bài giảng công nghệ xử lý nước thải

X L NC
L Th Thu H
B mn Cng ngh mi trng

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. TS. Trnh Xun Lai, Cp nc - Tp 2 - X l nc thin nhin cp
cho sinh hot v cng nghip, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
2. PGS.TS. Hong Vn Hu, PGS.TS Trn c H, Thot nc - tp 2-
X l nc thi, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
3. Trn c H, Vn Hi, C s ho hc qu trnh x l nc cp v
nc thi, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut.
4. Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga, Gio trnh Cng ngh x l nc thi,
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut
5. Hong Kim C, Trn Hu Uyn, K thut mi trng, NXB KHKT
6. Ronald L.Droste, Theory and practice of water and wastewater
treatment.
1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht hin c
1.A. Cc c trng chung ca
dng thi
1.B. Kim tra k cc
thng s nhim :

1.C. La chn s b

1.D. La chn cui cng:

1.A. Cc c trng chung ca dng thi cng nghip
Mc tiu th v thi nc thi ca qu trnh sn xut
c tnh hu c d phn hu, kh phn hu
Cc cht v c, tp trung ch KLN
pH
S c mt ca KL nng trong dng thi ca cc ngnh cng nghip

1.B. Kim tra k cc thng s
Phn tch cc thng s
Nu nh my cha hot ng th c th tham quan 2,3 c s
sn xut tng t nhm thu thp thng tin phc v cho bc la
chn cng ngh s b
Sp xp cc cht nhim chnh vo cc nhm thng s
Th nghim pilot nhm xc nh kh nng x l hoc tham quan
cc c s x l tng t
1.C. La chn s b
Lit k nhng cng ngh hin c
Cng ngh xut
D on hiu sut qu trnh
D tr kinh ph
1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht c th
1.C. La chn s b
LA CHN CNG NGH X L
Vic la chn cng ngh hiu qu nht cn da trn cc yu t sau:
Cc c tnh ca nc thi
Dng thi Lin tc hay theo m, tn sut, th tch, tc
Thnh phn ho hc Nng , cht rn l lng v cht rn ..
Cc gii hn x l
Cc tiu chun ngnh Cc tiu chun x l theo ngnh (giy v bt giy, lc
du)
Cc quy nh ti a phng Cc quy nh cho cc c s trong cng mt KCN
Cc yu t c th gy cn tr
Khng gian Qu t cho c s x l
Tc ng mi trng Tnh trng gn cc khu dn c
Nhn lc C trnh k thut vn hnh h thng XL khng
Vic m rng trong tng lai D on trc nhu cu m rng c s XL trong tng lai
Vn v chi ph vn hnh
Cc qu trnh ng dng x l nc thi cng nghip
Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang
34, bng 3.1

Cht nhim Cc qu trnh
Cht hu c phn hu sinh hc (BOD) X l sinh hc hiu kh:
-Bn hot tnh, mng oxy ho
-H hiu kh
-Lc nh git
-a sinh hc quay (RBC)
-H n nh
-Thit b phn ng kiu m
X l sinh hc ym kh
-H ym kh
-Lc ym kh
-Tip xc ym kh
-Thit b phn ng tng si
34, bng 3.1

Cht nhim Cc qu trnh
Cc cht hu c bn -Oxy ho ho hc
-Hp ph bng cacbon
Cc hp cht hu c bay hi -Sc kh, oxy ho ho hc
-Hp ph, x l sinh hc

Tng cht rn l lng C hoc khng c keo t/ng t:
-Lng
-Tuyn ni
-Lc
34, bng 3.1

Cht nhim Cc qu trnh
Nit -Tch amonia
-Nitrat ho v kh nitrat
-Kh bng clo
Pht pho -Kt ta
-Hp th sinh hc
-Trao i ion
Kim loi nng -Kt ta ho hc
-Trao i ion
-Lc mng
Cht rn v c ho tan -Trao i ion
-Thm thu ngc
-Thm tch bng in
Du m -Keo t / ng t / tuyn ni
-Siu lc
1.C. La chn cui cng
Nghin cu k cc cng ngh c la chn s b
Xem xt k cc yu t la chn

CC YU T Nhn xt

1. Kh nng p dng Kh nng p dng ca mt quy trnh c th c nh gi
da trn kinh nghim qu kh, ti liu xut bn, ti liu ca
nh my v nghin cu pilot. Trong nhng trng hp mi
hay khng bnh thng cha gp bao gi th cn c nghin
cu th im.

2. Lu lng ph hp

3. Mc dao ng ca lu lng
nc thi d kin.
-Cng ngh x l c chn phi p ng c lu lng
d kin. V d, h n nh s khng ph hp vi lu lng
nc thi cc ln.
-Thit b v quy trnh x l c chn phi p ng c
mc dao ng ln trong lu lng. Hu ht cc cng ngh
ch lm vic tt nht mt mc lu lng n nh no .
Nu mc dao ng l qu ln th cn c bc iu ha lu
lng.

4. Cc c tnh nc thi u
vo.

5. Cc thnh phn cn tr v cc
thnh phn khng chu tc ng
-c tnh nc thi u vo s c nh hng n cng
ngh c chn (vd x l ho hc hay sinh hc) v cc
yu cu vn hnh.
-C nhng thnh phn no c th cn tr qu trnh x l?
Thnh phn no khng chu tc ng trong qu trnh x l?

Cc yu t quan trng cn xem xt khi nh gi v la chn thit b v quy trnh x l
Ngun: K thut x l nc thiX l, Thi v Ti s dng, ti bn ln 3, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
CC YU T Nhn xt

6. Cc vn v nhit
(khhu)

7. ng hc phn ng v la
chn thit b phn ng.
-Nhit nh hng n tc phn ng trong hu ht
cc qu trnh ho, sinh. Nhit cng c th nh hng
n hot ng c hc ca thit b. Nhit m p c th
y nhanh vic pht sinh mi v hn ch vic pht tn
trong khng kh.
-Kch c thit b phn ng phi da vo ng hc phn
ng. D liu ng hc c th ly t kinh nghim, ti liu
xut bn, kt qu nghin cu inhnh.
8. Vn hnh.

11. Cc yu cu v mi trng
-Vic vn hnh thng c nh gi thng qua cht
lng dng ra, ph hp vi cc quy nh thi.
- Cc yu t mi trng nh loi gi ch o, hng gi,
khong cch n khu dn c c th hn ch hoc nh
hng n vic s dng mt s qu trnh, c bit khi c
th pht sinh mi. Ting n v giao thng c th nh
hng n vic chn a im. Mi trng nc tip nhn
c th c nhng gii hn c bit, i hi phi loi b mt
s thnh phn c bit nh dinh dng khi nc thi.
CC YU T Nhn xt

9 . X l cc cht tn ng. - Loi hnh v s lng cc cht tn ng dng rn, lng
v kh cn c xc nh hay c lng. Thng thng
nghin cu th im xc dnh v nh lng cc cht tn
ng.
10. X l bn. - C hay khng yu t no lm vic x l v tiu hu
bn tr nn khng kh thi hoc qu tn km? Vic tun
hon cht thi t qu trnh x l bn nh hng g n b
phn x l nc? Vic chn la h thng x l bn cn i
i vi vic chn la h thng x l nc.
CC YU T Nhn xt

12. Cc yu cu v ho cht

13. Cc yu cu v nng lng
-Ngun v lng ho cht no cn phi sn c trong mt
khong thi gian di nhm m bo vn hnh h thng c
hiu qu? Vic b sung ho cht c g nh hng n cc
c tnh ca cht tn ng sau x l v chi ph x l?
-Nu mc ch l thit k mt h thng x l c hiu qu v
kinh t th cn phi bit c cc yu cu v nng lng
v chi ph cho nng lng trong tng lai.

15. Cc yu cu v nhn s

19. Tnh phc tp

16. Cc yu cu vn hnh v bo
dng
-Cn bao nhiu ngi v mc k nng no vn
hnh h thng? C sn ngun nhn lc ny khng? Cn
o to thm nhng g?
-Mc phc tp ca vic vn hnh h thng trong trng
hp thng thng v trng hp khn cp? Ngi vn
hnh cn c o to nhng g?
-Cc yu cu c bit v vn hnh v bo dng? Cn
nhng ph tng thay th no, ngun u v chi ph ra
sao?

18. Tnh tin cy -Mc tin cy ca h thng nu xt trong mt thi gian
di? H thng c d b trc trc khng, c chu c sc
nh k v lu lng khng? Nu c th cht lng ca
nc thi sau x l b nh hng nh th no?

