Thc hin ng quy trnh, quy phm ca QA/QC

Trong ti thiu phi m bo nhng vn sau:

Phng php ly mu phi c cng nhn

Phng php chun b mu phi c cng nhn
Phng php phn tch phi c cng nhn
m bo quy nh bo dng v nng cp thit b
m bo cc quy nh v lu gi s liu v cng b s liu

Kim sot cht lng kt qu o bao gm hai khi cng

vic ln:
Kim sot cht lng kt qu o bng phng php phn tch
Kim sot cht lng kt qu o bng phng php thng k

a) Cc li ngu nhin t l nh khng theo h thng

(Kt qu ng v chnh xc)
b) Cc li ngu nhin t l ln khng theo h thng
(Kt qu ng nhng khng chnh xc)
c) Cc li ngu nhin t l nh, cc li h thng t l ln
(Kt qu chnh xc nhng khng ng)
d) Cc li ngu nhin t l ln, cc li h thng t l ln
(Kt qu khng ng v khng chnh xc)

Cht chun b sung c a ra kt qu ng v chnh xc nh ban u khng?

A. C xut hin cc yu t gy nhiu khng?

B. Cc cht chun b sung
vo nc loi ion c em
li kt qu ng khng?

C. S dng nhiu tiu chun b

sung vo mu c lm tng gi tr
i vi tt c cc mu o khng?

D. Thao tc c
thc hin ng cha?
S dng ng
thao tc v lp
li bc B

J. C xut hin cc yu t gy nhiu khng?

F. Phn tch
ny l sai

K. Phn tch
ny l chnh
xc

G. Phn tch
ny l ng

E. Thuc th c cho kt qu chnh xc khng?

Lp li bc B
vi thuc th mi

H. Cc thit b c hot ng tt khng?

Sa cha hoc thay th
thit b, lp li bc B

Thay dung dch chun,

lp li bc B

Mc tiu c bn ca kim sot cht lng mu bng

k nng phn tch:
1. kim tra s gy nhiu do cc yu t mi trng
ngoi cnh (in nng, nhit , m) v con ngi
xc nh cc li ngu nhin
2. Kim tra hot ng ca cc thit b xc nh li ngu
nhin do thit b, xc nh li h thng do thit b
3. Kim tra li thuc th (ho cht s dng) xc nh
cc li h thng

 Kim

sot cht lng mu s dng thut ton

thng k bao gm cc bin php c th sau y:
Kim sot cht lng nn
th kim tra cht lng

Loi b s liu bt thng

Kim

sot cht lng mu s dng thut ton

thng k c th c thc hin c lp hoc
ng thi vi cc bin php kim sot cht
lng s dng k nng phn tch.

Kim sot cht lng nn l kim tra li tin cy ca

cc yu t sau s dng thut ton thng k:
chnh xc ca dng c
Hot ng ca thit b
Thao tc ca ngi thc hin

nh hng ca cc yu t bn ngoi

Kim sot cht lng nn thng c s dng ng

thi vi kim sot cht lng s dng k nng phn tch
ha hc ( xc nh sai s ngu nhin v h thng ca
thao tc, k thut, dng c, ha cht)

0.8

Thu thp cc thng tin lin quan

n phng php phn tch (ti liu
tham kho, cc bc tin hnh)

Gi tr o ca thit b

0.7
y = 0.0437x + 0.0001
R = 0.9957

0.6
0.5

y = 0.0243x + 0.0054
R = 0.9994

0.4

Hiu chnh vi cht chun

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0

10
15
20
Nng (mg/l)

25

30

Tnh ton cc hm hiu chnh

bng hi quy tuyn tnh, tng
lch chun

So snh gi tr F tnh c v gi tr F thng k ti mc ngha 0,05

C th so snh

Khng th so snh

(khc bit do thay i)

(khc bit c ngha)

Phn b s liu o

Khi cc mu phn tch c tin hnh lp li trn cng

mt mu, kt qu ca mi ln o s khng ging nhau.
Cc kt qu gia cc ln o c th biu din bng th
di dng phn b chun. S lng ln mu c o lp
li cho php xy dng ng cong phn b, dng ca
ng cong ny thng c phn b theo ng Gauss.
i vi cc php o lp li trn cng mt mu v cc kt
qu o c phn tch ca phng php ly mu ngu
nhin, h thng th phn b ca kt qu phi l phn b
chun

Ln phn tch
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

21,6
16,5
21,3
10,5
20,1
18,3
16,3
22,3
19,2
14,6
21,8
20,5
14,1
21,7
16,5

18,1
22,5
19,2
15,6
22,6
20,9
17,3
20,9
22,9
16,8
22,4
18,6
20,8
17,6
19,5

22,4
15,9
21,8
20,8
17,9
21,9
9,6
19,5
18,6
24,8
15,2
23,8
18,6
19,5
17,2

20,9
20,1
13,5
25,9
15,3
24,1
18,5
22,1
19,5
16,2
25,4
20,8
17,3
23,4
24,9

24,8
18,6
21,9
19,2
23,8
21,6
17,6
26,7
19,2
23,9
18,9
24,9
30,8
19,4
20,5

10
9
8
7
6

Tn sut

K hiu mu lp

5
4
3
2
1
0

Nng

Mt phn b c xem l phn b chun

khi m bo cc iu kin sau:
68,26% gi tr o c ri vo khong
gi tr trung bnh mt ln lch
chun
95,44% cc gi tr o ri vo khong
gi tr trung bnh hai ln lch
chun
99,7%cc gi tr o ri vo khong
gi tr trung bnh ba ln lch
chun
Tt c cc gi tr nm ngoi c
xem l khng bnh thng (<0,3%)

Tuy nhin trong thc t, kt qu phn tch thng khng

tun theo phn b chun.
c tnh ca cc ng cong phn b (xin phi = xin
dng, xin tri = xin m) ch th s khng ph hp ca
thng tin thng k, v d cc loi nc khc nhau, hoc
li h thng trong khi o.
Trong nhng trng hp ny, cc s liu phi c kim
tra thng k ring bit, do gi tr trung bnh v lch
chun khng cung cp cc thng tin.

