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Chapter 3 Databases and Data Warehouses

Building Business Intelligence

Overview
Business Intelligence The Relational Database Model Database Management System Tools Data Warehouses and Data Mining Managing The Information Resource In An Organization

Opening Case Study


High Tech Battles High School Truancy Organizations need databases (and data warehouses) for organizing and managing information. Why are the implementation of security and privacy measures difficult?

Introduction
Databases and data warehouses are methods for organizing and managing information and business intelligence. Database management systems and data mining tools are IT tools you use to work with information and business intelligence.

Business Intelligence
Business intelligence - is knowledge about your: Customers Competitors Partners Competitive environment Internal operations

Business Intelligence

Business Intelligence
Two types of information processing include: 1. Online transaction processing (OLTP) - the gathering of input information, processing that information, and updating existing information to reflect the gathered and processed information.
Operational databases - databases that support OLTP.

2. Online analytical processing (OLAP) - the manipulation of information to support decision making.

Business Intelligence
A data warehouse is a special form of a database that contains information gathered from many operational databases for the purpose of supporting decision-making tasks.

The Relational Database Model


Database - a collection of information that you organize and access according to the logical structure of that information. Relational database model - uses a series of logically related two-dimensional tables or files to store information in the form of a database. Relation - describes each two-dimensional table or file in the relational model.

The Relational Database Model


Relational databases are composed of two parts:
1. Information stored in a series of twodimensional tables, files, or relations. 2. Logical structure of the information.

The Relational Database Model


Collections of Information

The Relational Database Model


Created with Logical Structures When you create a database, you first create the data dictionary. Data dictionary - contains the logical structure for the information.

The Relational Database Model


Created with Logical Structures
Part Number is the primary
key because of the key icon beside it.

For Percentage Markup, we defined its Format as Percent and its number of decimal places as 2.

The Relational Database Model


With Logical Ties Among the Information Primary key - a field (or group of fields in some cases) that uniquely describes each record. Foreign key - a primary key of one file that appears in another file.

The Relational Database Model


With Logical Ties Among the Information

The Relational Database Model


With Built-In Integrity Constraints Integrity constraints rules that help ensure the quality of the information.
Team Work

Primary Keys, Foreign Keys, and Integrity Constraints (p. 133)

Database management system (DBMS) helps you specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. A DBMS contains the following five important software components:
DBMS engine Data definition subsystem Data manipulation subsystem Application generation subsystem Data administration subsystem

Database Management System Tools

Database Management System Tools

DBMS engine - accepts logical requests from the various other DBMS subsystems, converts them into their physical equivalent, and actually accesses the database and data dictionary as they exist on a storage device.

Database Management System Tools

Physical view - deals with how information is physically arranged, stored, and accessed on some type of storage device such as a hard disk. Logical view - focuses on how you arrange and access information to meet your particular business needs.

DBMS Tools
Data Definition Subsystem
Data definition subsystem - helps you create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the files in a database.

(For a great overview on the logical properties of information review the table on page 136)

DBMS Tools
Data Manipulation Subsystem
Data manipulation subsystem - helps you add, change, and delete information in a database and mine it for valuable information. Tools here include views, report generators, QBE, and SQL. View - allows you to see the contents of a database file, make whatever changes you want, perform simple sorting, and query to find the location of specific information.

DBMS Tools
Data Manipulation Subsystem
Find information using the binoculars.

Click here to enter a new record.

DBMS Tools
Data Manipulation Subsystem Report generator - helps you quickly define formats of reports and what information you want to see in a report.

DBMS Tools
Data Manipulation Subsystem
By following a series of simple screens, you can easily create the report below.

DBMS Tools
Data Manipulation Subsystem Query-by-example (QBE) tools - help you graphically design the answer to a question.