CC YU T Nhn xt

20. Tnh tng thch.

21. Qu t
-Vi c s vt cht hin c th h thng mi c vn hnh
bnh thng c khng? Vic m rng nh my c th
thc hin d dng khng?
-Qu t c cho php xy dng khng ch h thng x l
ang xem xt m cn c m rng trong tng lai khng?
Cn mt vng m rng bao nhiu m bo m quan v
loi b cc tc ng xu?
1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht
1.D. La chn cui cng
Dy chuyn x l tng thch cho cc ngnh cng nghip
Ngun:Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang 193, b
Tin x l iu ha S cp Th cp Bc 3
Ho cht hu
c
iu ha,
trung ho, oxy
ho, trch ly

ng keo t/
kt ta, lng
trng lc,
tuyn ni
X l sinh hc Oxy ho ho
hc
Lc du iu ha,
trung ho, oxy
ho
ng keo t,
lng trng
lc, tuyn ni

X l sinh hc

Hp ph
Giy v bt
giy
Sng Lng trng
lc
X l sinh hc

Oxy ho ho
hc
Cht do v
nha
Oxy ho, trch
ly
ng keo t,
lng trng lc
tuyn ni
X l sinh hc Hp ph

Dy chuyn x l tng thch cho cc ngnh cng nghip
Ngun:Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang 193, b
Tin x l iu ha S cp Th cp Bc 3
Cht n

kt ta ho
hc
X l sinh hc
Cao su oxy ho ho
hc
X l sinh hc

Dt nhum Sng iu ho,
trung ho
ng keo t,
hp ph
X l sinh hc

Siu lc
Thuc, hon
thin da
Sng Trung ho ng keo t,
tch trng lc
tuyn ni
Hiu kh, ym
kh
Hp ph

Cc tiu chun la chn mt quy trnh x l hiu kh hoc ym kh
Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang 209, bng 9.6
THNG S X L HIU KH X L YM KH
c tnh
dng vo
< 5% TSS
<2000 mg/L BOD
Khng c yu cu v tnh kim
1 kg PO4-P/ 100 kg BOD
Tng thch vi hp cht lu
hunh
5 n 30 C

< 5% TSS
>2000 mg/L BOD
>1500 mg/L CaCO3
2 kg NH3-N/ 100 kg BOD
0,4 kg PO4-P/ 100 kg BOD
Khng tng thch vi hp cht lu
hunh
29-38 C hoc 49-57 C

Yu cu v
Oxy
Ph thuc vo cht thi Khng
iu kin
phn ng
pH 6,5 n 8,5
> 2,0 mg/L DO
pH 6,5 n 7,5
Khng c yu cu v xy
1. Qu trnh la chn cng ngh tt nht
1.D. La chn cui cng
Cc tiu chun la chn mt quy trnh x l hiu kh hoc ym kh
Ngun: Tin x l cht thi cng nghip, S tay Thc hnh FD-3, WEF, trang 209,
bng 9.6
THNG S X L HIU KH X L YM KH
To bn 0,6-1,1 kg TSS/kg BOD c
x l
0,2-0,4 kg TSS/kg BOD c x l
Metan Khng Khong 0,25 m3/kg BOD c x l
Hiu sut
x l BOD
c trng
85-99,9% 80-85%

u im Chu c dao ng ln hn,
hi phc nhanh, t din tch,
khng yu cu v kim
Cn t nng lng v dinh dng, to
t bn, nng lng sinh ra c th
c s dng
Nhc
im
Nhiu bt, khng thu hi c
kh to ra, to nhiu bn, tn
nng lng, kh tch nc khi
bn hn
Nguy c n mn cao, nhiu mi, tn
thi gian thch nghi vi kh hu

2. Phn loi cc qu trnh v phng php x l
2.1. Phng php c hc
2.1.1. Song chn hoc li chn
Mc ch: kh tt c cc tp vt c th gy ra cc s c trong qu trnh vn
hnh h thng x l nc thi nh lm tc bm, ng ng hoc knh
dn.

S khe h giu cc thanh:

Trong :q
max
: Lu lng ln nht (= q
tb
h
* k
h
) k
h
: h s vt ti (1,5-3,5)
b: Khong cch gia cc thanh (16-25mm),m
v: Vn tc trung bnh qua cc khe (0,6-1m/s)
h
1
: su nc chn song chn,m
k
z
:
h s tnh n s thu hp dng chy (1,05)

Chiu rng bung t song chn rc:

Trong : s:chiu dy thanh chn (8-10mm) ,m

Chiu di on m rng

Tn tht ct nc

tg
B B
l
k s
2
1

=
Lng rc gi li
W = a.N/365.1000 (m
3
/ng)
N = B
BOD5
/ BOD
5

B
BOD5
= BOD
5
* Q (g/l)

Trong : a. Lng rc tnh theo u ngi trong nm (l/ngi,nm)
N: s ngi tnh ton s dng h thng
BOD
5
:
Ti lng nhim do sinh hot ca ngi dn = 60g/l, ngi, ngy

2.1.2. B iu ho
iu ho trn dng thi

iu ho ngoi dng thi
Cch 1: PP th trn c s thc nghim
2.1.2. B iu ho
Xc nh th tch b iu ho
2.1.2. B iu ho

Cch 2. Tnh ton b iu ho bng bng

Thi
gian
V_vo
(m
3
)
V_tch lu
(m
3
)
Q_bm ra
(m
3
)
Q_
tb
Q_thay i
(m
3
)
23.3 7.5 7.5 10 10 2.5
0.3 8 15.5 20 10 4.5
1.3 8 23.5 30 10 6.5
2.3 8.5 32 40 10 8
3.3 8 40 50 10 10
4.3 8 48 60 10 12
5.3 8.5 56.5 70 10 13.5
6.3 8.5 65 80 10 15
7.3 9.5 74.5 90 10 15.5
8.3 11 85.5 100 10 14.5
9.3 13.5 99 110 10 11
10.3 12 111 120 10 9
11.3 14 125 130 10 5
13.3 13 138 140 10 2
14.3 12 150 150 10 0
15.3 11 161 160 10 -1

2.1.2. B iu ho

Cch 3: Tnh ton theo cng thc

Th tch ca b iu ho (m
3
) khi x tp trung nc thi

Th tch ca b iu ho (m
3
) khi nng dao ng theo chu k

Khi cn iu ho c lu lng v nng nc thi th th tch b iu ho
lu lng v nng cht bn c tnh ton theo tng bc:

W = (q
vao
- q
ra
) t
C = [ (C
vao
- C
ra
) t]/W
dh

Trong :
q
vao,
q
ra
, C
vao
, C
ra:
l lu lng, nng cht bn trong nc thi thi im
sau 1 bc tnh ton
W
dh
: l th tch nc trong b iu ho tng ng vi thi im tnh ton

2.1.2. iu ho

Chn b iu ho khuy trn bng khng kh nn iu ho nng
cht thi khi nc thi c nng cht l lng di 500 mg/l vi thu
lc 10mm/s. H thng sc kh nh sau:
Thit b sc kh l cc ng c l khoan ng knh l d=5mm cch nhau
3-6cm nm mt di ng, ng phi t tuyt i theo phng ngang,
dc theo tng ca b trn cc gi cao 6-10cm so vi y
Nu t thit b sc kh ch 1 pha v st thnh b th khong cch t
thit b ti thnh i din ly bng 1 n 1,5H
ung knh ca thit b sc kh ly bng 50mm nu cng sc kh nh
hn 8m
3
/h cho 1m di v bng 75mm nu cng sc kh ln hn

Chn b iu ho khy trn c kh khi nc thi c nng cht l lng
>500 mg/l vi ch nc vo b bt k. Th tch c tnh ton tng t
Phi c h tp trung cn v thit b x cn

2.1.3.B lng

Trong x l cht thi, qu trnh lng c s dng loi tp cht
dng huyn ph th ra khi nc.

Theo chc nng, cc b lng c phn thnh:
- B lng ct: lng ct, sn, thu tinh,mnh kim loi, ht st...
- B lng cp I c nhim v tch cc cht rn hu c (60%) v
cc cht rn khc dng l lng
- B lng cp II c nhim v tch bn sinh hc ra khi nc thi.
2.1.3.B lng

a, B lng ct
Bng ti trng b mt ca b lng ct (hay ln thy lc) theo ng
knh ht 15
0
C (Trnh Xun Lai, 2000)
ng knh ht (mm) 0,1 0,12 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,5
U
0
(mm/s) 5,12 7,37 11,5 18,7 24,2 28,3 34,5 40,7 51,6
b/B Cotgu = 0 Cotgu = 0,5 Cotgu = 1 Cotgu = 2 Cotgu = 3
0,1
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
0,9
1,0
0,320
0,324
0,330
0,340
0,355
0,367
0,385
0,343
0,346
0,350
0,356
0,365
0,373
0,385
0,350
0,352
0,356
0,361
0,369
0,375
0,385
0,353
0,355
0,358
0,363
0,370
0,376
0,385
0,350
0,352
0,356
0,361
0,369
0,375
0,385
Bng gi tr m i vi ca trn theo gi tr gc u
2.1.3.B lng

a, B lng s cp (b lng t 1)
V tr
Tc dng
Phn loi
- Theo cng dng
- Theo ch lm vic
- Theo chiu nc chy trong b

S liu ban u tnh ton b lng
Lu lng v hm lng cn C1
Hm lng cn ca nc thi sau lng C2
iu kin v ch lng ca ht
H s kt t n
a, B lng s cp
B LNG NGANG
.
Thng c s dng khi lu lng nc thi trn 15000 m3/ng.
Hiu sut lng t 60%.
Vn tc dng chy khng ln hn 0,01m/s.
Thi gian lu t 1-3h.

h
1

h
2

h
3

h
4

Khi ton th tch b cn tun th cc quy nh
a, B lng s cp
B LNG NG
l a, B lng s cp
B LNG RADIAN (ly tm)
- (1) Dng vo
- (2) Dng ra
- (3) Bn hi lu
- (4) B phn co gom bn cn