35
x-3s

Nng (mg/l)

30

x-2s
25

x-s
x

20

x+s

15

x+2s
10

x+3s

5
Gi tr o

Nu c 7 s liu lin tip nm pha trn hoc pha di

gi tr t trung bnh s chng t c sai s trong phn tch.
Cn thit phi c 2/3 s im phn tch nm trong phm
vi ca lch chun quanh gi tr trung bnh.

Max

+3 s
+2 s

GH KS cn trn
GH CB cn trn

Khong cnh bo

Khong kim sot

Gi tr trung bnh
Lng thu hi

-2 s
Min

-3 s

Gii hn hot ng

GH CB cn di
GH KS cn di

Khong tin cy: x s ti y cc gi tr m bo tnh ng v tnh chnh xc.

Khong cnh bo: x 2s l cc gi tr nm trong gii hn cnh bo cn trn v
cn di (lng thu hi tt nht)
Khong kim sot: x 3s l cc gi tr nm trong gii hn kim sot cn trn v
cn di (lng thu hi chp nhn)
Khong gii hn hot ng l cc gi tr nm gia cc gi tr cc tr
Cc gi tr nm ngoi khong thu hi l cc gi tr nghi ng: khng c chp
nhn hoc phi c xc nh v lm chnh xc li.

Gi tr kim nh Q c tnh theo phng trnh sau:

Vi N 7:
Trong :

x1 x 2
Q
x1 x N

Vi N > 7:

x1 x 2
Q
x1 x N 1

x1: gi tr b nghi ng sai lch

x2: gi tr ln cn trong tp hp mu
xN: gi tr cui cng ca tp hp mu

Q sau c so snh vi bng gi tr tng ng ti

mc ngha 95%. Nu Q vt qu gi tr trong bng,
gi tr x1 c kim tra l gi tr sai lch nn c loi
b.

Kt qu o lp li 10 ln ca mt mu cho kt qu
nh th sau. Gi s kt qu o c ln th 2 v
ln th 8 nm ngoi khong thu hi. mc ngha
0,05 cho bit s liu no cn phi loi b.
8
6
4
2
0

1
kq 4.3

2
1.3

3
3.5

4
4.5

5
3.5

6
4.5

7
4.8

8
6.9

9
3.2

10
4.6

Q1 = (6,9 - 4,8)/(6,9 - 3,2) = 0,568 Chp nhn

Q2 = (1,3 - 4,3)/(1,3 - 3,2) = 1,579 Loi b

f
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
I5
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
1000

5%
0,9500
0,8783
0,811
0,754
0,707
0,666
0,632
0,602
0,576
0,553
0,532
0,514
0,497
0,482
0,468
0,456
0,444
0,433
0,423
0,413
0,404
0,396
0,388
0,381
0,374
0.367
0,361
0.355
0.349
0,325
0,304
0,273
0.250
0,232
0,217
0,205
0,195
0.138
0.113
0,0978
0,0875
0,0619

1 % 0.1 %
0,9900 0,9990
0,9587 0,9911
0.917 0,974
0,875 0,951
0,834 0.925
0.798 0.898
0,765 0,872
0,735 0.847
0,708 0.823
0,684 0.801
0.661 0.780
0,641 0.760
0.623 0,742
0.606 0,725
0.590 0,708
0,575 0,693
0.561 0,679
0,549 0,665
0,537 0,652
0.526 0,640
0,515 0,629
0,505 0,618
0,496 0,607
0,487 0,597
0,478 0,588
0,470 0,579
0,463 0.570
0,456 0,562
0,449 0.554
0,418 0.519
0.393 0.490
0,354 0,443
0,325 0,408
0.3C2 0,380
0,283 0,357
0,267 0.338
0,254 0.321
0,181 0.230
0,146 0,188
0,128 0,164
0,115 0,146
0,0813 0.104

Trong xy dng chng trnh quan trc

xy dng chng trnh quan trc cn thu thp thng tin th cp:
Nhng thng tin ny trc tin s phc v cho vic thit k chng trnh
ly mu: v tr ly mu, phng php ly mu, tn sut ly mu, s lng
mu cn ly
Trong kim sot cht lng kt qu quan trc
Xc nh tin cy ca kt qu quan trc:
Loi b cc sai s kim sot cht lng mu
Trong nh gi v trnh din kt qu quan trc
Xc nh mc nh hng ca ngun thi ti cht lng mi trng
Xc nh mc nh hng ca cht lng mi trng ti i sng con
ngi, sinh vt hoc cc thnh phn mi trng khc
Xc nh xu hng bin ng cc yu t cht lng mi trng

Gi tr trung bnh
b) Gi tr cc i v cc tiu
c) lch chun v phng sai
d) H s bin ng
e) Cc ch th cht lng s liu
a)

ng
chnh xc
hon chnh

Gi tr trung bnh phn nh mc ca mt yu

t/thnh phn trong mi trng cho bit trng thi
tn ti ca yu t/thnh phn trong mt phm vi
nht nh v thi gian hoc khng gian
n

X 1 X 2 ... X n i 1 i
X

n
n
Khi xc nh gi tr trung bnh, ty vo loi tp hp
ta c gi tr trung bnh theo thi gian, khng gian
hoc gi tr trung bnh theo i tng mi trng

