TURBOCHARGERS

Submitted by:Naman Jain (1209371) ME-4B

What is turbocharger?
Turbocharger or turbo is a centrifugal compressor powered by a turbine that is driven by an engines exhaust gases. Its benefit lies with the compressor increasing the mass of air entering the engine (forced induction) thereby resulting in greater performance.

POWER MANAGEMENT
The power created by a reciprocating engine is a product of MAP (manifold absolute pressure) and rpm. If rpm remains constant and MP is increased, power output will be increased. If MP remains constant and rpm is increased, power output will be increased.

FACTORS AFFECTING POWER

Humidity- water vapor in the air takes the place of oxygen molecules. The molecular weight of water vapor is less than oxygen; as a result moist air is less dense than dry air. Less dense air means decreased performance. Temperature- temperature affects air density which affects performance: T, d, P Mixture- fuel:air ratio Ambient Pressure- the pressure altitude at the aerodrome affects air density and performance: p, d, P

FACTORS AFFECTING POWER

Friction loss- as the air flows through the intake system it loses pressure due to skin friction and rounding corners. This factor is based on intake system design. Altitude- as an aircraft climbs the air becomes less dense and power decreases as a result. As we climb the throttle must be opened further to maintain climb power.
Critical altitude- the altitude where the throttle is fully open in order to achieve the desired power setting.(normally aspirated engine)

GIVE ME MORE AIR

Normally aspirated engine power is limited by the ambient air density. By utilizing supercharger or turbocharger systems we can increase engine power output through larger range of atmospheric conditions. This is done by supplying the engine with higher manifold pressures than normal aspiration.

FUNCTIONS OF TURBOCHARGERS
Turbochargers deliver compressed air to the inlet side of the carburetor or fuel control unit. Unlike a supercharger, they are driven by the exhaust gases produced by the combustion process. In this way turbochargers harness some of the unused energy contained in the hot exhaust gases. A ground boosted turbocharged engine will produce MP on the ground higher than ambient pressure in order to achieve its rated power. A turbo-normalized engine will maintain sea level performance to higher altitudes.

CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
The turbocharger consists of a compressor assembly, exhaust gas turbine assembly, and a pump and bearing casing. The compressor assembly is made up of a housing which directs air flow and a compressor wheel (impeller). The exhaust gas turbine assembly is made up of a housing which directs exhaust gas flow and a turbine wheel. The center casing contains a housing which directs cooling oil around the shaft linking the turbine and compressor. The shaft is suspended by bearings which reduce the heat created by friction.

TURBOCHARGERS
The impeller/compressor, turbine wheel, and connecting shaft together are called the rotor. At no time in the process do the exhaust gases come into contact with the compressed air. Turbocharger output is controlled by the wastegate.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Working of Turbo

WASTEGATE
The wastegate controls the amount of exhaust gases directed to the turbine wheel of the turbocharger. If the wastegate is open all the exhaust gas is vented overboard through the exhaust system bypassing the turbocharger. (zero boost) As the wastegate is closed, more and more exhaust gas is directed to the turbocharger until the wastegate is fully closed. (max. boost) There are manual and automatic wastegates.

Purpose of wastegate

DENSITY CONTROLLER
The density controllers job is to limit maximum MP preventing overboost. It limits deck pressure while the aircraft is below the turbochargers critical altitude. If deck pressure becomes too high, the density controller bleeds more oil from the wastegate actuator causing the wastegate to open.

TURBOCHARGED ENGINE TRAITS

Bootstrapping- any change in engine rpm or temperature will change the amount of exhaust gas flowing to the turbine. This will cause an increase or decrease in boost. The resultant fluctuation of MP is called bootstrapping. It is most pronounced when the wastegate is fully closed. Overboost- manifold pressure exceeds the limits of the engine. Overshoot- a turbocharged engine is more sensitive to throttle changes than a normally aspirated engine. Smooth throttle control is needed to avoid MP drift. Cool down- the rotor of a turbocharger is subject to intense temperatures due to the high rpm. A cool down period of idle operation before shutdown is necessary with most installations.

INTERCOOLER
The compression of air by the turbocharger creates a temperature rise in the induction air which could result in detonation. An intercooler cools the induction air after compression. The intercooler acts as a air to air heat exchanger.

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