-(5) ng tho bn
- (6) B phn gt bt
(7) Mng tho vng
(8) Cu v ng c
ng trung tm
Phu
Thanh gt bn
a, B lng s cp
B LNG RADIAN (hng tm)

b, B lng th cp
B lng t 2 sau b lc sinh hc c tnh ton theo ti trng b
mt q
0
(m
3
/m
2
.h)

q
0
= 3,6K
s
U
0

Trong :
u
0
: ln thu lc ca mng sinh hc, khi x l sinh hc hon
ton th u
0
=1,4mm/s
K
s
: h s s dng dung tch, ly 0,4 i vi b lng li tm, 0,35
i vi b lng ng, 0,45 i vi b lng ngang

b, B lng th cp
Din tch mt thong ca b:
F = Q
max
/ q
0
Din tch mt ct t ca b:
W = Q
max
/ v.3600 (v: vn tc nc chy trong b)
Chiu rng ca b:
B = W/H (H: chiu cao cng tc ca b)
Chiu di ca b:
L = F/B hoc L=v.t ( thi gian lu nc t=1,5-2h)

Th tch vng cha nn cn:

Trong :
Tiu chun mng vi sinh vt sau b lc (=28/ng)
m ca mng sinh vt d (96%)
n: s b lng
t: thi gian tch ly cn (=2ng)
N
tt
: Dn s tnh ton theo BOD

( ) n p
t N a
tt
. 10 . 100
. 100 . .
W
6
b
=
b, B lng th cp
Chiu cao lp bn trong b lng 2:
h
b
= W
b
/L.b
Chiu cao xy dng ca b:
H
XD
= H + h
th
+ h
b
+ h
bv

Trong :
H: Chiu cao cng tc ca b (2,5m)
h
th
: Chiu cao lp nc trung ho(0,4m)
h
b
: Chiu cao lp bn (0,2m)
h
bv
: Chiu cao bo v (0,3m)
Kch thc b lng ngang t 2:
H *B* L

b, B lng th cp
B lng t 2 sau aeroten c tnh ton da trn c s cn bng
vt cht ca h thng ti trng thu lc q
0
ph thuc nng bn
hot tnh a (g/l), ch s bn l (cm/g) v nng bn cho php sau
lng a
1
(mg/l). Ti trng thu lc tnh theo cng thc:

Trong :
a: nng bn hot tnh trong b aeroten chn khng qu 15g/l
a
1
: nng bn hot tnh ca nc sau lng khng di 10mg/l
b, B lng th cp
( )
1
01 , 0 5 , 0
8 , 0
0
1 , 0
5 , 4
a
s
la
H K
q

=

2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.1. ng t v keo t
Ni chung, x l s cp bng phng php ho hc c p dng khi
nc thi cng nghip c hm lng cc cht rn cao dng keo (kh
lng).
Mc ch ca x l s cp l gim lng cht rn qu trnh x l th
cp t hiu qu (x l cc cht nhim cn li trong nc thi, v d nh
cht hu c ho tan).
Qu trnh x l s cp ch yu gm :lng trng lc, v tuyn ni bng
khng kh ho tan.
Ho cht c s dng nh cht ng t v to bng vi mc ch ch yu
l chuyn cc ht keo l lng thnh cht rn dng:
- C th lng nh trng lc trong b lng,hoc
- c tch bng tuyn ni
1. PHN TRN: Cc cht
rn ni (v d du m)
2. PHN GIA: Cc ht
keo l lng (TSS) v cc
cht rn ho tan (TDS)
3. Y: Cc cht rn c
th lng (v d nh ct)
2.2.1. ng t v keo t
Cc cht rn c trong nc thi
Tm tt cc phn ng
ca qu trnh
ng t v to
bng:
1. Khuy trn nhanh:
Cht keo t mang
in tch dng
n gn ht keo
mang in tch m
2. Qu trnh ng t
lm cho ht keo
c trung ho
in tch
3. Cc ht keo
c trung ho
in tch to thnh
bng xp
4. Khuy chm: Cht
to bng (polyme)
lm cho khi bng
kt li v c th
lng
- CHT NG T thng s dng: Nhm sunfat Al2SO4.18H2O -Polyaluminium
Chloride (PAC), Al2(OH)5Cl or Aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH), Al2(OH)4Cl2
Polyme tng hp, v d nh polyacrylamin[CH2-CH(CONH2)-]
2

Thit k b khuy trn:

QU TRNH NG T:
Khuy nhanh G :Gradien
vn tc =(P/V. )
1/2

200s
-1
Thi gian lu = 1 pht

QU TRNH TO BNG:
Khuy chm: G50s
-1
Thi gian lu: t nht l
10 pht

Ch thch :
P = nng lng khuy trn
V = th tch b khuy trn
= nht ng lc ca
nc
B trn
B phn ng
2.2.1. ng t v keo t
Qu trnh khuy trn bi cnh khuy trong b phn ng lm hnh
thnh 2 tc ng: tun hon v phn xo trn nc thi.Nng lng
u vo c th xc nh thng qua hiu sut khuy trn. Nng
lng cp vo cng nhiu th qu trnh xo trn cng tt.
Camp v Stein xut cng thc tnh vn tc khuy trn trong
qu trnh ng t:

Trong :
G: l gradient vn tc khuy trn,1/s
P: Nng lng cp cho qu trnh khuy trn, W
: nht ng hc, N.s/m2
V: th tch b phn ng, m3.

Bng cch nhn 2 v ca phng trnh trn vi thi gian lu ( =V/Q)
ta c:
V
P
G
=

t
PV
Q V
P
Q
V
G
1
= =
2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.1. ng t v keo t
Nhng vn k thut thng gp:
Lng ho cht cho vo thiu chnh xc
Qu trnh ng t cha hon ton
Qu trnh to bng cha hon ton

G
i
i

p
h
p
:
Gii php:
- Lng ho cht chnh xc cn c xc nh
hng ngy i vi mu nc thi nh thit b
jar- test
-H thng bm nh lng nht thit cn mt h
thng hiu chnh kim tra lng ho cht
hng ngy (c a vo qua bm nh lng)
-My khuy (khuy trn nhanh) cn kim tra v
xc nh tc quay ln -thi gian tip xc: 1
pht
-My khuy (khuy trn chm) cn c kim
tra v xc nh tc quay chm thi gian
thi tip xc: khong 10 pht

2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.1. ng t v keo t

2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.2. Tuyn ni
Tuyn ni bng khng kh ho tan (DAF: Dissolved air floatation)

Nguyn tc hot ng (DAF):(a) Hn hp kh iu p v nc thi p
sut cao c dn vo ng khuch tn trung tm..(b) Kh khuch tn lin
kt vi cc ht rn lm thnh cc bt kh ln hn do s ko cc ht TSS
ni ln trn b mt, trong khi , cc ht rn cn li lng xung y thit b.
c, Bn ni c thu gom nh b phn gt v bn lng c co phn
mng trung tm. d, Nc trong chy theo mgn trung tm ra ngoi.

2.2.2. Tuyn ni
Tuyn ni nh kh
ho tan (Tuyn ni
gin p-ADF: Air
diffused floatatio)

Hot ng:
H thng tuyn ni
nh kh ho tan kt
hp vi ng t v
to bng c kim
sot thng qua
lng cht keo t v
to bng v ch
khuy trn

2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.2. Tuyn ni

Cc thng s cn cn nhc khi thit k h thng DAF:
Do hot ng ca h thng DAF ph thuc vo cc vt cht b mt
nn nht thit cn tin hnh cc nghin cu v th nghim trn h
thng Pilot.
Cc thng s cn xem xt trong qu trnh thit k bao gm:
nng cht nhim,
lu lng kh s dng,
tc ni ca cc ht
t l ni ca cc ht.
2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.2. Tuyn ni

Hiu qu ca h thng DAF ph thuc trc ht vo t l ca lu lng
kh/ti lng cht nhim (A/S). T l ny thay i i vi cc dng cht
l lng khc nhau v c xc nh bng thc nghim. T l A/S thng
s dng trong h thng x l nc thi thay i t 0,005 n 0,060.
Mi quan h gia t s A/S vi ho tan ca kh, p sut vn hnh v
nng cht nhim c m t theo phng trnh:

Trong :
A/S: t l kh-rn, ml/mg
s
a
: ho tan ca kh, ml/l
f: phn kh ho tan p sut P, thng l 0,5
P: p sut, at. vi p l p sut tuyt i.
S
a
: Nng cht rn l lng trong dng vo, g/m3 (mg/l)
a
a
S
fP s
S
A ) 1 ( 3 , 1
=
2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.2. Tuyn ni

Nhit ,
o
C 0 10 20 30
s
a
, ml/l 29,2 22,8 18,7 15,7
Vi h DAF c dng hi lu th:

Trong :
R: lng tun hon c p sut, m3/ngy
Q: lu lng vo, m3/ngy.
Q S
R fP s
S
A
a
a
) 1 ( 3 , 1
=
2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.2. Tuyn ni