V d BOD5 ca h th:
Mu
Mu 1
Mu 2
Mu 3
Mu 4
Mu 5
TB
Thi gian (tun)
1
21,6
18,1
22,4
20,9
24,8
21,6
2
16,5
22,5
15,9
20,1
18,6
18,7
3
21,3
19,2
21,8
13,5
21,9
19,5
4
10,5
15,6
20,8
25,9
19,2
18,4
5
20,1
22,6
17,9
15,3
23,8
19,9
6
18,3
20,9
21,9
24,1
21,6
21,4
7
16,3
17,3
9,6
18,5
17,6
15,9
8
22,3
20,9
19,5
22,1
26,7
22,3
9
19,2
22,9
18,6
19,5
19,2
19,9
10
14,6
16,8
24,8
16,2
23,9
19,3
11
21,8
22,4
15,2
25,4
18,9
20,7
12
20,5
18,6
23,8
20,8
24,9
21,7
13
14,1
20,8
18,6
17,3
30,8
20,3
14
21,7
17,6
19,5
23,4
19,4
20,3
15
16,5
19,5
17,2
24,9
20,5
19,7
Trung bnh
18,4
19,7
19,2
20,5
22,1
20,0
Trong v d trn:
Trung bnh theo thi gian ca mu 1: 18,4 mg/l
Trung bnh ca ton h trong tun 1: 21,6mg/l
Trung bnh ca ton h trong thi gian quan trc: 20,0 mg/l

Gi tr cc i (cc tiu) ca tp hp mu c xc
nh bng kt qu o c, phn tch ca mu c gi
tr ln nht (nh nht).
Gi tr cc i v cc tiu (tng ng) c xc
nh bng cch:
Xmax = Max (X1, X2, Xn)
Xmin = Min (X1, X2, Xn)
Trong quan trc mi trng, gi tr cc i v cc
tiu cho bit thi im/v tr xy ra bin ng mi
trng ln nht trong tp hp cc v tr hoc thi
im ly mu.

V d BOD5 ca h th:
Mu
Thi gian (tun)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Trung bnh

Mu 1

Mu 2

Mu 3

Mu 4

Mu 5

TB

21,6
16,5
21,3
10,5
20,1
18,3
16,3
22,3
19,2
14,6
21,8
20,5
14,1
21,7
16,5
18,4

18,1
22,5
19,2
15,6
22,6
20,9
17,3
20,9
22,9
16,8
22,4
18,6
20,8
17,6
19,5
19,7

22,4
15,9
21,8
20,8
17,9
21,9
9,6
19,5
18,6
24,8
15,2
23,8
18,6
19,5
17,2
19,2

20,9
20,1
13,5
25,9
15,3
24,1
18,5
22,1
19,5
16,2
25,4
20,8
17,3
23,4
24,9
20,5

24,8
18,6
21,9
19,2
23,8
21,6
17,6
26,7
19,2
23,9
18,9
24,9
30,8
19,4
20,5
22,1

21,6
18,7
19,5
18,4
19,9
21,4
15,9
22,3
19,9
19,3
20,7
21,7
20,3
20,3
19,7
20,0

 lch chun ca tp hp mu xc nh mc bin

ng ca tp hp mu.
lch chun c xc nh trong xc nh mc
bin ng ca kt qu o, xc nh mc bin ng
ca cc yu t mi trng
lch chun ca tp hp mu c xc nh nh sau:

2
(
X

X
)
i
i 1

n 1
Xi l kt qu o c c ca php o th i
n l s php o (s mu)

V d BOD5 ca h th:
Mu
Thi gian (tun)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
lch chun

Mu 1

Mu 2

Mu 3

Mu 4

Mu 5

21,6
16,5
21,3
10,5
20,1
18,3
16,3
22,3
19,2
14,6
21,8
20,5
14,1
21,7
16,5
3.50

18,1
22,5
19,2
15,6
22,6
20,9
17,3
20,9
22,9
16,8
22,4
18,6
20,8
17,6
19,5
2.35

22,4
15,9
21,8
20,8
17,9
21,9
9,6
19,5
18,6
24,8
15,2
23,8
18,6
19,5
17,2
3.83

20,9
20,1
13,5
25,9
15,3
24,1
18,5
22,1
19,5
16,2
25,4
20,8
17,3
23,4
24,9
3.84

24,8
18,6
21,9
19,2
23,8
21,6
17,6
26,7
19,2
23,9
18,9
24,9
30,8
19,4
20,5
3.66

2.43
2.70
3.55
5.76
3.45
2.09
3.59
2.70
1.72
4.73
3.86
2.57
6.34
2.25
3.32
3.62

Gi tr trung bnh Mc

Gi tr cc i v cc tiu Khong bin ng

lch chun Mc bin ng

Mt cch biu th khc ca lch chun tng

i hoc h s bin ng CV, l t s gia
lch chun v gi tr trung bnh i s:
s
CV *100 %
X

 chnh xc (Precision)

xi Kt qu o mu th i
xd Kt qu o mu p
(mu ng hnh/mu chia i)

ng(Accuracy)

xi Kt qu o mu th i
xs+i Kt qu o mu b sung
cht chun
sa Gi tr thc s ca dung dch
chun b sung

hon chnh phn tch

hon chnh phn tch

hon chnh ly mu

hon chnh lu tr

xi Gi tr o ca mu th i
V S mu thc phn tch
T Tng s mu

xi
V
xp
p

Gi tr o ca mu th i
S mu thc phn tch
S lng mu ln k hoch phn tch
S lng mu ln k hoch ly

S
C
P

Kt qu o mu ly
S lng mu thc thu thp
S lng mu ln k hoch ly

A Kt qu o mu phn tch
N Tng s mu cn phn tch
M Tng s mu cn m bo cht lng
sau thi gian lu tr

Trong cc mi quan h gia s liu o c

v quan trc vi nhau cng nh gi tr o
c vi gi tr thc t ca yu t mi
trng c th c cc kiu quan h sau y:
Quan h ph thuc bao gm t l
(thun/nghch), hm m, hm logarit,
hm ly tha
c lp (khng ph thuc)
H s tng quan (r):

Tuyn tnh r < 0

x . yi y
2

Tuyn tnh r > 0

Phi tuyn

x x y y
i

Ngu nhin r = 0

Ngu nhin phn lp

Din bin cht lng theo thi gian

Din bin cht lng theo khng gian

Tuyn tnh

Y = aX + b

Hm logarit

Y = alnX + b

Hm m

Y = aXb

Hm ly tha

Y = aebX

Hm bc cao

Y = aX2 + bX + c

Dng hm tuyn tnh hoc phn lp tuyn tnh:

y = ax + b
Trong :
b

x
.
y

x
.

n
x 2 x 2 / n

a y bx

Bi ton:
Cho kt qu nh gi mi quan h gia nng mt cht c mu
(x) vi hp th nh sng (abs) ca mu nc mt t nhin
nh sau:

x (mg/l)
y (Abs)

0
0,030

5
0,132

10
0,236

15
0,335

20
0,419

25
0,542

30
0,623

Xc nh hm s tng quan gia hai thng s trn?