DBMS Tools
Data Manipulation Subsystem

The QBE grid

Our selection criteria

DBMS Tools
Data Manipulation Subsystem
Structured query language (SQL) - a standardized fourth-generation query language found in most DBMSs. The SQL below creates the same report in Figure 3.7 on page 139.
SELECT Part.[Part Number], Part.Cost, Employee.[Employee

Name], Employee.[Employee Number] FROM Part, Employee WHERE (((Part.Cost)>10));

DBMS Tools
Application Generation Subsystem Application generation subsystem contains facilities to help you develop transaction-intensive applications.
Data entry screens DBMS-specific programming languages Commonly used programming languages

DBMS Tools
Data Administration Subsystem
Data administration subsystem - a DBMS helps you manage the overall database environment by providing facilities for backup and recovery, security management, query optimization, concurrency control, and change management.
On Your Own

DBMS Support OLTP, OLAP, and Information Management (p. 142)

DBMS Tools
Data Administration Subsystem
Backup and recovery facilities:
Periodically back up information contained in a database. Restart or recover a database and its information in case of a failure.

Security management facilities - control who has access to what information and what type of access those people have.

DBMS Tools
Data Administration Subsystem
Query optimization facilities - take queries from users and restructure them to minimize response times. Reorganization facilities - continually maintain statistics concerning how the DBMS engine physically accesses information. Concurrency control facilities - ensure the validity of database updates when multiple users attempt to access and change the same information.

Data Warehouses and Data Mining


What Is a Data Warehouse? Data warehouse - a logical collection of information gathered from many different operational databases used to create business intelligence that supports business analysis activities and decisionmaking tasks.

Data Warehouses and Data Mining


What Is a Data Warehouse?

Data Warehouses and Data Mining


What Is a Data Warehouse? Data warehouses are not transactionoriented. Data warehouses support online analytical processing (OLAP).

Data Warehouses and Data Mining


What Are Data Mining Tools?
Data mining tools - software tools you use to query information in a data warehouse. These tools include: Query-and-reporting tools - similar to QBE tools, SQL, and report generators in the typical database environment. Intelligent agents use various artificial intelligence tools to form the basis of information discovery and building business intelligence in OLAP.

Data Warehouses and Data Mining


What Are Data Mining Tools?
Data mining tools continued Multidimensional analysis (MDA) tools slice-and-dice techniques that allow you to view multidimensional information from different perspectives. Statistical tools help you apply various mathematical models to the information stored in a data warehouse to discover new information.

Data Warehouses and Data Mining


What Are Data Mining Tools?

Data Warehouses and Data Mining


Data Marts Smaller Data Warehouses
Data mart - a subset of a data warehouse in which only a focused portion of the data warehouse information is kept.

Data Warehouses and Data Mining


Important Considerations
Do you need a data warehouse? Do all your employees need an entire data warehouse? How up-to-date must the information be? What data mining tools do you need?
How Up-to-Date Should Data Warehouse Information Be? (p. 149)
Team Work

MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCE


Who Should Oversee the Organizations Information?
Chief information officer (CIO) - responsible for overseeing an organizations information resource. Data administration - plans for, oversees the development of, and monitors the information resource.

Database administration - responsible for the more technical and operational aspects of managing the information contained in organizational databases.

MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCE


How Will Changes in Technology Affect Organizing and Managing Information?
As new technologies become available, you should ask yourself whether those technologies will help you organize and manage your information better. One of the greatest technological changes that will occur over the coming years is a convergence of different tools that will help you better organize and manage information.

MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCE


Is Information Ownership a Consideration? Information ownership is a key consideration in todays information-based business environment. Ownership refers to who is responsible for information quality.
On Your Own

CRUD Defining Information Ownership (p. 151)

MANAGING THE INFORMATION RESOURCE


What Are the Ethics Involved in Managing and Organizing Information?
Databases, data warehouses, DBMSs, and data mining tools make it possible for people to easily access all kinds of organizational information. How does an organization safeguard against the unethical use of information within the organization?

Closing Case Study One


Weve Got OLTP Covered; Lets Go on to OLAP What is the single most important factor that hinders all organizations in general from providing good online analytical processing (OLAP) support? Why is it so much easier for organizations to provide good online transaction processing (OLTP) support?

Closing Case Study Two


Mining Dining Data Consider the issue of timely information with respect to the businesses discussed in the case.

Which of the businesses must have the most up-to-date information in its data warehouse?

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