a lower potential Charges on the other hand will move in the direction of the electric field if positive (from a position of higher potential to a lower potential just like a mass in a gravitational field) or against the direction of the field (and from a low potential to a high potential) if negative The field strength for both gravitational and electric fields obey an inverse square law relationship and the potential obeys a reciprocal relationship with distance from the source of the field However a stationary charge in a magnetic field is unaffected, whereas a moving charge experiences a force given by F = Bqv sin and the direction of the force is given by Flemings LH rule Finally, a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field does not experience a force if the conductor is parallel to the field direction, but for all other directions it experiences a force given by F = Bqv sin and the direction is again determined by Flemings LH rule
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