Bi gii
1. Tnh cc gi tr:
x
0
5
10
15
20
25
30

y
0,030
0,132
0,236
0,335
0,419
0,542
0,623

x2
0
25
100
225
400
625
900

x.y
0
0,660
2,360
5,025
8,380
13,550
18,690

xx

x x

yy

-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15

225
100
25
0
25
100
225

-0,301
-0,199
-0,095
0,004
0,088
0,211
0,292

y y

x x y y

0,093
0,040
0,009
0
0,008
0,045
0,085

4,515
1,990
0,475
0
0,440
2,110
4,380

2. Tnh tng cc gi tr (tng cc ct tng ng)

y
3. Xc nh cc h s a, b:

x
.
y

x
.

4. Xc nh hm: y = ax + b

n
x x / n
2

5. Xc nh h s tng quan
p s:

a y bx

y = 0,033x + 0,01987

x x y y
i

x . yi y
2

vi r = 0,9936

Kim nh Dixon
Kim nh Fisher
Kim nh Student

Kim nh mt nhn t (one sample t- test)

Kim nh hai nhn t (two sample t- test)

Bng s liu
Ngy

pH

28/7/2007
4/8/2007
11/8/2007
18/8/2007
25/8/2007
1/9/2007
8/9/2007
15/9/2007
21/9/2007
28/9/2007
5/10/2007
12/10/2007
20/10/2007
26/10/2007

7.11
7.17
7.08
6.87
7.60
7.24
7.19
7.15
7.52
7.04
7.24
6.51
7.15
7.01

DO

BOD5

3.49
2.58
1.96
6.36
6.03
2.87
3.15
2.45
4.00
3.16
2.99
3.12
5.29
5.10

15.40
20.17
19.00
15.33
15.67
16.60
15.07
12.63
14.27
19.60
13.20
14.67
12.40
20.40

N NH4+ N NO3 P PO43

(mg/l)
0.56
0.03
0.48
3.99
0.13
1.07
3.37
0.15
0.61
1.60
0.15
0.17
1.33
0.09
0.27
0.07
0.14
0.43
0.21
0.08
0.51
0.20
0.03
0.29
0.09
0.04
0.77
0.02
0.16
0.34
0.20
0.05
0.05
0.72
0.16
0.03
0.67
0.11
0.68
0.01
0.53
0.13

Ch s
a dng trung bnh H Shannon-Weaner
D Margalef
D Menhinick
a dng
D Odum
D Simpson 1
D Simpson 2
Qun bnh
E Pielou
u th
C Simpson

Trung bnh
3.89 0.67
11.0 3.63
0.94 0.71
0.38 0.11
0.87 0.07
11.2 4.92
0.75 0.08
0.13 0.07

Khong bin ng
1.87 4.94
3.69 23.90
0.06 3.96
0.16 0.64
0.55 0.96
2.24 22.2
0.47 0.89
0.04 0.45

Kt qu cn th hin c:
- Gi tr trung bnh
- Gi tr lch chun
- Khong bin ng/khong gi tr thng gp/
-

M phng
Thc t
13/4/2008

24/3/2008

4/3/2008

13/2/2008

50

1.5

40

0.5

0
Ngy

M phng
Thc t

13/2/2008

24/1/2008

4/1/2008

15/12/2007

25/11/2007

5/11/2007

16/10/2007

26/9/2007

6/9/2007

17/8/2007

13/4/2008

10

13/4/2008

20

24/3/2008

30

24/3/2008

i vi BOD5 mng C2

4/3/2008

DO thc t

4/3/2008

13/2/2008

24/1/2008

M phng

4/1/2008

60

15/12/2007

i vi Photphat mng C2

25/11/2007

Thc t

5/11/2007

Ngy
28/7/2007

i vi Amoni mng C2

16/10/2007

26/9/2007

10

6/9/2007

15

mg/l

20

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

17/8/2007

13/4/2008

24/3/2008

4/3/2008

13/2/2008

24/1/2008

4/1/2008

15/12/2007

25/11/2007

5/11/2007

16/10/2007

26/9/2007

6/9/2007

17/8/2007

mg/l
25

28/7/2007

2.5

mg/l

M phng

24/1/2008

4/1/2008

15/12/2007

25/11/2007

5/11/2007

16/10/2007

26/9/2007

6/9/2007

17/8/2007

28/7/2007

28/7/2007

mg/l

th

i vi Oxy ha tan mng C2

Ngy

Ngy

Th oxy ha kh (mV)

200

185

180
160

160
120

150
125

120

75

80

60

50
30

40
0
M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

M7

M8

M9 M10
V tr ly mu

Gi tr th oxy ha kh trung bnh ti cc v tr ly mu

trn ton thi gian quan trc

Nng (mg/l)

240

180

BOD

COD

QCVN 40 B (BOD)

QCVN 40 B (COD)

120
60
0
A

H
Nh my

Gi tr BOD v COD x thi t cc nh my quan trc

Nng axit (g/m3)

160

A.Sunfuric

A.Nitric

A.Clohydric

32

120

23
23

80

87

60

44

40

56

46

42

0
100

200

350

500

700

22
14

1000 1500 2000 3000 5000

Khong cch t ng khi (m)

Nng cc axit trong khng kh ti cc khong cch

khc nhau tnh t ng khi theo hng gi

Mt to (t bo/m2)