Khi thit k cc thit b tuyn ni nn ly:
a, Thit b tuyn ni c kh:
-Thi gian tuyn ni 20-30 min
-Vn tc quay ca cnh khuy 12-15m/s
-ng knh cnh khuy D ly 200-750mm
-Lng khng kh trn 1 n v din tch trong ngn tuyn ni l 40-50
m
3
/m
2
.h
-Chiu su nc trong ngn tuyn ni t 1,5 n 3m
-Nu b hnh vung th mi cnh kch thc bng 6D, din tch phc v
ca mix cnh khuy khng qu 35D
2

Th tch mi ngn tuyn ni tnh theo cng thc: W = 0,85.Q.t
Q: Lu lng nc thi (m
3
/h)
t: Thi gian tuyn ni (Pht)
2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.2. Tuyn ni

b, Thit b tuyn ni p lc:
Khi lng khng kh ly bng 3-5% th tch nc cn x l.
p lc d trong thng p lc 30-50N/cm
3
Thi gian bo ho khng kh 1-3min
B lng kt hp tuyn ni hnh ch nht chiu su 1-1,5m, thi gian
tuyn ni 20 min, dng cho cng trnh x l nc thi cng sut di
100m
3
/h
B lng kt hp tuyn ni kiu ly tm c chiu su khng c nh
hn 3m (vng tuyn ni v lng chiu su mi vng khng c nh
hn 1,5m) khi cng sut cng trnh ln hn 100m
3
/h

2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.3. Phng php hp ph
C s ca qu trnh: Hp ph cc cht bn ha tan l kt qu ca
s di chuyn phn t ca nhng cht t nc vo b mt cht
hp ph di tc dng ca trng lc b mt.

C 2 kiu hp ph:
+ Hp ph trong iu kin tnh: l khng cho s chuyn ng tng
i ca phn t nc so vi phn t cht hp ph m cho n hp
ph vi nhau.
+ Hp ph trong iu kin ng: l c s chuyn ng tng i
ca phn t nc so vi phn t cht hp ph.

Qu trnh hp ph l qu trnh thun nghch nn thng thc hin
hp ph nhiu bc
2.2.3. Phng php hp ph
Chn cht hp ph
Nhng cht c th hp ph l: than hot tnh,
silicagen,hydroxit nhm hoc st, nha tng hp c kh
nng trao i ion, cacbon sunfua, than nu, than bn,
than cc, cao lanh, tro v cc dung dch hp ph lng.

Nc thi cha cht bn hu c: dng cc vt liu xp
(than hot tnh,cc cht hu c tng hp)

Nc thi cha hn hp cc cht bn ho tan dng
phn t v dng cc cht to mixen ln : dng bng cn
ti ca nhng hyroxit ca nhm hoc st.
2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.4. Phng php trao i ion
c ng dng x l nc thi khi cc kim loi nh Zn, Cu, Cr,
Ni, Pb, Hg, Cd, Mn. Do c ng dng rng ri tch mui
trong x l nc cp v nc thi.

Cc cht trao i ion
+ Cht trao i ion v c t nhin: zeolit, KL khong cht, t st,
cht cha nhm silicat (Na
2
O.Al
2
O
3
.nSiO
2
.mH
2
O), cc cht florua
apatit [Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
]F v hydroxit apatit [Ca
5
(PO
4)3
]OH.

+ Cht trao i ion v c tng hp: silicagen, permutit
+ Cht trao i ion hu c t nhin: axit humic ca t v than
+ Cht trao i ion hu c tng hp: nha c b mt ring ln.

2.2. Phng php ho l
2.2.3. Phng php trao i ion
V d tch mui ra khi nc:

+ Khi tip xc vi cationit:
R-SO
3
H + NaOH R-SO
3
+ Na + HCl

+ Khi tip xc vi anionit:
R-OH + NaCl RCl + NaOH
2.3. Phng php ho hc
2.3.1. Phng php trung ho
a. Trung ho bng trn nc thi cha axit v nc thi
kim
b. Trung ho bng cch cho thm ho cht vo nc
thi
c. Trung ho nc thi cha axit bng cch lc qua lp
vt liu lc trung ho
d. Trung ho nc thi cha kim bng cch dng kh
thi.

2.3. Phng php ho hc
2.3.1. Phng php oxi ho kh
x l nc thi cha cc cht v c c hi nh cc KLN Hg,
As, Cu, Pb, Ni v CN
-
.
Cc cht oxi ho: O
2
, Cl
2
, H
2
O
2
, KMnO
4

2.4. Phng php sinh hc
2.4.1. Phng php sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to vi qu trnh
bn hot tnh
- X l hiu kh trong b aerotank
- X l k kh qua lp cn l lng trong b UASB

2.4.2. Phng php sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to vi qu trnh
mng sinh hc
- S sinh trng dnh bm bng mng sinh hc
- X l hiu kh trn b Biophin
- X l k kh qua lp vt liu lc ni

2.4.3. Phng php sinh hc trong iu kin t nhin
2.4. Phng php sinh hc
MLSS: Hm lng cht rn l lng trong bn lng (Mixed Liquoz
Suspended Solids)
MLVSS: Hm lng rn bay hi
SVI : Ch s th tch bn (Sludge Volume Index)
Y: H s s dng cht nn cc i (Heterotrophic synthesis yield ,
mg VSS/mg COD)
Kd: H s phn hu ni bo , (mg VSS/mg VSS.ngy - Endogenous
decay coefficient, 1/ngy)
HRT: Thi gian lu thu lc (Hydrolic Retention Time)
SRT : Tui ca bn (Solids Retention Time)
F/M:
2.4.1. Phng php sinh hc trong iu kin nhn to
vi qu trnh bn hot tnh
X l hiu kh trong b aeroten
Bn hot tnh l g?
Vic phn loi vi
sinh vt lin quan
ti x l nc thi:
- C nhn n bo
(Protista): vi to,
nm men, nguyn
sinh vt
- Khng nhn n
bo (Monera):
Khun lam v vi
khun
- Khng chia thnh
t bo: virut

-NGUYN SINH VT: Mt s loi gy bnh (v d nh Entamoeba histolytica,
Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium genus) v khng trc tip tham gia vo qu trnh
x l nc thi.
- VI KHUN: Ch c mt s loi gy bnh (v d nh Salmonella typhi, Vibrio
cholerae, Legionella pneumophila). a s cc loi vi khun trc tip tham gia hu
ch vo qu trnh phn hu sinh hc cc cht hu c (v d nh Escherichia coli),
chng cn thit cho qu trnh x l
- VIRUT: Tt c cc loi virut u gy bnh

BN HOT TNH
Nguyn l v thit k
Ba yu t chnh cn c kim sot:
- SC KH
- TUN HON BN HOT TNH (RAS)
- THI BN HOT TNH D (WAS)
BN HOT TNH
Nguyn l v thit k
PHN LOI
Phn loi theo nguyn l lm vic
- B Ae thng thng: x l sinh ho khng hon ton, hon ton
- B Ae sc cha cao
BN HOT TNH
Nguyn l v thit k
Phn loi theo ch
thu ng hc
trong cng trnh:
ae y,
ae AE trn,
Ae kiu hn hp

Khng kh
Nc ra Nc vo
Bn hot tnh
Khng kh
Nc ra
Nc t b
lng th nht
Bn hot tnh
Khng kh
Nc ra
Nc t b lng
th nht
Bn hot tnh
Phn loi Ae
theo ch thi
kh:
AE bnh
thng,
ae thi kh
ko di,
ea hot ng
theo m

BN HOT TNH
Nguyn l v thit k
Thit b hot ng gin on (SBR) kt hp b Aeroten v b lng thnh mt b
A NC THI VO: Dn nc
thi cha x l vo b phn ng
(cha mt lng bn hot ho nht
nh) vi tc khng i, thi gian
thng l 30 pht
SC KH: Sau cho sc kh hn
hp cht lng v bn hot tnh
trong khong thi gian c nh(2 6
gi)

LNG: Ngng sc kh trong bc
ny (1 gi). Cc cht rn lng
xung v th tch lp bn tng ln.
Nc thi sau x l pha trn lp
bn v c lng trong

THI BN: Ht nc thi c
lng trong v bn qua cc ng ring
bit khc nhau. Thi gian: 30
pht.
BN HOT TNH
Nguyn l v thit k SBR
U NHC, IM CNG NGH SBR
U IM
H thng SBR linh ng c th x l nhiu loi nc thi khc nhau vi nhiu
thnh phn v ti trng.
D dng bo tr, bo dng thit b ( cc thit b t) m khng cn phi tho
nc cn b. Ch tho nc khi bo tr cc thit b nh: cnh khuy, motor, my
thi kh, h thng thi kh.
H thng c th iu khin hon ton t ng
TSS u ra thp, hiu qu kh photpho, nitrat ha v kh nitrat ha cao
Qu trnh kt bng tt do khng c h thng gt bn c kh
t tn din tch do khng c b lng 2 v qu trnh tun hon bn.
Chi ph u t v vn hnh thp ( do h thng motor, cnh khuy hot ng
gin on)
Qu trnh lng trng thi tnh nn hiu qu lng cao.
C kh nng nng cp h thng
NHC IM
Do h thng hot ng theo m, nn cn phi c nhiu thit b hot ng ng
thi vi nhau.
Cng sut x l thp ( do hot ng theo m)
Ngi vn hnh phi c k thut cao

