Introduction

Evolution of mobile radio communications, mobile radio systems around the world, trends in cellular radio and personal communication, first generation (1G), second generation (2G), third generation (3G) mobile cellular networks. --2L

Figure 2.2 Worldwide subscriber base as a function of cellular technology in late 2001.

Figure 2.3 Various upgrade paths for 2G technologies.

Figure 2.10 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standard.

Mobile and wireless services Always Best Connected

DSL/ WLAN 3 Mbit/s GSM/GPRS 53 kbit/s Bluetooth 500 kbit/s UMTS, GSM 115 kbit/s LAN 100 Mbit/s, WLAN 54 Mbit/s

UMTS 2 Mbit/s

GSM/EDGE 384 kbit/s, DSL/WLAN 3 Mbit/s GSM 115 kbit/s, WLAN 11 Mbit/s
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05

UMTS, GSM 384 kbit/s

Wireless systems: overview of the development

cellular phones
1981: NMT 450
1983: AMPS 1986: NMT 900 1988: Inmarsat-C

satellites

cordless phones
1980: CT0

wireless LAN

1982: Inmarsat-A 1984: CT1 1987: CT1+ 1989: CT 2 1991: DECT 199x: proprietary 1997: IEEE 802.11 1999: 802.11b, Bluetooth 2000: IEEE 802.11a

1992: GSM 1994: DCS 1800

1991: CDMA

1991: D-AMPS 1993: PDC

1992: Inmarsat-B Inmarsat-M 1998: Iridium

analogue digital

2000: GPRS

2001: IMT-2000 200?: Fourth Generation (Internet based)

4G fourth generation: when and how?

Simple reference model used here

Application

Application

Transport
Network Data Link Network Data Link Network Data Link

Transport
Network Data Link

Physical
Radio

Physical

Physical
Medium

Physical

Influence of mobile communication to the layer model Application layer Transport layer Network layer
service location new applications, multimedia adaptive applications congestion and flow control quality of service addressing, routing, device location hand-over authentication media access multiplexing media access control encryption modulation interference attenuation frequency

Data link layer

Physical layer

Areas of research in mobile communication

Wireless Communication
transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay) modulation, coding, interference media access, regulations ... location dependent services location transparency quality of service support (delay, jitter, security) ... power consumption limited computing power, sizes of display, ... usability ...

Mobility

Portability

Overlay Networks - the global goal

integration of heterogeneous fixed and mobile networks with varying transmission characteristics regional vertical handover

metropolitan area

campus-based

horizontal handover

in-house

Effects of device portability

Power consumption

limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks due to limited battery capacity CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f

C: internal capacity, reduced by integration V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally

Loss of data

higher probability, has to be included in advance into the design (e.g., defects, theft)

Limited user interfaces

compromise between size of fingers and portability integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols

Limited memory

limited value of mass memories with moving parts flash-memory or ? as alternative

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 1.20

GSM - TDMA/FDMA
935-960 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz) downlink

890-915 MHz 124 channels (200 kHz) uplink

higher GSM frame structures

time

GSM TDMA frame 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4.615 ms GSM time-slot (normal burst)

guard space tail user data S Training S user data guard tail space

3 bits

57 bits

1 26 bits 1

57 bits

546.5 s 577 s