14000

Ca cng thi

12000

Gia h

10000
8000
6000
4000
2000

Ngy ly mu
30-04-2010

31-03-2010

28-02-2010

28-01-2010

28-12-2009

28-11-2009

28-10-2009

28-09-2009

28-08-2009

28-07-2009

28-06-2009

28-05-2009

Din bin mt to bm ti cc v tr ca cng v gia

h trong ton b thi gian quan trc

30-04-2010

31-03-2010

0
28-02-2010

28-01-2010

Mt to

28-12-2009

28-11-2009

28-10-2009

28-09-2009

28-08-2009

28-07-2009

28-06-2009

28-05-2009

Mt to bm (t bo/m2)

WQI

12000
80

9000
60

6000
40

3000
20

Ngy quan trc

0

Din bin mt to bm v cht lng nc ton h

theo thi gian nghin cu
Cht lng nc (WQI %)

15000
100

in, gas, nc nng

Cng nghip thc phm
Giao thng, vn ti
Nng nghip v cc dch v
Dch v thng mi
Y t v dch v x hi

Dch v cng cng v an ninh

Cng nghip nng lng
Khch sn v nh hng
Cng nghip khc

T l nh hng ca cc yu t pht thi cht nhim khng kh

Ct trung bnh v lch chun

Mt to
2
16000 (tb/m )
12000
8000

9
5

Ngy quan trc

V tr ly mu

4000

Surface

8%

5%

Sinh hot
Chn nui
Trng trt
Chy trn
CN ru bia
CN ch bin
CN khc

15%
27%

43%
18%

10%

17%

T l mc nh hng ti nng cc cht hu c trn mt on sng

Ng ti
Ng kh
u tng
Go
Yn mch
Mch en
La m
0

10

15

20

H s pht thi bi (g/kg nguyn liu) t cc ngnh cng nghip ch sut)

81-100%

90

Chp nhn

61-80%

80

Trung bnh

41-60%

Xu

21-40%

Rt xu

0-20%

70

T l COD
BOD (mg/l)

Tt

60

80
70

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

20

20

10

10

0
30-04-2010

31-03-2010

28-02-2010

28-01-2010

28-12-2009

28-11-2009

28-10-2009

28-09-2009

28-08-2009

28-07-2009

28-06-2009

0
28-05-2009

WQI (%)

100

Din bin v phn mc din bin cht

lng nc theo thi gian

Oxy ha tan (mg/l)

Gi tr DO, BOD, COD ca 5 h trn a

bn nghin cu

Nm
2010

Nitrat (mg/l)

Nm
2011

Nm
2004
100
90
80
70
60
50
40

Nm
2005

13

11
25%
Min
9

Nm
2006

TB
50%
Max

75%
Nm
2009

Nm
2007
Nm
2008

5
I

II III IV

Nc thi CT
A

II III IV

Nc thi CN

II III IV

Nc thi SH

Hiu sut x l cht hu c ca hai

cng ngh x l qua cc nm

Din bin nng nitrat ti cc h

thng thy li theo thi gian

% Acidobiontic

% Acidophilous

% Circumneutral

% Alkaliphilous

th im

th ba chiu

 th ba chiu (surface plot)

th bnh (bn bnh )

C nhiu phng php biu din kt qu quan trc mi trng ln

bn , ty tng trng hp c th la chn cc phng php sau:
S dng mu sc khc nhau
S dng cc hnh/im vi kch thc khc nhau
Chng th ln bn

1.
2.
3.
4.

Cc tiu ch nh gi kt qu quan trc

nh gi da trn thng s mi trng
nh gi da trn ch th mi trng
nh gi da trn ch s mi trng

Cc s liu o
Thng s mi trng

Ch th mi trng
Ch s mi trng

S liu th khng c ngha trong nh gi cht lng

mi trng.
S liu mi trng phi m bo cc yu cu c bn:

Tnh chnh xc
Tnh ng
Tnh i din
Tnh thng nht
Tnh hon chnh

S liu phi phn nh c cht lng mi trng

C ngha v mt thng tin
p ng c nhu cu thng tin

Cp 1

Thng tin cho nh khoa hc

Cp 2

Thng tin cho nh qun l

Cp 3

Thng tin cho cng chng

Cc nh khoa hc
H thng gio dc quc dn
Cc nhm sn xut, kinh doanh: cng nghip, nng
nghip, th...
Cc t chc quc t v t chc phi chnh ph
Cc cp qun l nh nc
C quan truyn thng
Cng chng ni chung, cc cng ng, cc nhm x
hi

Thng s mi trng
L nhng i lng vt l, ha hc v sinh hc c th
c trng cho mi trng c kh nng phn nh tnh
cht ca mi trng trng thi nghin cu.
Cc thng s mi trng c th l thng s c trng
cho mi trng hoc c s dng nh mt thng s
khoa hc, k thut chung cho nhiu ngnh khoa hc
khc nhau.
Gi tr cc thng s mi trng l tham s ca ch s
mi trng hoc ch th mi trng. Gi tr ca cc
thng s mi trng ny thu c nh cc php o lin
tip trong thi gian di v s lng mu o ln.

Thng s vt l: thnh phn c gii, kt cu t, m,

xp, cht, dung trng, t trng, kh nng thm

Thng s ha hc: pH (H2O, KCl), Eh, N, P, K (tng s

v d tiu), Cation trao i (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), CEC,
EC, BS, tng mui tan, kim, cc anion (Cl, SO42-),
kim loi nng, dinh dng ha tan (NH4+, NO3-), d
lng thuc bo v thc vt

Thng s sinh hc: vi khun, nm, giun t

nh gi cht lng mi trng da vo thng s cn

quan tm ti cc yu t sau:
c tnh
Ngun gc
Nng /hm lng/cng
Mc nh hng
Din bin
Mt v d nh gi hin trng mi trng da vo
thng s

Ch th mi trng l mt tp hp s liu v mi trng

thnh mt thng tin tng hp v mt kha cnh mi
trng ca mt a phng hoc quc gia.
Ch th mi trng l cc thng s hay cc gi tr o
nhn c t cc thng s tp trung, cung cp thng
tin, m t trng thi ca hin tng mi trng vi mt
ngha rng l lin kt trc tip vi gi tr thng s .
Ch th mi trng l thc o trong tng hp cc
thng tin ph hp, lin quan n mt hin tng nht
nh.
Tm li, ch th mi trng l gi tr ca thng s hoc
ch tiu nht nh v thc o nh gi thng s
theo mc tiu ca ch th.