BN HOT TNH
Nguyn l v thit k SBR
B Aeroten:
hnh trn vi
my cp kh tip
tuyn nhm to
dng chy trn
(> 0,3 m/s), thi
gian lu HDT:
15 gi

B lng th cp
hnh trn vi
thit b thu gom
v gt bt b
mt

Injector cp kh
theo phng
tip tuyn
Phn loi Ae theo s XLNT:
Ae khng c hoc c ngn ti sinh bn hot tnh tun hon,
ae bc 1, bc 2, bc 3

AEROTANK LNG II
Ngn
phc
hi
bn
Bn hot tnh
tun hon
Bn
d
BN HOT TNH
Nguyn l v thit k
Nh my sa c gi H lan - B Aeroten - B lng th cp s dng cu quay

BN HOT TNH
Nguyn l v thit k
Nh my nhum Vnh Pht
t, Bnh Dng:

B Aeroten
B lng th cp
BN HOT TNH
Nguyn l v thit k
Xy dng nh my
ch bin m cao su
Lc Ninh
B Aeroten
B lng th cp

Lp cng thc tnh ton b Aerotank
Cng thc tnh b Aerotank khuy trn hon chnh
Q
v
, S
o

B Aerotank
V, X,
X
t
,S
Q
v
+ Q
t
, S, X
B lng
Q
r
, S, X
r

Q
t
, S, X
t

Q
x
, X
t

Cng sut ho tan oxi vo nc ca thit b bt kh mn
iu kin th
nghim
iu kin ti u iu kin trung bnh
Ou =
grO
2
/m
3
.m
OE = kg
O
2
/KW
Ou =
grO
2
/m
3
.m
OE = kg
O
2
/KW
Nc sch k
T = 20
0
C
12 2,2 10 1,7
Nc thi
T = 20
0
C
= 0,7
8,5 1,5 7 1,2
iu kin th
nghim
Ou =
grO
2
/m
3
.m
OE = kg
O
2
/KW
Ou =
grO
2
/m
3
.m
OE = kg
O
2
/KW
Nc sch k
T = 20
0
C
7 1,4 6 1,1
Nc thi
T = 20
0
C
= 0,8
5,5 1,1 4,5 0,8
Cng sut ho tan oxi vo nc ca thit b bt trung bnh
Cng sut ho tan oxi vo nc ca thit b bt trung bnh
iu kin th
nghim
Ou =
grO
2
/m
3
.m
OE = kg
O
2
/KW
Ou =
grO
2
/m
3
.m
OE = kg
O
2
/KW
Nc sch k
T = 20
0
C
6 1,2 5 0,9
Nc thi
T = 20
0
C
= 0,8
4,5 0,9 4 0,7
Lp cng thc tnh ton b Aerotank
Cng thc tnh b Aerotank c dng chy u
Ti trng Tui bn
(ngy)
F/M
Cao 3 5 0,4 1,5
Trung bnh 5 15 0,4 0,2
Thp 15 30 0,05 0,2
Cc v d v SRT v F/M i vi khong t trng khc nhau
F / M = ( BOD5. Q ) /(VSSML.V)

nh gi SRT bng knh hin vi
Cc thng s thit k b Aeroten
(tnh ton theo TCVN7957-2008)
Th tch b:W (m
3
)

Trong :
t: Thi gian thi kh (h), t>2h
Q
tt
: Lu lng tnh ton
Khi h s khng iu ho K
ch
1,25, Q
tt
= Q
tb
Khi h s K
ch
>1,25, Q
tt
ly bng Q
tbmax
trong t gi c lu lng
nc thi ln nht

R: T l tun hon bn
R: T l tun hon bn c tnh theo cng thc:

Trong :
l: ch s bn, thng thng t 100 n 200ml/g
a: liu lng bn hot tnh theo cht kh (g/l), c chn nh sau:
2-3g/l cho aeroten c ti trng bn cao
2,5-3,5g/l cho aeroten c ti trng bn trung bnh
3-4g/l cho aeroten c ti trng bn thp
3-5 g/l cho aeroten thi kh ko di
5 g/l cho aeroten khong ho hon ton

* Thi gian thi kh t (h) i vi aeroten trn c xc nh theo cng
thc

T: nhit trung bnh ca nc thi v ma ng
L
a
v L
t
l BOD
5
ca nc thi trc v sau khi x l (mg/l)
Tr l tro ca bn hot tnh (theo bng)
l tc oxi ho ring cc cht hu c (mg BOD
5
/g cht kh khng
tro ca bn trong 1h )
( ) T Tr a
L L
t
t a
15
1

Tc oxi ho ring cc cht hu c c tnh theo

cng thc:

max:
Tc oxi ho ring ln nht (mg BOD5/g cht kh khng tro ca
bn trong 1h )
C
0
l nng oxi ho tan cn thit phi duy tr trong aeroten (mg/l)
K
t:
l hng s c trng cho tnh cht ca cht bn hu c trong nc thi
(mg BOD/l)
: l h s k n s km hm qu trnh sinh hc bi cc sn phm phn
hu bn hot tnh (l/h)

a L K C K C L
C L
t t t
t
+ +
=
1
1
0 0 0
0
max

*Thi gian cp kh nc thi (h) i vi aroten y khng c ngn ti sinh

Trong :
K
p
: h s tnh n nh hng ca qu trnh trn dc theo b, ly bng 1,5 khi
x l sinh hc hon ton (L
t
<20mg/l) v bng 1,25 khi x l sinh hc khng
hon ton (L
t
>20mg/l)
L
hh
l BOD ca hn hp nc thi v bn hot tnh tun hon vo aeroten
(mg/l)

( )
( )( )
p
t
hh
t t hh
K
L
L
C K L L K C
Tr a C
a
t
(
+ +
+
= ln
1
1
0 0 0
0 max

R
R L L
L
t a
hh
+
+
=
1

Aroten y c ngn ti sinh bn hot tnh
Thi gian oxi ho cht hu c:

a
r
: liu lng bn hot tnh trong ngn ti sinh, g/l, c xc nh nh
sau:
( ) Tr Ra
L L
t
t a
=
1
0
) 1
2
1
( + =
R
a a
r
Thi gian cp kh trong ngn aeroten t
a
(h)

Thi gian cn thit ti sinh bn hot tnh t
ts
(h):

t
ts
=
t
0
- t
a

h
L
L
a
t
t
a
, lg
5 , 2
0
5 , 0
=
Th tch ngn aeroten: W
a
= t
a
(1+R)Q
tt

Th tch ngn ti sinh: W
ts
= t
ts
RQ
tt

Th tch Aeroten: W = W
a
+ W
ts

Aroten y thng chia thnh cc hnh lang, bn hot tnh thng
a vo pha u b, nc thi phn b pha u b v dc theo
chiu di b, hn hp bn v nc thi thu pha cui b
Kch thc ca hnh lang:
Chiu cao cng tc: H=3-6m
Chiu rng mi hnh lang Bs2H
Chiu di hnh lang L10H

i vi aroten y c ngn ti sinh da vo t l W
ts
/W c th chn
c s hnh lang ca aroten:
Khi t l ny l 25% chn aroten 4 hnh lang
Cc ngn aroten v ngn ti sinh bn thng thit k theo dng
hnh ch nht
i vi aroten c ti sinh bn quy nh
s n nguyn khng nh hn 2
Trm c cng sut <50.000m
3
/ngy, s n nguyn ly 4-6
Trm c cng sut >50.000m
3
/ngy, s n nguyn ly 8-10
Tt c cc n nguyn u lm vic
Chiu su lm vic phi ly t 3-6m
T s gia chiu su lm vic ca mi hnh lang t 1:1 n 1:2

Cp kh trong aeroten
Lu lng khng kh n v (m
3
khng kh/m
3
nc thi) khi x l
nc thi trong cc aroten cp kh nn t my thi kh, xc nh
theo cng thc:

Trong : z l lu lng oxi n v tnh bng mg x l 1mg
BOD
5
xc nh nh sau:
Khi x l sinh hc hon ton 1,1 mg oxi/mgBOD
5
Khi x l sinh hc khng hon ton 0,9 mg oxi/mgBOD
5

( )
( ) C C n n K K
L L z
D
p
t a
=
2 1 2 1
Cp kh trong aeroten
K
1
l h s k n thit b np kh

Thit b np kh to bt kh c nh ly theo t s gia din tch
vng np kh v din tch aeroten (f/F), theo bng:

Thit b phn phi kh to bt c trung bnh ly bng 0,75

f/F 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,75 1
K
1
1,34 1,47 1,68 1,89 1,94 2 2,13 2,3
J
max
(m
3
/m
2
h)

5 10 20 30 40 50 75 100
Cp kh trong aeroten
K
2
l h s ph thuc vo su t thit b phn phi kh h (m),
ly theo bng:

n
1
l h s xt ti nh hng ca nhit ca nc thi xc nh
theo cng thc:
n
1
= 1+ 0,02(T
tb
- 20)
Trong T
tb
l nhit trung bnh ca nc thi trong thng
ma h

h(m) 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 3 4 5 6
K
2
0,4 0,46 0,6 0,8 0,9 2 2,13 2,3 2,92 3,3
J
max
(m
3
/m
2
h)

