BLOOD CIRCULATION AND TRANSPORT

1. The heart has 4 chambers:

Right atrium Left atrium

Right ventricle
Left ventricle

FUNCTION OF HEART

To pump blood to all parts of the body. When the 2 atria contract, the 2 ventricles relax, and vice versa. The left ventricle is the largest chamber and has the thickest wall because it has to pump blood to all parts of the body except the lungs.

The left side of the heart contain oxygenated blood. The right side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood. 2 blood vessels (arteries) transport blood away from the heart. - The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body except the lung -The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It is the only artery to carry deoxygenated blood.

Two blood vessels (veins) transport blood towards the heart

-The vena cava carries deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium -The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lung back to the left ventricle. These are the only veins which carry oxygenated blood.

The heart has valves to ensure that the blood flows only in one direction. (a) The bicuspid valve: directs blood from left atrium to left ventricle (b) The tricuspid valve: directs blood from right atrium to right ventricle (c) The semilunar valve: situated at the beginning of pulmonary artery and aorta, prevents blood from flowing backwards into the heart.

Blood Vessels and their functions

Property Function

Artery Carries blood away from the heart Oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary arteries

Vein Carries blood towards the heart Deoxygenated blood except for the pulmonary veins

Capillary Joins an artery to a vein Brings oxygenated blood to the cells and deoxygenated blood from the cell Blood under very low pressure Very slow

Type of blood carried

Blood pressure Blood flowing rate Lumen

Blood under high pressure Fast

Blood under low pressure Slow

Small

Large

Very small

Property
Structure of the wall

Artery
Muscular & elastic

Vein
Less muscular & less elastic

Capillary
One cell thick

Valves
Pulse Drawing

Has no valves
Has pulse

Has valves
Has no pulse

Has no valves
Has no pulse

Path of blood flow in circulatory system

2 parts: 1. Pulmonary (lung) circulation: from heart to lung back to heart
2. Systemic circulation:

from heart to all parts of body except lungs and back again to the heart.

Role of bloods in transport

Substances transported From To

Oxygen inside red blood cell

Carbon dioxide in blood plasma

Lungs
All body cells

All body cells

Lungs Liver and all body cells Kidneys Target organs in the body

Digested food (glucose, Small intestine amino acids ) in blood plasma Waste materials (urea) in blood plasma Hormones in blood plasma Cells and liver Endocrine glands

Importance of healthy heart

Unhealthy heart leads to various health problems :
Coronary heart diseases Heart attack

High blood pressure

Stroke

Stroke

Human Blood
Platelets

Human Blood

Blood cells (45% by volume) Dissolved substances (10% by volume) Water (90% by volume)

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Plasma (55% by volume)

Platelets

1.Tiny fragments of cells made in bone marrow 2. Have no nucleus 3. Help in blood clotting

Small, circular, and biconcave discshaped Carry oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin to the body cells

Red blood cells (RBC)

No nucleus

Larger than red blood cells, irregular shape Protects the body from harmful substances (diseases and infections)

White blood cells (WBC)

Has nucleus

Pale yellowish liquid

Blood plasma

Made up of 90% water

10% soluble substances (nutrients, mineral salts, blood proteins and hormones)

Blood performs the following functions:

Acts as transport medium that carries gases and

dissolved substances
WBC protects the body from diseases Maintain the body temperature at 37 C

Blood group and compatibility

4 main group A, B, AB, and O Blood transfusion-transfer of blood from donor to a recepient. The donors red blood cells must be compatible with the recipients plasma
Blood group Can receive blood from Can donate blood to

A B

A, O B. O

A, AB B, AB

AB O

A, B, AB, O O

AB A, B, AB, O

People from blood group AB are called universal recipients because they receive blood from donors of all the four groups.

People from blood group O are called universal donors because they can donate their blood to recipient of all the group groups.

Importance of blood donation

Many patients require blood transfusion

-surgery -childbirth -cancer treatment -victims of accident

Transport tissues in plants

Xylem- carry water and dissolved minerals

absorbed in the roots, up the stem and to the leaves.

Phloem- carry glucose, produced by the leaves

during photosynthesis, from the leaves to all parts of plant.

Transport system in plants

1. Transpiration is the process which plants loses

water (water vapour) from its leaves to the environment. 2. The water vapour passes out of the leaf through tiny pores called stomata.

Stoma(singular)
A stoma is a tiny pore between a pair of guard cells.

-controls the opening and closing of the stoma.

More stomata are found on the lower epidermis of

leaf compared to the upper epidermis to reduce water lose during the day.
Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and

out of the leaf through the stoma during photosynthesis and respiration.

Factors affecting transpiration:

Humidity m(kelembapan) -Higher humidity decreases the rate of transpiration Wind -A windy condition increase the rate of transpiration. Light -Light increase the rate of transpiration Temperature

Role of transpiration in plant

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

Transpiration helps in the absorption and transporting of water and minerals in plant. As water is lost/used up by the plant, more water is sucked up from the xylem vessels in the leaves, stems, and roots. Imagine!!! Water is sucked from a glass using a straw. The flows of water continuous from the roots to the leaves. The water in the soil contains minerals which are absorbed by the roots, transported up to the stem, and to the leaves.

4. Water enters the root of a plant by a process called

osmosis 5. In the stem, the phloem is situated on the outer side of the xylem 6. Excess food is changed into starch