Chc nng ca ch th mi trng l:

Gim s lng o c v s thng s m vn m bo
yu cu thng tin
n gin ho qu trnh chuyn ti thng tin cho ngi
s dng.
Phn loi ch th:
Ch th p
lc

Ch th
p ng

Ch th
hin trng

Cc ch th p lc:

Tc mt rng

Tc tng dn s, tc th ha (lin quan n khai thc qu mc)

Thay i s dng t

a hnh, Hng gi

Cu trc t

Ch du canh, sn xut nng nghip, lm nghip

Thiu ht v h thng php lut v gio dc mi trng

Cc ch th hin trng:

Din tch t nng nghip, lm nghip suy gim

Din tch t b suy thoi (xi mn, st l, hoang mc ha...)

Nng cc cht nhim

S gim ph

S tng mn, chua...

Cc ch th p ng:

Quy hoch s dng t

Truyn thng v p dng cc bin php k thut bo v t

Qun l rng u ngun, qun l canh tc

Ngn nga, x l nhim

Ngn nga nhim mn, mn ha, chua ha, sa mc ha,... v bin php phc hi

Cc ch th p lc:
Dn s, t l tng dn s, mt dn c trong lu vc
Din tch th, tc th ha, t l din tch th ha hng nm
Tng trng kinh t (GDP) hng nm
C cu thu nhp quc dn (nng nghip, thu nhp trung bnh, tng trng/nm)
Tr lng nc ngm, mc khai thc
Nc thi: tng nc cp, lng s dng, loi hnh s dng
Cht thi rn: lng, thnh phn
ng ngp: t l din tch ngp, thi gian ngp
S c mi trng: tn, a im, nguyn nhn, mc thit hi
Cc ch th hin trng
Tr lng ngun nc mt, nc ngm
Lu lng x thi nc thi
Cht lng ngun nc mt, nc ngm, nc thi
Cc yu t a hnh, thy vn: dc, hng dc, chiu di sn dc, hng dng chy, vn tc dng chy...
Cc yu t kh tng: hng gi, tc gi, lng ma, s gi nng, bc x...
Cc ch th p ng
T l dn s c cp nc my
Mt ng cng cp/thot nc
T l s rc c thu gom, bi chn lp, nh my x l rc (quy m, cng sut)
T l s gia nh c h x hp v sinh
S bnh vin, t l ging bnh/dn s
Cc vn bn php quy v qun l mi trng, cn b mi trng,...
Ngn sch nh nc u t cho bo v mi trng

p lc?
Hin trng?
p ng?

L ch tiu mi trng c lng ha thng qua kho st,

o c thc nghim n mt gi tr ph hp no vi
iu kin mi trng cn kho st.
Ch s mi trng l gi tr c tnh ton trong mt iu
kin mi trng no (t, nc, khng kh) theo mt s
thng s mi trng c mi trng .
Ch s l tp hp cc tham s c tch hp hoc c nhn
vi trng s. Cc ch s mc tch hp cao ngha l
chng c tnh ton t nhiu bin s hay d liu gii
thch cho mt hin tng mi trng.
V d: ch s cht lng nc (WQI, Horton, 1996), ch s
cht lng khng kh (AQI, Ott, 1978), ch s pht trin con
ngi (HDI ca UNDP), ch s xi mn t (theo phng
trnh mt t ph dng (USLE), Wishmier, 1976)

 ngha ca s dng ch s mi trng

Ch s mi trng phn nh ng bn cht ca mi trng ang
din ra.
Ch s mi trng phn nh c mc nhim ca mi trng.
Vai tr ca ch s mi trng
Ch s mi trng lm n gin ha qu trnh giao tip thng
tin v thng qua chng, cc kt qu o lng c cung cp cho
ngi s dng mt cch d dng hn.
Ch s mi trng lng ho cht lng mi trng hin ti.
Cht lng mi trng s c th hin bng cc gi tr s hc n
gin, so snh gi tr ny vi thang im nh gi s cho bit c
mc ca mi trng.
Ch s mi trng a ra v cnh bo sm cc tn hiu v s thay
i cc tnh trng mi trng v l c s gip cho vic hoch nh
cc chng trnh k hoch bo v mi trng.

 Theo

cc bn cht cc thng s hp thnh ch s

Ch s ho hc
Ch s sinh hc
Ch s sinh ho
Theo

qu trnh xy dng ch s

Ch s tch hp
Ch s trng s

Bc 1: La chn thng s
Bc 2: Xc nh cc tiu ch:
mc ngha v trng s cho tng thng s

Bc 3: Xy dng nn ch s hon chnh

Lung thng tin

D liu
lng ho
cht lng
mi trng

Thng s x1

I2 = f2(x2)

Thng s x2

I2 = f2(x2)

Thng s xi

Thng s xn

In = fn(xn)

Hm s I1
Hm s I2
Hm s Ii
Hm s In

Ch s cht lng
I=g(I1,I2In)

Gi tr ch s ph

Hm tuyn tnh

Hm phn lp tuyn tnh

Hm phn lp tuyn tnh

dng bc thang

Hm phi tuyn

Phi tuyn dng hm m

Phi tuyn dng hm ly

tha

Gi tr thng s

a. Tng tuyn tnh:

b. Tng cc hm s c nhn vi trng s:

c. Ch s cn thc:
d. Ch s lu tha:
e. Ch s ton t ln nht/nh nh
I = max (I1, I2, , In)
I = min (I1, I2, , In)

Ch s nhim dinh dng (NPI)

NPI e

1 n
Ln ( PQI ) n Wn
n n 1

Ch s ny c tnh da trn kt qu quan trc hng thng

Cc thng s: NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, PO43-, pH, EC, NTU (

c).