43 42 38 82 28 24 4 3,5 3 2,5
Cp kh trong aeroten
n
2
l h s xt ti quan h gia tc ho tan ca oxi vo hn
hp nc v bn vi tc ho tan ca oxi trong nc sch, ly
nh sau:
i vi nc thi sinh hot, n
2
ly bng 0,85
Khi nc thi sinh hot c cht hot ng b mt, tu theo gi
tr f/F, n
2
ly theo bng:

i vi nc thi sn xut ly theo s liu nghin cu
thc nghim, nu khng c cho php ly n
2
= 0,7

f/F 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,75 1
n
2
0,05 0,59 0,04 0,66 0,72 0,77 0,88 0,99
Cp kh trong aeroten
K
2
l h s ph thuc vo su t thit b phn phi kh h (m),
ly theo bng:

n
1
l h s xt ti nh hng ca nhit ca nc thi xc nh
theo cng thc:
n
1
= 1+ 0,02(T
tb
- 20)
Trong T
tb
l nhit trung bnh ca nc thi trong thng
ma h

h(m) 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 3 4 5 6
K
2
0,4 0,46 0,6 0,8 0,9 2 2,13 2,3 2,92 3,3
J
max
(m
3
/m
2
h)

43 42 38 82 28 24 4 3,5 3 2,5
Cp kh trong aeroten
C
p
l ho tan ca oxi khng kh trong nc (mg/l), xc nh theo
cng thc:

Trong :
C
T
l ho tan ca oxi khng kh vo nc ph thuc vo
nhit v p sut, ly theo bng tnh ho tan ca oxi
khng kh trong nc
C l nng trung bnh ca oxi trong aroten (mg/l), ly bng
2mg/l

3 , 10
2
3 , 10
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
h
C
C
T
p
Cp kh trong aeroten
Theo gi tr D tm c, xc nh cng sc kh J

(m
3
/m
2
h):

Trong :
H: chiu su lm vic ca aroten
Nu cng sc kh c tnh ln hn tr s J
max
xc nh
theo gi tr K
2
ly th phi tng thm lu lng khng kh
t c tr s J
min

t
DH
J =
vi qu trnh bn hot tnh
X l k kh qua lp cn l lng trong b UASB
X l ym kh l qu trnh sinh hc phn hu cc cht hu c phc tp
nh vi khun h hp ym kh nghim ngt v h hp tu tin trong iu
kin khng c oxy.
ng dng x l ym kh ng cch s em li kt qu l:
+ Cc cht hu c thi ra c phn hu gn nh hon ton,
+ Gim ng k mm bnh,
+ Chuyn cc cht rn v bn a nc thnh nc, cht v c, kh
c ch, mn (phn cht rn cn li) v bn d tch nc.
Ru cn
Nh my bia
Ch bin phomat v sa
Ch bin c v hi sn
L m v ng gi tht
ung c cn thp
Sn xut ho cht
Nc rc
Dc phm
Giy v bt giy
Sn xut ng

Loi thit b phn ng ny cha
lng bn c th lng ln. Dng
nc thi c dn t y thit
b qua lp bn ti pha trn thit
b.

Cc ht bn chnh l sinh khi
ym kh hot ng v c xu
hng ni do kh sinh hc to
thnh
.
H thng vch ngn c t
phn trn thit b gi v ngn
ht ni do kh to thnh
.
Sau , cc ht lng thnh lp
bn v do sinh khi ca phn
ng c kim tra.

Duy tr hot ng khi x l nc
c hm lng COD cao (i khi
cao ti40kg/m3/ngy).

(b) gn thm b lng v tun hon dng ra
(c) gn thm lp chn vi lp sinh trng bm dnh
Dung tch x l ym kh cn thit : V = m/a (m
3
)

Lng COD kh 1 ngy m = Q (Sv Sr).10
-3
(kg/ngy)

Ti trng COD c b: ph thuc cc ngun thi a= 4 -18 kg
COD/m3.ng

V d h thng x l nc thi qu trnh ng hp nc tri cy
H thng ym kh c dng chy ngc (UASB) ti cng ty Tn Vit Pht Bnh Dng
H thng ym kh c dng chy ngc (UASB) ti cng ty Tn Vit Pht Bnh Dng
Cc ng thu
kh sinh hc
Phn gom kh
sinh hc
Khu vc thu
nc ra. Khu vc
ny c y v
mi c thu
gom v dn ti
b phn kh mi
Vch trn
Chi tit h thng lamel v cc tm hnh ch
V p ngc thu kh pha trn dng ra
H thng t kh
sinh hc cn li
H thng x l mi bng clo
theo phng php t
Nng lng
Gi tr, kJ/ngy
Ym kh Hiu kh
Thng kh - - 1,9.10
6

Sn sinh CH
4
125.10
6
-
Gia tng nhit
nc thi ln 30
0
C
-21.10
6
-
Tng nng lng 104.10
6
- 1,9.10
6

Quan h gia ti trng x l COD vi ti lng COD dng vo t
ti hiu sut 85-90% ti nhit 30
0
C
Nng COD T l COD rn
Ti trng khi, kg COD/m
3
.ngy
Bn bng
Bn ht vi kh
nng loi
b TSS ln
Bn ht vi kh
nng loi
b TSS
thp
1.000-2.000 0,1-0,3
0,3-0,6
0,6-1,0
2-4
2-4
Khng p dng
2-4
2-4
Khng p dng
8-12
8-14
Khng p dng
2.000-6.000 0,1-0,3
0,3-0,6
0,6-1,0
3-5
4-8
4-8
3-5
2-6
2-6
12-18
12-24
Khng p dng
6.000-9.000 0,1-0,3
0,3-0,6
0,6-1,0
4-6
5-7
6-8
4-6
3-7
3-8
15-20
15-24
Khng p dng
9.000-18.000 0,1-0,3
0,3-0,6
0,6-1,0
5-8
Khng p dng
Khng p dng
4-6
3-7
3-7
15-24
Khng p dng
Khng p dng
(Ngun: Wastewater Engineering: treatment, reuse, disposal, 1991)
Bng xut ti trng khi trong b UASB trong mi quan h vi nhit i
vi nc thi c cha phn ln l COD ho tan, nng bn trung bnh 25g/l
t hiu sut x l t 85-95%:

Nhit
(
o
C)
Ti trng khi, kg COD/m
3
.ngy
Nc thi cha cht
bo/protein
Nc thi khng cha cht
bo/protein
Giao ng c trng Giao ng c trng
15 2-4 3 2-3 2
20 4-6 5 2-4 3
25 6-12 6 4-8 4
30 10-18 12 8-12 10
35 15-24 18 12-18 14
40 20-32 25 15-24 18
Vn tc dng (Q/A) v chiu cao thit b (H):
Loi nc thi Vn tc dng, Q/A (m/h) Chiu cao thit b, H (m)
Khong gi tr Gi tr c trng Khong gi tr Gi tr c trng
COD ho tan gn
100%

1 -3 1,5 6 - 10 8
COD ho tan mt
phn
1 1,25 1 3 - 7 6
Nc thi sinh
hot

0,8 - 1 0,7 3 5 5
Ngun: Trnh Xun Lai
Ngun nc
thi
Hm lng
COD u
vo (mg/l)
Thi gian lu
nc trong
b (h)
Ti trng COD
(kg
COD/m
3
.ngy)
Hiu qu
kh COD
(%)
Nc thi sinh
hot
500 - 800 4-10 4-10 70-75
Ru, men ru 20.000 5-10 14-15 60
Ch bin bt
khoai ty
4500 7000 5-10 8-9 75-80
Ch bin bt sa 3000-3400 5-10 12 80
ho cht hu c
tng hp
18.000 5-10 7-9 90
Ch bin rau v
hoa qu
8300 5-10 18 55
Giy cc loi 7700 5-10 12 80
Ch bin hi sn 2300-3000 5-10 8-10 75-80
S liu k thut t kt qu vn hnh b UASB v b lc ym kh
Tm tt nhng im cn lu khi thit k h thng UASB

c tnh nc thi:
+ Phn COD tan v khng tan cng nh kh nng ng dng qu trnh rt
quan trng trong vic thit k thit b UASB. Vi hm lng TSS=6000 mg/l, phn
hu ym kh v qu trnh tip xc l ph hp do kh nng to thnh lp bn trong
thit b.
+ Cc cht bo to vng.
Ti trng th tch cht hu c:
+ Hiu qu tch COD t ti 90 95% khi ti trng t 12 n 20 kg
COD/m3.ngy i vi nhiu loi nc thi khi s dng thit b UASB 30
0
C.
Thi gian lu thu lc ca nc thi trong b (v d i vi nc thi th
qua UASB cao 4m) :
+ 16 19
0
C: Trung bnh HRT = 10 14 h ; Ti u = 7 9 h
+ 22 26
0
C: Trung bnh HRT= 7 9 h ; Ti u =5 -7 h;
+ > 26
0
C: Trung bnh HRT = 6 8 h ; Ti u =4 5 h
vi qu trnh mng sinh hc

S sinh trng dnh bm bng mng sinh hc
Qu trnh x l din ra khi cho nc thi ti b mt ca b v thm qua
lp vt liu lc. b mt ca ht vt liu lc v cc khe h gia chng
cc cn bn c gi li v to thnh mng - gi l mng vi sinh.
Sn phm cui
Khng kh
Nc thi
Vng
hiu kh
Cht hu c

O
2

Mng sinh hc
Mng cht lng
CO
2

Vt liu
m
Vng
Ym kh
Mng sinh hc cha
3,75% cht kh c
dy 50 - 700 ( dy
ti u: 150), mng
c chia thnh 2
vng:
- Vng 1: Vng ym
kh (tip xc vi vt
liu lc).
- Vng 2: Vng hiu
kh.

a. X l hiu kh trn b biophin
Ngi ta phn bit b Biphin nh sau :

1. Theo mc x l : Biphin x l hon ton v khng hon ton
- Biphin cao ti c th x l hon ton hoc khng hon ton,
- Biphin nh git dng x l hon ton.