Ch s nhim hu c (OPI)
OPI c tnh theo kt qu quan trc hng thng
Cc thng s NH4, BOD, COD, To, v DO

Ch s nhim cng nghip (IPI)

IPI c s dng nh gi nhim do cc tc nhn

nhim vi lng (tr ho cht bo v thc vt): kim loi nng,

du m, polyhydrocacbon thm, phenol, xyanua, PCB...
IPI c tnh da theo kt qu quan trc hng thng.

http://www.water-research.net/watrqualindex/index.htm
Trng s
Trng s
Thng s
tm thi cui cng wi
DO
1.0
0.17
Fecal coliform
0.9
0.15
pH
0.7
0.12
BOD5
0.6
0.10
Nitrat
0.6
0.10
Photphat
0.6
0.10
Nhit
0.6
0.10
c
0.5
0.08
Tng cht rn
0.4
0.08

Khong gi
tr
90 100
70 90
50 70
25 50
0 - 25

Mc cht
lng nc
Rt tt
Tt
Trung bnh
Xu
Rt xu

Phn vng
c tnh ha - l
Qun x sinh vt
Vng
- Sn phm ca s phn hu protein, pepton v peptit - Khng tn ti cc sinh vt t dng. Cc
Polysaprobic - Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh phn hu nh loi vi khun, c bit l thio-bacteria
( nhim rt
chim u th. Xut hin rt nhiu loi
H2S, NH3, CO2
nng)
to xanh (blue-green), trng chn gi,
- Nc c mu, xm bn, c ln
trng roi, protozoa c mao (cc nhm u
- y thng c bn en trn do hu c
th). Ch c mt vi loi ng vt khng
xng sng. C thng khng xut hin
Vng - S xut hin ca oxy t do lm gim dn qu trnh - c trng l cc loi nm nc cng
mesosaprobic
kh
sewage fungus
( nhim nng) - Amino axit v sn phm phn hu ch yu l axit - 1 tp hp rt nhiu loi sinh vt m
bo
chim u th l vi khun Sphaerotilus
- Nc c mu ghi, c mi thi ca H2S, phn d natans.
tha ca qu trnh ln men protein v cacbonhydrat.
Vng - iu kin ho kh c b sung bng qu trnh - Chim u th l cc loi thc vt bm
mesosaprobic
quang hp. Hin tng bo ho oxy c th xut hin - Cc loi sinh vt y c ln nh nhuyn
( nhim trung vo ban ngy. Qu trnh kh gn nh xong
th, cn trng, phn lp thn gip thp,
bnh)
- Sn phm phn hu ca protein nh amino axit, axit a.
bo, amoni u nng thp
- Nc trong/t c, khng mi ,gn nh khng c
mu
Vng
- Thng xy ra bo ho oxy
- Cc loi sinh vt nhy cm nh ru, u
oligosaprobic - Sn phm khong ho tn d v c v hu c trng cn trng
(humic)
- C Salmonid chim u th

Tn sut xut hin a:

Xut hin bnh thng
Xut hin thng xuyn
Pht trin mnh

a=1
a=3
a=5

Gi tr saprobic s:
Oligosaprobic
-mesosaprobic
-mesosaprobic
Polysaprobic

s=1
s=2
s=3
s=4

S = 1,0 1,5
S = 1,5 2,5
S = 2,5 3,5
S = 3,5 4,0

oligosaprobic
-mesosaprobic
-mesosaprobic
polysaprobic

Mayfly Nymphs
(Ephemeroptera)

c (Lp
Gastropoda)

Oligochaeta

Leeches (Lp
Hirudinea)

Riffle Beetles (H
Elmidae)

Sowbugs (B
Isopoda)

Stonefly Nymphs
(B Plecoptera)

Midge Larvae (H
Chironomidae

im

10

8
7
6

4
3
2
1

Nhm cc loi
Siphlonuridae, Heptageniidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ephemerellidae, Potamanthidae, Ephemeridae,
Taeniopterygidae, Molannidae, Leuctridae, Beraeidae, Capniidae, Perlodidae, Goeridae, Perlidae,
Chloroperlidae, Aphelocheiridae, Phryganeidae, Odontoceridae, Leptoceridae, Lepidostomatidae,
Brachycentridae, Sericostomatidae
Astacidae, Lestidae, Agriidae, Psychomyiidae (Ecnomidae), Gomphidae, Cordulegasteridae,
Aeshnidae, Corduliidae, Libellulidae, Phylopotamidae
Limnephilidae, Polycentropodidae, Rhyacophilidae (Glossosomatidae), Nemouridae,
Neritidae, Viviparidae, Ancylidae (Acroloxidae), Hydroptilidae, Unionidae, Corophiidae,
Gammaridae (Crangonyctidae), Platycnemididae, Coenagriidae
Mesovelidae, Hydrometridae, Gerridae, Nepidae, Naucoridae, Notonectidae, Pleidae, Corixidae
Haliplidae, Hygrobiidae, Dytiscidae (Noteridae), Gyrinidae, Hydrophilidae, (Hydraenidae),
Clambidae, Scirtidae, Dryopidae, Elmidae, Hydropsychidae, Tipulidae, Simuliidae, Planariidae
(Dogesiidae), Dendrocoelidae
Baetidae, Sialidae, Pisicolidae
Valvatidae, Hydrobiidae (Bithyniidae), Lymnaeidae, Physidae, Planorbidae, Sphaeriidae,
Glossiphoniidae, Hiruadinidae, Erpobdellidae, Asellidae
Chironomidae
Oligochaeta

Cht lng

Excellent
(Rt tt)
Good

( tt)
Fair
(Va phi)
Marginal
(Trung bnh)
Poor
(Xu)

Gi tr

Cht lng nc

iu kin

95 100

Nc c bo v, khng c s Nc gn vi sch t nhin

e do, nh hng suy yu
hoc mc tinh khit

80 - 94

Nc t c s khc bit vi
Nc c bo v vi nhng e
mc sch t nhin hay
do hoc nh hng rt nh
mc c mong mun

65 - 79

Nc c bo v thng Nc thnh thong di mc

xuyn, nhng vn c th b e t nhin hay c mong
do hoc b nh hng
mun.

45 64

Nc thng xuyn b e do Nc thng di mc t

hoc b nh hng
nhin hay mc mong mun

0 44

Nc lun b e do hoc b Nc di mc t nhin

nh hng
hay di mc mong mun.

Yu cu c bn trong nh gi cht lng mi trng

bao gm nh gi c:
Thnh phn, ngun gc, nng /hm lng/cng
cc tc nhn nhim trong mi trng.
Kh nng nh hng ca cc tc nhn ny trong mi
trng.
D bo xu hng din bin v nng v nh
hng ca cc nhn t ny.
Cc tiu ch c bn ca nh gi cht lng mi
trng nhm vo s tn ti ca cc yu t mi
trng (trong bao gm cc tc nhn nhim)

ng lc
mi
trng

p lc
mi
trng

p ng
mi
trng

p ng
mi
trng

p lc mi
trng

Hin trng
mi
trng
Trng thi
mi
trng

Hin trng
mi
trng

QCVN

Mc tiu quan trc

Mc tiu nh gi/mc tiu s dng
c im x thi/c im mi trng

Ch th

Thang phn hng mc nhim theo thng s

Phm vi p dng/i tng mi trng chu tc ng
Tnh chp nhn

Ch s

Thang phn hng mc nhim

Tnh chp nhn

Din bin/xu hng v nng /hm lng

Din bin/xu hng v mc tc ng

Din bin theo khng gian

Din bin theo thi gian

Mc tiu ca bo co hin trng mi trng

Cung cp c s khoa hc cho vic ra quyt nh bo
v mi trng (l cng c qun l mi trng)
Nng cao nhn thc v hiu bit v trng thi mi
trng v xu hng din bin mi trng (l cng
c truyn thng mi trng)
Cung cp phng tin nh gi s tin b ca
pht trin bn vng (l cng c nh gi hnh thc
qun l)

Bo co nh gi cht lng mi trng bao gi cng phi da trn cc c s

thng tin chnh xc v khoa hc, gi tr ca bo co c nh gi thng qua
s chuyn i cc d liu v thng tin ban u thnh dng thng tin c ngha
cho truyn thng mi trng hoc qun l mi trng.
Thng tin trong bo co phi trung thc, khch quan c ly t cc ngun
ng tin cy trong iu tra, quan trc mi trng v cng ngh vin thm l
nhng ngun thng tin quan trng v ng tin cy nht.
Bo co nh gi cht lng mi trng phi l sn phm ca s hp tc cht
ch gia cc cng ng, cc lnh vc sn xut, kinh doanh, cc t chc phi
chnh ph v chnh quyn cc cp.
Bo co nh gi cht lng mi trng quc gia phi bao gm c thng tin v
cc vn mi trng ton cu, i vi cc a phng th phi c tng quan
v cht lng mi trng quc gia nhm xc nh vai tr, v tr, ngha ca
vic gii quyt cc vn a phng, quc gia trong bi cnh chung ca ton
quc, ton cu.

Vic nh gi phi da trn nguyn tc pht trin bn vng

S thnh cng ca bo co phi nhm vo cng tc nng cao
nhn thc v bo v mi trng, bo v ti nguyn v pht trin
bn vng
Cc nh gi v cht lng mi trng mang tnh tch ly: cung
cp thng tin v tc ng tng th ca cc hot ng n mi
trng v ti nguyn mc a phng, vng, quc gia, khu vc,
ton cu.
Mt trong nhng nguyn tc hng dn quan trng l bo co
phi r rng, d hiu c ngha l m t mi quan h phc tp v
mi trng v kinh t - x hi bng ngn ng bnh dn

Bc 1. Xy dng c s d liu v mi trng

Bc 2. Xc nh vn mi trng, xy dng ch th mi
trng
Bc 3. Lin kt cc nhm ch th xc nh v nh gi vn
mi trng
Bo co nh gi cht lng mi trng y (ton din)
ca quc gia, a phng, ngnh, lnh vc thng c tin
hnh 1 5 nm 1 ln
Bo co chuyn theo tng thnh phn mi trng: cht
lng nc, mi trng bin, mi trng khng kh
Bo co theo vn mi trng, v d: bo co tnh hnh
thc hin ngh quyt 64 CP, bo co tnh hnh thc hin
trng mi v phc hi 5 triu ha rng

M u
Tnh cp thit ca cng tc nh gi cht lng mi trng
Mc tiu ca nh gi
Yu cu ca nh gi
Phn I. Hin trng pht trin kinh t - x hi
Ni dung bao gm nhng nt chnh v tnh hnh pht trin
kinh t x hi ca i tng cn nh gi
Qu trnh nh gi da trn cc ch th p lc)
Phn II. Hin trng mi trng
Hin trng mi trng c th phn chia theo vng hoc theo
thnh phn mi trng
Qu trnh nh gi da trn cc ch th hin trng

Phn III. S c mi trng v cc thch thc

Xc nh xu hng bin i hin trng mi trng trong
tng lai
nh gi da trn vic nh lng ha cc ch th hin trng
Phn IV. Tnh hnh qun l mi trng
Qun l nh nc
ng dng khoa hc, cng ngh
Gio dc v truyn thng mi trng
nh gi da trn cc ch th p ng
Kt lun
Nhn xt v hin trng mi trng v xu hng bin ng
a ra cc gii php c th