2. Theo bin php lm thong,
- Biphin lm thong t nhin
- Biphin lm thong nhn to (aerophin)

3. Theo ch lm vic :
- Biphin lm vic lin tc
- Biphin lm vic gin on
(c tun hon v khng tun hon)


4. Theo s cng ngh: B Biphin mt hay hai bc

2 7 4 8 9
1
10
1
5
2 3
4
6
10
a)
b)
1
1. Nc thi ln b
2. B lng t I
3. B Biphin
4. B lng t II
5. Bn t b lng t II
6. X nc c x
l
7 v 8. B Biphin tng
ng t I v t II
9. B lng t III
10. Nc tun hon


5. Theo kh nng truyn ti:
Biphin cao ti
Biphin nh git (Biphin thng thng)

6. Theo c im cu to ca vt liu lc:
Biphin cht liu khi
Biphin cht liu bn.

Biphin cht liu khi c th phn bit:
Biphin nh git c kch thc vt liu lc 40 - 60mm, v chiu
cao cng tc 1 - 2m.
Biphin cao ti c kch thc vt liu 60 80mm v chiu cao
cng tc 2 4m
Biphin c chiu cao ln (thp lc) c kch thc vt liu lc 60
80mm, chiu cao cng tc 8 16m.

Biphin cht liu bn c th phn bit:

Biphin vi cht liu lc dng rn : Vng ng hay nhng cu to khc.,vt
liu c th l snh, cht do hay kim loi. Tu thuc vo vt liu m khi l-
ng ly trong khong 100 600 kg/m3 , rng 70 90%, chiu cao lm
vic 1 6m.

Biphin vi vt liu rn dng an li hay khi c c ghp t cc tm
hay cc bn phng. Cc khi c th lm bng cht do v cng c th l
fibroximng. Khi lng cht do 40 100 kg/m3 , rng 90 97% ,
chiu cao 2 16m. Khi lng fibroximng 200 250 kh/m3 , rng 80
90% , chiu cao lm vic 2 6m

Biphin vt liu mm v rul (cun) lm t li thp, mng cht do hay
vi tng hp c c nh trn khung hay di dng cun. Khi lng 5
60 kh/m3, rng 94 99%, chiu cao cp phi 3 8m.

i vi Biphin cht liu bn cng cn k n loi a quay sinh hc, Khong
cch gia cc a 10-20mm, tc quay ca trc a 1-40 v/ph.


Biphin nh git

Biphin nh git thng dng x l sinh ho nc thi hon ton vi
hm lng BOD ca nc sau x l t 15 mg/l

B Biphin xy dng di dng hnh trn hay hnh ch nht c tng c
v y kp. y trn l tm an lp vt liu lc, y di lin khi
khng thm nc. Chiu cao gia khong hai lp y ly khong 0,4 0,6
m, dc hng v mng thu I >= 0,01. dc theo chiu dc ca mng
thu ly theo kt cu, nhng khng nh hn 0,005. Tng b lm cao hn
lp vt liu lc 0,5m.

c im ring ca b Biphin nh git l kch thc ca ht vt liu lc
khng ln hn 20-30mm

B Biphin nh git thng c s dng trong trng hp lu lng nh
t 20 1000 m3/ ngy m. Hm lng BOD
5
a vo < 200 mg/l, nu
ln hn phi tun hon. Hiu sut x l cao, c th t ti 90% (theo BOD)
hay cao hn na.

Lc nh git nh my giy New Toyo, Bnh Dng


Khi phn phi nc bng cc loi vi phun phi thit k:
p lc t do ban u ti vi phun cui cng khng di 0,5m
ng knh l vi 18-40mm
Chiu cao vi phun nh ln b mt lp vt liu lc khong 0,15 0,2m
i vi cc loi b lc nh git, khi lu lng nc n ln nht, thi
gian ti l 5-6 pht

Khi chn thit b ti bng phn lc chn:
S v ng knh ng ti phn phi xc nh theo tnh ton vi iu
kin vn tc ca nc thi ti u ng l 0,5-1m/s
S v ng knh l trn ng ti xc nh theo tnh ton vi iu kin
vn tc qua l khng di 0,5m/s, ng knh l khng di 10mm
p lc ti l ph phi xc nh theo tnh ton nhng khng di 0,5m
V tr t ng ti cao hn b mt lp vt liu lc 0,2m

Biphin nh git

Thit k b lc sinh hc nh git nn ly:
Chiu cao lm vic H = 1,5-2m
Ti trng thu lc q = 1-3 m
3
/m
3
vt liu lc,ngy
Cn xc nh h s hot ng K:

Trong : L
a
l hm lng BOD
5
ban u ca nc thi
L
t
l hm lng BOD
5
ca nc sau x l (thng ly bng 15mg/l)
t
a
L
L
K =

Biphin nh git

Cc thng s H, q va K c ly theo bng:

Ti trng thu lc q
(m
3
/m
3
VLL,d)
Gi tr K ng vi chcao lp VLL v nhit
trung bnh v ma ng T t 14-20
0
C
H = 1,5 H = 2
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
11,4
10
8
6,7
5,9
15,1
12,8
11,5
10,7
10,2
Khi nhit tnh ton T > 20
0
C th tnh ton K theo thc nghim, khi khng c s
liu thc nghim th c th ly T = 20
0
C
Trng hp K vt qu tr s trong bng th phi tun hon


Biphin nh git

Din tch b Biophin: F = Q
ngd
tb
/q

Th tch ca b: W = F H

Chiu cao xy dng b Biophin: H
xd
= H
ct
+ h
1
+ h
2
+ h
3
+ h
4
+ h
5

Trong :
Hct : Chiu su ca lp vt liu lc, Hct = 1,5-2 m;
h1 : Chiu su t mt nc trong b n lp vt liu lc, h1 = 0,4 m;
h2 : Chiu su khng gian gi sn vt liu lc v nn, h2 = 1 m;
h3 : su ca mng thu nc chnh, h3 = 0,25 m;
h4 : su ca phn mng, h4 = 0,5 m;
h5 : Chiu cao bo v (t mt nc n thnh b), h5 = 0,5 m.

Biophin cao ti

B biophin cao ti khc vi b biophin nh git ch b biophin cao ti c
chiu cao cng tc v ti trng ti cao hn (q=10-30 m
3
/m
2
,ngy)
Vt liu lc c kch thc 40-60mm, v vy gia cc ht c khe h ln. Nu
b Biphin nh git thong gi l bng t nhin th b Biphin cao ti li
l nhn to. Nh vy vic trao i khng kh xy ra trong thn b cng
vi cng cao hn.
Nh c tc lc ln v s trao i khng kh nhanh m qu trnh oxy ho
cc cht hu c xy ra vi tc cao. B Biphin cao ti c th dng x
l nc thi bng sinh hc hon ton v khng hon ton.
Nng BOD
5
ca nc thi a vo b lc cao ti < 250 mg/l, trong
trng hp BOD
5
ln hn phi tun hon. B Biphin cao ti c th p
dng x l sinh hc nc thi vi cng sut q </= 50.000 m3/ngy
m.

Biophin cao ti
Thit k b lc sinh hc cao ti nn ly:
Chiu cao lp vt liu lc H = 2-4m
Ti trng thu lc q =10-30 m
3
/m
2
,ngy
Lu lng khng kh n v B = 8-12 m
3
/m
3
nc

Cn xc nh h s hot ng K:

Trong : L
a
l hm lng BOD
5
ban u ca nc thi
L
t
l hm lng BOD
5
ca nc sau x l

t
a
L
L
K =

B

H
Gia tri he so K phu thuoc q, B, H va nhiet do trung binh cua nuoc thai ve
mua dong T
T = 14
0
C T = 20
0
C

T = 25
0
C
q=10 q=20

q=30

q=10 q=20

q=30

q=10 q=20

q=30

8 2
3
4
4,3
8,95
12,1
3,02
5,25
9,05
2,56
4,09
6,95
6,85
12,2
16,26
4,31
8,93
12,16
3,50
6,53
10,67
10,36
14,45
21,0

6,18
11,48
15,2
4,709
10,10
12,86
10 2
3
4
5,09
9,9
16,4
3,67
6,04
10
3,16
4,84
7,42
7,76
16,22
21,03
5,08
9,86
16,37
4,168
7,31
12,85
12,03
19,95
28,84
7,08
15,49
20,41
5,52
11,22
17,31
12 2
3
4
5,97
11,7
23,1
4,31
7,2
12
3,7
5,72
8,83
9,33
23,01
27,10
6,02
11,7
23,12
4,89
8,73
15,56
14,53
26,01
31,88
8,472
19,72
30,32
6,546
13,40
23,83
Vt liu lc:
Vt liu lc gip cho mng sinh hc bm tt trn b mt, to din tch oxy ha
ln. qu trnh lc t hiu qu cao v kinh t th lc phi p ng c
nhng yu cu sau:
C tnh bn c l ha hc cao
Chu c ti trng khng nh hn 10N/cm
2
vi trng lng cht ng
n 10.000N/cm
2
trong trng thi t nhin
Chu c dung dch NatriSunfat bo ho, tm t nht 5 ln
Chu c khi un si trong vng 1h trong dung dch clohydric 5%, c
trng lng gp 3 ln trng lng ca vt liu em th
Sau tat c cc th nghim, vt liu lc khng c c h hi r rt v
trng lng khng c gim 10% so vi lc u.
C b mt ring ln, thong cao
Cht liu cho mng sinh hc d bm dnh v khng nh hng ti
cht lng mng sinh hc.
R tin, d kim.
Cc thng s ca mt s vt liu lc c s dng rng ri
Vt liu lc Kch thc T trng B mt ring rng
X 75 125 mm 1350 kg/m
3
40 50 m
2
/m
3
50%
cui 30 50 mm 1350 kg/m
3
90 105 m
2
/m
3
50%
ng nha sng
| 45 mm
d: 40 50 mm
60 kg/m
3
120 m
2
/m
3

Tm nha sng 46 kg/m
3
100 m
2
/m
3
95%
Hoa nha
u 45 mm
d 40 mm
60 kg/m
3
220 m
2
/m
3
95 %
c. X l k kh qua lp vt liu lc ni
1
7
2
3
5
6
4
1. Nc thi vo
2. Li chn
3. Vt liu lc ni
4. Mng thu nc
5. ng dn nc ra
6. ng dn kh ra
7. X cn d
a. H hiu kh
H lm thong t nhin:

- xy cung cp cho qu trnh oxy ho ch yu do s khuych tn
khng kh qua mt nc v qu trnh quang hp ca cc thu thc
vt nh: Rong, To.
- m bo cho qu trnh oxy ho, th chiu su ca h t 0,6 -1 m,
- Ti trng BOD khong 250 300 kg/ha.ngy,
- Thi gian lu ca nc trong h khong 3 12 ngy.
- Nhm h ny ch thch hp khi kt hp x l nc thi vi nui trng
thu sn.
a. H hiu kh
H hiu kh lm thong nhn to
- Ngun xy cung cp cho qu trnh sinh ho ch yu bng cc thit
b bm kh hoc khuy c hc. V c cp kh nhn to nn chiu
su ca h c th t 2 2,5m.
- Ti trng BOD5 khong 400 kg/ha.ngy.
- Thi gian nc lu trong h t 1 3 ngy.
Din tch h cn thit m bo thi gian v hiu qu xy ho
hu hiu c tnh theo cng thc sau:

Trong Q : Lu lng nc thi cn x l, m3/ng
t : Thi gian lu ca nc. ngy
H : su ca lp nc trong h, m
H
t Q
F

=
,
m
2

a. H hiu kh
Cng vi cc h thng sinh trng l lng, chuyn ng hn lon to
ra bi cc thit b sc kh gn nh trong sut thi gian lu gi nc
duy tr s l lng ca cc cht trong b vi 2 mc ch:
Hp ph-tip xc cc cht nhim mi to thnh vo bng sinh hc
c, v
Cung cp xy cho bng sinh hc.

nh hnh cho mt h thng h sc kh:
-Thng 2 hoc 3 h, thay v 1 h duy nht
- Sc kh ti a h th nht, trung bnh h th 2, v sc kh t
ca h th 3. Mt na cui dnh lm vng lng.

a. H hiu kh

Trong
L
a
, L
t
: Nng BOD
5
ban u v sau x l, mg/l
t: Thi gian lu nc trong h, ngy
K
T
: H s chuyn ho BOD trong ngy (ngy
-1
), ph thuc kiu h, nhit ,
tnh cht ca nc thi.

iu kin 20
0
C, K
T
ly bng 2,5 ngy
-1
,
u: H s nhit , ly bng 1,056 khi 20
0
C < Ts30
0
C, bng 1,135 khi Ts20
0
C

t K L
L
T a
t
. 1
1
+
=
) 20 (
20
.

=
T
T
K K u
t Q V
d m Q
m V
t .
) / (
) (
3
3
= =
a. H hiu kh
Nhit nc thi trong h chu nh hng ca nhit khng kh v
mt h rng, thi gian lu nc di
Theo mancini v Barnhart, nhit nc thi trong h:

Trong :
T
nt:
Nhit nc thi trc khi chy vo h
T
k
: Nhit khng kh trn mt h
A: Din tch mt h
f: H s ph thuc cng khuy trn gi, m ca khng kh,
thng ly bng 0,5

Q Af
QTnt AfTk
+
+
= T
a. H hiu kh
Thit k b phn sc kh:
- Yu cu v xy: nguyn tc ngn l t 1 n 1,4 kg O2 cho mi kg BOD5
- Thit b sc kh b mt hoc thit b khuch tn kh hiu qu y d bo
dng
a. H hiu kh
Trm x l Nh
my cao su Ho
Bnh: H thng
sc kh y b
a. H hiu kh
Lng oxi cn thit cp cho h hiu kh lm thong nhn to

G
02
= a (L
a
- L
t
)Q

G
02:
Lng oxi cn thit (g O
2
/ngy)
a: H s tiu th oxi trong nc thi ly t 0,9 1,5
a. H hiu kh
Kh COD bng h thng h sc kh v h xy ha ty tin ti
nh my ch bin m cao su Bn Sc
H sc kh d
vn hnh
nhng hiu qu
kh cht gy
nhim hu c
b hn ch
mt mc nht
nh bi bn
cht v c tnh
ca nc thi.
a. H hiu kh
Theo kt qu thc nghim, kh COD bng h thng h sc kh v
h xy ha tu tin c m t nh sau:
Se = So / (1 + 0,061 . t)
trong k = hng s tc kh COD bc mt = 0,061
Kt lun:
Khng th t c mc tiu kh COD ca dng thi vo t vi
nghn ti 100mg/L theoTCVN 5945:1995 bng h thng h sc kh
v h xy ha ty tin nh hin nay.
i vi nc thi c s ch bin m cao su,gi tr k cho thy rt
kh t hiu qu x l khi p dng quy trnh ny.
b. H k kh

Dng lng v phn hu cn lng bng phng php sinh ho t nhin
da trn hot ng sng ca cc vi sinh vt h hp ym kh. Loi h ny
thng dng x l nc thi cng nghip c nhim bn ln, v t khi
dng x l nc thi sinh hot.
Khi quy hoch v thit k mt h k kh cn phi ch nhng yu cu sau:
m bo yu cu ym kh cao v gi nhit vo ma ng, th h ym
kh cn c su ln, thng t 2,5 4,5m.
Dung tch ph thuc vo hm lng cc cht nhim, thi gian lu ca
nc v nhit x l.
H nn c hai ngn lm vic d phng khi x bn trong h hoc thit k
hnh cc n nguyn thun tin cho vn hnh lin tc.
H phi c quy hoch xa khu dn c (1500 2000m) v nht thit phi
khng c nh hng ti cht lng nc mt v nc ngm trong khu
vc.
Ca tip nhn nc vo h nn t chm v tr thch hp nhm m bo
nc thI vo phn b u.
Ca tho nc ra khi h nn thit k theo kiu thu nc b mt v c tm
ngn bn khng thot ra cng vi nc.
Thi gian lu ca nc thi trong h k kh bin ng t 5 50 ngy. Ti
trng BOD c th t ti 280 1500 kg/ha.ng. Tuy nhin hiu sut thng
thng ch t 50 80 %.
b. H k kh

W = F.H
Trong :
F: Din tch b mt trung bnh ca h
W: Th tch cng tc ca h
L
a
: BOD
5
ca dng nc thi vo h
u: Ti trng b mt hu c ca h (gBOD
5
/m
3
.d)
H
Q L
F
a
. v
=
c. H tu tin
nh sng mt tri
To
Lp bn y
O
2
ca khng kh
1,5 ..
2 m
CO
2
, NO
3
-
, H
2
, H
2
S ,
CH
4

Vng ym kh
To
Vi khun hiu
kh
O
2

Vi khun ym kh
Vng hiu kh
S chuyn ha trong h ty tin
c. H tu tin
Mt s yu cu khi la chn h hiu ty tin:
T l chiu di, chiu rng h thng ly bng 1:1 hoc 2:1
nhng vng c t gi nn lm h c nhiu ngn,vng c nhiu gi
nn lm h c din tch rng.

L
a,
L
t
: BOD
5
ca dng nc thi vo v ra h (g/m
3
)
Q: Lu lng nc thi (m
3
/d)
H: chiu su h (m), t 1,5 2,5 m (chn theo bng)
K: h s phn hu cht hu c c trong h tu tin (ngy
-1
). nhit
20
0
C, K chn bng 0,25d
-1
. nhit T, K xc nh theo cng thc:
K = 0,25 1,06
T-20

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